Globalisation

Globalisation (or globalization) describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. The term is most closely associated with the term economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, the spread of technology, and military presence. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation. An aspect of the world which has gone through the process can be said to be globalised. Effects Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways Industrial emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries. International trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955.[13] China's trade with Africa rose sevenfold during 2000-07 alone.[14][15] Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. By the early part of the 21st century more than $1.5 trillion in national currencies were traded daily to support the expanded levels of trade and investment. [16] As these worldwide structures grew more quickly than any transnational regulatory regime, the instability of the global financial infrastructure dramatically increased, as evidenced by the financial crisis of 20072010.[17] As of 20052007, the Port of Shanghai holds the title as the World's busiest port. Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets, however, meant that an economic collapse in one area could impact other areas.[citation needed] With globalization, companies can produce goods and services in the lowest cost

location. This may cause jobs to be moved to locations that have the lowest wages, least worker protection and lowest health benefits. For Industrial activities this may cause production to move to areas with the least pollution regulations or worker safety regulations. Almost all notable worldwide IT companies have a presence in India. Four Indians were among the world's top 10 richest in 2008, worth a combined $160 billion. In 2007, China had 415,000 millionaires and India 123,000. Job Market- competition in a global job market. In the past, the economic fate of workers was tied to the fate of national economies. With the advent of the information age and improvements in communication, this is no longer the case. Because workers compete in a global market, wages are less dependent on the success or failure of individual economies. This has had a major effect on wages and income distribution. Health Policy - On the global scale, health becomes a commodity. In developing nations under the demands of Structural Adjustment Programs, health systems are fragmented and privatized. Global health policy makers have shifted during the 1990s from United Nations players to financial institutions. The result of this power transition is an increase in privatization in the health sector. This privatization fragments health policy by crowding it with many players with many private interests. These fragmented policy players emphasize partnerships and specific interventions to combat specific problems (as opposed to comprehensive health strategies). Influenced by global trade and global economy, health policy is directed by technological advances and innovative medical trade. Global priorities, in this situation, are sometimes at odds with national priorities where increased health infrastructure and basic primary care are of more value to the public than privatized care for the wealthy. Political - some use "globalization" to mean the creation of a world government which regulates the relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization.[26] Politically, the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers, in part because of its strong and wealthy economy. With the influence of globalization and with the help of the United States own economy, the People's Republic of China has experienced some tremendous growth within the past decade. If China continues to grow at the rate projected by the trends, then it is very likely that in the next twenty

years, there will be a major reallocation of power among the world leaders. China will have enough wealth, industry, and technology to rival the United States for the position of leading world power. Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephone and Internet. Language - the most popular first language is Mandarin (845 million speakers) followed by Spanish (329 million speakers) and English (328 million speakers). However the most popular second language is undoubtedly English, the "lingua franca" of globalization: o About 35% of the world's mail, telexes, and cables are in English. o Approximately 40% of the world's radio programs are in English. o English is the dominant language on the Internet.[30] Competition - Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition. Ecological - the advent of global environmental challenges that might be solved with international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Since many factories are built in developing countries with less environmental regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollution and impact on precious fresh water resources (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2008). On the other hand, economic development historically required a "dirty" industrial stage, and it is argued that developing countries should not, via regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of living.

London is a city of considerable diversity. As of 2008, estimates were published that stated that approximately 30% of London's total population was from an ethnic minority group. The latest official figures

show that in 2008, 590,000 people arrived to live in the UK whilst 427,000 left, meaning that net inward migration was 163,000.

Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase one's standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a "world culture". Some bemoan the resulting consumerism and loss of languages. Social - development of the system of non-governmental organisations as main agents of global public policy, including humanitarian aid and developmental efforts. Technical o Development of a Global Information System, global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless telephones o Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g., copyright laws, patents and world trade agreements. Legal/Ethical o The creation of the international criminal court and international justice movements. o Crime importation and raising awareness of global crime-fighting efforts and cooperation. o The emergence of Global administrative law. Religious o The spread and increased interrelations of various religious groups, ideas, and practices and their ideas of the meanings and values of particular spaces.

Cultural Effects Globalization has influenced the use of language across the world. This street in Hong Kong, a former British colony, shows various signs, a few of which incorporate both Chinese and British English. Japanese McDonald's fast food as evidence of corporate globalization and the integration of the same into different cultures. "Culture" is defined as patterns of human activity and the symbols that give these activities significance. Culture is what people eat, how they

dress, the beliefs they hold, and the activities they practice. Globalization has joined different cultures and made it into something different.

Positive effects
The development of Third World nations The democratizing effect of communications (esp. the internet) The benefits of globalization and financial diversification Hastening the end of European / US economic hegemony Increased opportunity in the Third World

Negative effects
Sweatshops Negative effects of economic liberalization Brain drain Income Inequality Environmental degradation Food security Disease Drug and illicit goods trade

References
1.
^Bhagwati, Jagdish (2004). In Defense of Globalization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 2. ^"Globalization". Oxford English Dictionary Online. September 2009. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50297775? single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Globalization&first=1&max_to_show=10. Retrieved 5 November 2010. 3. ^"Special Report - The Global 2000,"Forbes, April 2, 2008. 4. ^"HSBC tops Forbes 2000 list of world's largest companies," HSBC website, 4 April 2008 5. ^"HSBC GLT frontpage". http://www.hsbcglt.com/. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 6. ^Globalization Is Great! by Tom G. Palmer, Senior Fellow, Cato Institute 7. ^ "Globalization[dead link]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 2009-10-31. 8. ^Colls, Tom (October 19, 2009). "The death of language?".BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8311000/8311069.stm. Retrieved May 3, 2010. 9. ^"Anthro.palomar.edu". Anthro.palomar.edu. 2009-07-27. http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_1.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-31. 10. ^Nadeem, S (2009) Macaulays (Cyber) Children: The Cultural Politics of Outsourcing in India. Cultural Sociology 11. ^"Corrupt.org". Corrupt.org. http://www.corrupt.org/articles/politics/markus_nordman/de_facto_monoculture. Retrieved 2010-07-31.

12.

^"BSS.sfsu.edu". BSS.sfsu.edu. http://bss.sfsu.edu/fischer/IR %20305/Readings/global.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-31. 13. ^ "Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region". Stephen Castles, University of Oxford. Mark J. Miller, University of Delaware. July 2009. 14. ^ McAlister, Elizabeth. 2005. "Globalization and the Religious Production of Space." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 44, No 3, September 2005, 249-255. 15. ^Magma.nationalgeographic.com[dead link] 16. ^Wimbledon.org[dead link] 17. ^Fitzpatrick, Michael (August 18, 2008). "Body art blunders". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2008/aug/18/bodyartblunders. Retrieved May 3, 2010. 18. ^ abBhagwati, Jagdish N. In defense of Globalization. 2005 New York: Oxford University Press 19. ^Iagin Russia. "Towards The Theory of Alter Globalism Ghost of Alter Globalization". http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/cuba/if/marx/documentos/22/Towards %20the%20theory%20of%20alter-globalism....pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-09. 20. ^(French)see M. Nicolas J. Firzli, Asia-Pacific Funds as Diversification Tools for Institutional Investors, http://www.canadianeuropean.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/FONDS_DASIEPACIFIQUE_REVUE_AF_APR_09.95131642.pdf, retrieved 2009-04-02 21. ^Hanksworth John and Cookson, Gordon. The World in 2050, Beyond the BRICs: a broader look at emerging market groweh prospects. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/world2050/pdf/world_2050_brics.pdf 22. ^ Longworth, Richard, C. Caught in the Middle: America's the Age of Globalism. New York: Bloomsbury, 2007. 23. ^ Steger, Manfred.Globalization. New York: Sterling Publishing, 2009. 24. ^"Educatingforjustrice.org". Educatingforjustice.org. http://www.educatingforjustice.org/stopnikesweatshops.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-31. 25. ^Nadeem, S (2009) The Uses and Abuses of Time: Globalization and Time Arbitrage in Indias Outsourcing Industries. Global Networks 26. ^ "Banks Taking Same Risks That Led to Crisis: ECB's Noyer". CNBC.com. October 26, 2009. 27. ^Growth of China's textile industry slows". Chinadaily.com.cn. March 21, 2007.