Selected Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Books Brenner, Samuel. Living through the Vietnam War. Detroit: Greenhaven/Thomson-Gale, 2005. Print. This source provides primary source documents throughout the Vietnam War era. It includes newspaper articles, radio broadcasts, and memoirs of the time period. The primary limitation of this source is the broad spectrum the accounts cover. Most of the accounts are not about dodging the draft, but what life was like during the war. Dickerson, James. North to Canada: Men and Women against the Vietnam War. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. Print. Presidents Ford and Reagan offered amnesty and pardons to those who fled the country after the war ended in Vietnam. Despite this, many of the war resisters stayed in Canada. This book offers a resisters point of view during the war. This source is a collection of memoirs of men and women who left to Canada after the U.S. entered the war. Emerick, Kenneth Fred. War Resisters Canada; the World of the American Military-political Refugees. Knox, PA: Knox, Pennsylvania Free, 1972. Print. This book contained interview of war resisters who fled to Canada. This source shows that the draft dodgers were not "bums, freaks, cowards or sad and hungry cop-outs," rather, they were just normal people. Frutkin, Mark. Erratic North: a Vietnam Draft Resister's Life in the Canadian Bush. Toronto: Dundurn, 2008. Print. This book looks back to the 1960s and the 1970s in the Vietnam War era. The primary limitation of this source is that Frutkin does not include his main reason for fleeing to Canada, but primarily focuses on his life in Canada. Haig-Brown, Alan. Hell No, We Won't Go: Vietnam Draft Resisters in Canada. Vancouver: Raincoast, 1996. Print. In Alan Haig-Browns book, he shows that each draft dodger had their own reason for fleeing to Canada. There was a large spectrum of reasons for escaping into Canada. The primary limitation of this source is the limited number of sources. It primarily included artists, academics, and community activists, but failed to include business owners, retailers, and manufacturers.

Jones, Joseph. Contending Statistics: the Numbers for U.S. Vietnam War Resisters in Canada. Vancouver: Quarter Sheaf, 2005. Print.

Never directly countable, U.S. Vietnam War resisters in Canada became a magnet for numbers and an extension of society's battleground over the war. This study offers context and perspective, and arrives at a carefully qualified conclusion that should never be simplified to a single number. Three earlier studies receive detailed scrutiny both as sets of statistics and as narratives. An original calculation builds on extensive data from contemporary newspaper accounts. Ten statistical tables organize figures from a variety of official Canadian sources. Selected personal histories illustrate qualitative categories that lie beyond any enumeration.

Secondary Sources

Books Baskir, Lawrence M., and William Strauss. Chance and Circumstance: the Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation. New York: Knopf, 1978. Print. This book proves that during the Vietnam War, young men whose families were less well off did not have a good chance of legally avoiding the war. These men chose to flee the country. The primary limitation of this source is the lack of eyewitness accounts. The examples provided are in third-person. Foley, Michael S. Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2003. Print. In Michael Foleys book, he shows the resisters movement in the United States. He shows how the protests in the U.S. shifted U.S. antiwar sentiment shifted in light of the growing coverage of the protests. This source shows that the draft dodgers had little to no effect on the political and social structure of the U.S. but deeply affected Canadas. Garfinkle, Adam M. Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. New York: St. Martin's, 1995. Print. In Adam Garfinkles book, he states that many believe that the Vietnam Antiwar movement had a significant impact on ending the Vietnam War. He argues that this is a false conclusion. He goes on to explain that the antiwar movement really did little to end the war and actually helped prolong the war. However, he goes on to say that even though the antiwar movement didnt help to end the war it has had a lasting impact that we see even today. Hagan, John. Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2001. Print. In John Hagans book, he researched how the draft dodgers left a lasting impact on Canada. At first, Canadian Immigration Officials blocked the entry of war resisters. However; with growing pressure from Canadas churches and civil groups, the Canadian government opened the border allowing these Americans with the legal opportunity to oppose the Vietnam draft and military mobilization while beginning new lives in Canada. Kusch, Frank. All American Boys: Draft Dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. Print. Our whole history is treason; our blood was attainted before we were born; our creeds are infidelity to the mother church; our constitution, treason to our fatherland. What of that? Though all the governors in the world bid us commit treason against man, and set the example, let us never submit. Kusch argues that even though the draft dodgers fled to Canada, their actions were completely American because they used their freedom to

choose individuality and their own moral beliefs instead of the governments. Mabie, Margot C. J. Vietnam, There and Here. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1985. Print. This source discusses the war in Vietnam and its impact in the U.S. The source mentions that the impact of the antiwar movement has had an effect that we are still feeling in the U.S. to this day. Newspaper Articles Bernstein, Fred A. "Greetings from Resisterville." Fred A. Bernstein. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.fredbernstein.com/articles/display.asp?id=77>. At a time when more than a few unhappy liberals in the United States are rumbling about moving north bombarding the Canadian immigration Web site, fantasizing about Toronto real estate Ms. Mock and the expatriates in this town of 9,300 people on a 90-mile-long crystalline lake are proof it can be done. Fulford, Robert. "Vietnam War Resisters in Canada." The National Post 26 June 2001. Print. Robert Fulfords article shows what occurred after the Vietnam War to the draft dodgers who fled to Canada. Most of them remained in Canada. They do not openly refer to themselves as Americans. This is due to the left over anti-American sentiment from their departure to Canada. They assimilated to the Canadian culture and lifestyle after the Vietnam War ended and have been living as Canadians ever since. Bernstein, Fred A. "Greetings from Resisterville." Fred A. Bernstein. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.fredbernstein.com/articles/display.asp?id=77>. At a time when more than a few unhappy liberals in the United States are rumbling about moving north bombarding the Canadian immigration Web site, fantasizing about Toronto real estate Ms. Mock and the expatriates in this town of 9,300 people on a 90-mile-long crystalline lake are proof it can be done.

Websites "1961-1973: GI Resistance in the Vietnam War." Libcom.org. 3 Sept. 2006. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. <http://libcom.org/history/vietnam-gi-resistance>.

This article first examines how early on into the war morale was high. The United States morale began to drop after the war dragged on. As the morale dropped, draft resistance increased. By 1969, the desertion had increased fourfold. Some units in Vietnam began to refuse orders that they thought would endanger them. For instance, one unit refused to march down a trail because they believed it was dangerous. "1969-The Vietnam Moratorium-Almanac of Absurdities 10.15.2011 | Time Marches On! The Almanac of Absurdities." Time Marches On! The Almanac of Absurdities | A Daily Look through the Grand Panoply of Historical Events That Are Linked to This Very Day! (and a Nod to the Long Running Radio and Film Newsreel "The March of Time" for the Tagline They Stopped Using in 1951.). Web. 12 Jan. 2012. <http://timemarcheson.wordpress.com/2011/10/15/1969-the-vietnammoratorium-almanac-of-absurdities-10-15-2011/>.On October 23 on 1969, 20,000 war protestors held the Moratorium to end the war in Vietnam. It was a co-ordinated demonstration centered in Washington DC, but participation was world wide through satellite demonstrations. Barringer, Mark. Wells, Tom. "The Anti-War Movement in the United States." Department of English, College of LAS, University of Illinois. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. <http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/vietnam/antiwar.html>. In the U.S. with television being able to show what was happening on the battlefield, morale was dropping lower and lower. College students and activists began protesting the war in Vietnam. They claimed the government had not shown communism as a credible threat therefore the U.S. military had no business in Vietnam. "BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1969: Millions March in US Vietnam Moratorium." BBC News - Home. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/15/newsid_2533000/25 33131.stm>.The 'Mobilization' peace demonstration draws an estimated 250,000 in Washington for the largest anti-war protest in U.S. history. "Forging Our Legacy: Canadian Citizenship and Immigration." Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. <http://web.archive.org/web/20080213031722/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/pu blications/legacy/chap-6a.asp>. American draft-dodgers and military deserters who sought refuge in Canada during the Vietnam War would ignite even more controversy, some of it provoked by the Canadian governments initial refusal to admit those who could not prove that they had been discharged from military service (this changed in 1968). Draft-dodgers were usually college-educated sons of the middle class who could no longer defer induction into the Selective Service System; deserters, on the other hand, were predominantly sons of the

lower-income and working classes who had been inducted into the armed services directly from high school or who had volunteered, hoping to obtain a skill and broaden their limited horizons. "'Honoring' Draft Dodgers | VFW Magazine | Find Articles." Find Articles | News Articles, Magazine Back Issues & Reference Articles on All Topics. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0LIY/is_3_92/ai_n8693773/>."This will mark the courageous legacy of Vietnam War resisters and the Canadians who helped them resettle in this country during that tumultuous era," said Isaac Romano, festival director. Many draft dodgers reportedly settled in this region "where they set up alternative communities." Up to 125,000 draft dodgers may have fled to Canada during the war. Kindig, Jessie. "Vietnam: Draft Resistance." UW Departments Web Server. 2008. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. <http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_draft.shtml>. During the Vietnam War, draft evasion and draft resistance reached a historic peak, nearly crippling the Selective Service System. Combined with the revolt inside the military and the larger civilian antiwar movement, draft resistance acted as another fetter on the governments ability to wage a war in Vietnam, and brought the war home in a very personal way for a generation of young men. Draft resisters filed for conscientious objector status, didnt report for induction when called, or attempted to claim disability. Soldiers went AWOL and fled to Canada through underground railroad networks of antiwar supporters. "Let Them Stay | Vietnam War Resisters | Then and Now." Rescind Operational Bulletin 202. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.letthemstay.ca/english_index.htm>. Gave a list of the draft dodgers who fled during the United States during the Vietnam War Mattis, Richard L. "History Reference Center." EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. <http://web.ebscohost.com/hrc/detail?sid=d84dcd79-bb4c-47f6-83b9c7cf0dacd731@sessionmgr4>. This article showed when and where draft dodging was created and its history in the United States "On This Day In History: President Carter Pardons Draft Dodgers." Sticks and Stones. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://sticksandstoneslive.blogspot.com/2009/01/on-this-day-inhistory-president-carter.html>. In total, some 100,000 young Americans went abroad in the late 1960s and early 70s to avoid serving in the war. Ninety percent went to Canada, where after some initial controversy they were eventually welcomed as immigrants. Still others hid inside the United States.While the Canadian government technically reserved the

right to prosecute deserters, in practice they left them alone, even instructing border guards not to ask too many questions. Ryan, Julia. "Come Together Amongst Friends." Web. 12 Jan. 2012. A photo was took at Philadelphia during the protest of the Vietnam War. "Seeking Sanctuary: Draft Dodgers." CBC Archives. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 21 July 2008. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/vietnam_war/topics/348-1924/>. Protesters protest against the war in Vietnam in Washington D.C Stockdale, Nancy L. "Draft Dodging." Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABCCLIO, 2006. Web. 8 Dec. 2011. <http://issues.abc-clio.com/Search/Results?q=939795>. Clearly explained what "draft dodging" is and the causes for it. "U.S. War Resisters Gather at Reunion in Canadian Town." Home | Common Dreams. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0710-07.htm>. Organizers were expecting hundreds of draft resisters and their Canadian supporters to attend the gathering, which includes workshops and panel discussions at Selkirk College and the nearby Brilliant Cultural Center in this town about 120 miles north of Spokane. Speakers and participants include former U.S. Sen. George McGovern, 83, the Democratic presidential candidate in 1972 who lost to Richard Nixon; former California state Sen. Tom Hayden, an anti-war student activist during the 1960s; and Arun Ghandi, grandson of Mahatma Ghandi.