Study Guide First Semester Honors Biology 2011

Study Tips: 1. Study vocabulary and concepts from each chapter 1-7, 13-16 2. For the following topics ask: what is the meaning of the term/concept? 3. Test yourself: answer end of section and end of chapter questions 4. Read your notes, study guides, coloring sheets, and Bio binder/notebook Chapter 1 The Science of Biology Characteristics of living thingsThe scientific method Hypothesis Theory Dependant and independent variable Controlled experiment Experimental groups Control group\ Graphing (x axis/ y axis) Metric system Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Matter- Mass Elements- a particular type of atom; cant be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means Atoms- smallest basic unit of matter Compounds- elements formed together Properties of water: adhesion, cohesion, hydrogen bonds Adhesion- Water molecules sticking together Cohesion- Water molecules attracted to each other Hydrogen Bonds- Bonds made of hydrogen Protons- + charge; in nucleus Neutrons- Neutral charge; in nucleus Electrons- - charge; in rings surrounded nucleus Energy levels- Areas where electrons move around nucleus Atomic number- number of protons (?) Mass number (?) IsotopesRadioactive isotopes Cohesion- Water molecules attracting to each other Adhesion- Water molecules attracting to other substances Covalent Bonds- Atoms share a pair of electrons Ionic Bonds- Bond btn electrical force btn oppositely charged ions Hydrogen Bonds- attraction btn positive and negative hydrogen and other Exothermic Reactions- Releases more than it absorbs Endothermic Reactions- Absorbs more than released Solution- a mixture of substances (homogeneous) Solute- a substance that dissolves in a solvent Solvent- a greater substance that dissolves solute Acid- a compound that releases H+ ions when dissolved Base- a compound that removes H+ ions when dissolved Salt- Na+ + ClpH a solutions acidity Organic compoundsBonding properties of carbon Condensation Reaction Hydrolysis Monomers Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Fats Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Proteins Peptide bonds Enzymes Activation energy Catalyst Substrate Active site Nucleic acids RNA, DNA, ATP Chapter 3 Cell Structure Parts of a compound microscope Electron microscope How to use a microscope Magnification, resolution Three principles of the cell theory Parts of the cell, their function and location Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Differences between an animal and plant cell Importance of cell size limitations Nature of the cell membrane, phospholipid bilayer Chapter 3 Cells and Their Environments Passive transport Semi-permeable membrane Surface area compared to volume ratios Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions

Ion channels Facilitated diffusion Active transport Sodium-potassium pump Endocytosis, exocytosis Homeostasis, diffusion, osmosis, concentration gradient Chapter 4 Cell Energy: Photosynthesis/ Respiration Photosynthesis, energy flow Photosynthesis reaction Chloroplast, chlorophyll, pigments Light reactions, dark reactions Factors affecting photosynthesis Cellular respiration, ATP Inputs and outputs to cellular respiration equations Anaerobic and aerobic respiration, glycolysis Chapter 5 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Chromosomes Bacterial replication Homologous chromosomes Zygote Diploid, haploid Events of the cell cycle Replication of chromosomes Chromatids Chromatin Mitosis know the steps of mitosis Cytokinesis know how plants and animals differ Cell cycle regulators Cancer Asexual Reproduction Cell Differentiation Chapter 6 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Meiosis; know the steps of meiosis Importance of generating variation Crossing over Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction Compare mitosis to meiosis Fertilization Homologous pairs Gametogenesis Compare/Contrast Chapter 6 & 7 Mendel and Heredity Genetics Trait Hybrid Mendels laws of segregation, dominance and independent assortment Gene Allele True breeding Dominant trait Recessive trait Difference between genotype and phenotype Difference between heterozygous and homozygous

Monohybrid cross Dihybrid cross Test cross Use Punnett squares to predict phenotypes and genotypes in monohybrid crosses Incomplete dominance Codominance Polygenic traits Multiple alleles Gene Linked genes Genetic recombination Sex chromosomes Mutation Sex-linked genes and sex linked traits How sex is determined Use a Punnett square to predict offspring in sexlinked crosses Autosomes Chromosome mutations Nondisjunction Monosomy- only one homolog Trisomy- three of one chromosome Pedigree identify possible genotypes and phenotypes Karyotyping identify sex, chromosomal disease Nondisjunction Down syndrome Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome Recessive genetic disorders Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis Dominant-Allele disorders- Huntingtons disease Codominant Allele disorder sickle cell disease Sex-linked color blindness, hemophilia, PKU Chapter 13 Principles of Ecology Ecosystem Community Observation/Modeling Keystone species Energy flow through ecosystems Energy pyramids Food chains/food webs Biogeochemical cycles Nitrogen fixation Chapter 14 Ecosystems Habitat Niche Competition interactions Symbiotic relationships Density of populations Factors affecting density Survivorship curves Succession (give examples) Chapter 15 Biosphere Climate Abiotic factors Biomes Chapter 16 Human Impact

Ecological footprint Biomagnification Indicator species

Conservation