Attenuation of High-Frequency Seismic Waves in

Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India

by Babita Sharma, Arun K. Gupta, D. Kameswari Devi, Dinesh Kumar,
S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi
Abstract The attenuation properties of the crust in the Kachchh region, Gujarat,
India, have been investigated. For this purpose, 49 local earthquakes having focal
depths in the 338 km range have been used. The quality factors Q

(the quality factor

using P waves) and Q

(the quality factor using S waves) have been estimated using

the coda normalization method. The quality factor of coda waves (Q
c
) has been esti-
mated using the single backscattering model. Multiple scattering models have been
used to estimate Q
i
(the intrinsic attenuation parameter) and Q
s
(scattering attenuation
parameter) for the region. The values of Q

, Q

, Q
c
, Q
i
, and Q
s
show a dependence
on frequency in the range of 1.524 Hz for the Kachchh region. The average
frequency-dependent relationships (Q = Q
0
f
n
) estimated for the region are Q

=
(77 2)f
(0:870:03)
, Q

= (100 4)f
(0:860:04)
, and Q
c
= (148 3)f
(1:010:02)
.
The estimate of Q
c
is found to be higher than Q

in this region. This analysis supports

the Zeng et al. (1991) model that predicts that the effects of intrinsic and scattering
attenuation combine in a manner that Q
c
should be more than Q

. The estimated
values of Q
s
and Q
i
vary from 529 and 183 at 1.5 Hz to 3053 and 2668 at 24 Hz,
respectively. We find that the Q
c
estimates lie between the estimates of Q
i
and Q
s
but
are closer to Q
i
at lower frequencies. This is in agreement with the theoretical as well
as laboratory measurements. A comparison between Q
i
and Q
s
shows that intrinsic
absorption is predominant over scattering.
Introduction
One of the important factors in the assessment of earth-
quake hazard in a region is the knowledge of attenuation
characteristics of the region. This information is required
for the determination of earthquake source parameters as
well as for prediction of earthquake ground motions. A num-
ber of factors cause the attenuation of seismic waves. These
include geometrical spreading, scattering due to inhomo-
geneities in the medium, and damping. The attenuating prop-
erty of a medium is described by the dimensionless quantity
called quality factor Q, which expresses the decay of wave
amplitude during its propagation in the medium (Knopoff,
1964). Numerous studies have been done worldwide to
understand the attenuation characteristics by estimating Q
using P waves (Q

), S waves (Q

), and coda waves (Q

c
).
The estimates of Q have been found to be frequency depen-
dent by several researchers worldwide (e.g., Aki and Chouet,
1975; Rautian and Khalturin, 1978; Aki, 1980; Sato and
Matsumura, 1980; Roecker et al., 1982; Hough and Ander-
son, 1988; Masuda, 1988; Cathrine, 1990; Campillo and
Plantet, 1991; Sekiguchi, 1991; Takemura et al., 1991;
Mayeda et al., 1992; Yoshimoto et al., 1993; Gupta et al.,
1995, 1998; Mandal et al., 2001; Sharma et al., 2007).
Methods have been developed to measure the relative
contribution of intrinsic attenuation (Q
i
) and scattering at-
tenuation (Q
s
) to the total attenuation. Wu (1985) proposed
a method for an estimation of the relative contribution of Q
s
and Q
i
from the dependence of total S-wave energy on hy-
pocentral distance. Frankel and Wennerberg (1987) used the
energy flux model of seismic coda to obtain the separate es-
timates of Q
s
and Q
i
based on coda amplitude and decay.
Hoshiba et al. (1991) developed a method based on Monte
Carlo simulations of the temporal shape of the coda envelope
(Hoshiba, 1991). Wennerberg (1993) provided the formula-
tion to determine the contribution of Q
s
and Q
i
attenuation to
the total attenuation.
The objectives of the present study are (1) to understand
the attenuation mechanism in the crust of the Kachchh re-
gion, Gujarat, India, by estimating Q using different parts
of the seismograms and (2) to estimate the relative contribu-
tion of Q
i
and Q
s
attenuation in the same region. The ex-
tended coda normalization method (Yoshimoto et al., 1993)
has been used to estimate the frequency-dependent relations
for Q

and Q

. The relationship for coda Q

c
has been ob-
tained using the single backscattering model of Aki and
2325
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 98, No. 5, pp. 23252340, October 2008, doi: 10.1785/0120070224
Chouet (1975). Wennerbergs (1993) formulation has been
used to estimate the relative contribution of Q
i
and Q
s
.
The coda Q estimates of the nearby region have been ob-
tained by Mandal, Jainendra, et al. (2004) using the after-
shocks of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake that occurred in the
region. The study area in the present analysis is northeast of
the area studied by them. The relations obtained in the
present study have been compared with those obtained in
the other regions.
Seismotectonics of the Region
The Kachchh rift marks the earliest phase of the breakup
of the Gondwana supercontinent in the early Jurassic and is
the largest Indian intracontinental rift zone situated at the
western border of India and few hundred kilometers away
from the Indian plate boundary. The rifting process in the
Kachchh region ended with the change of stress direction
due to rotation of the Indian plate (Biswas, 1987). Geologi-
cally, the Kachchh region is characterized by Quaternary/
Tertiary sediments, Deccan volcanic rocks, and Jurassic
sandstone overlying an Archean basement (Gupta et al.,
2001). The basin formed between Nagar Parkar fault and
the North Kathiawar fault, the later being the master fault.
There are three uplifts formed along primordial faults of Ara-
vali belt: Island Belt (south of Island Belt fault), Wagad (area
of most of the epicenters used in the present study), and
Kachchh Mainland (south of Kachchh Mainland fault) with
intervening grabens and half grabens (Biswas, 1987). Biswas
(1987) suggested that a subsurface northsouth basement
ridge, Median High, crosses the basin. Acting as a hinge,
it divides the basin into a deeper western part and a shallower
and more tectonized eastern part. The three stations consid-
ered in this study lie on the Wagad uplift area. The rock for-
mations are Mesozoic sediments beneath Suvai and Adesar
stations while Quaternary sediments are beneath Lakadia
station.
The Kachchh rift region is characterized by a high level
of seismic hazard. It is inferred to have large compressive
stresses due to upward buckling of the region that started
after the major continent collision process had almost
stopped along the Himalayas 10 m.y.a. (Rastogi, 2004). As
a result large earthquakes can occur frequently. The region
has experienced two great earthquakes, one in 1819 (M
w
7.7)
and the other in 2001 (M
w
7.7), and some other devastating
earthquakes in 1845 (M
w
6) and in 1956 (M
w
6). The poten-
tial for a catastrophic earthquake in the Kachchh region is the
highest among the stable continental regions of the world.
Another fault, named Gedi fault, 60 km northeast of the
2001 mainshock epicenter has become active since 2006
(Mandal, Chadha, Raju, Kumar, Satyamurty, Narsaiah, and
Maji, 2007; Mandal, Chadha, Raju, Kumar, Satyamurty, and
Narsaiah, 2007). Moreover, in the 2001 epicentral zone, seis-
micity at an increased level is still occurring with one or two
M 56 earthquakes every year.
Like all large (M >7:5) continental midplate earth-
quakes, both the 1819 Kachchh and the 2001 Bhuj earth-
quakes also took place within an old rift that has been
tectonically reactivated in compression (Johnston, 1994; Bo-
din and Horton, 2004). The 1819 earthquake created a 90 km
long fault that is known as the Allah Bund (Johnston, 1994;
Rajendran and Rajendran, 2001).
Available first motion fault-plane solutions indicate that
the Kachchh seismic zone predominantly shows reverse
faulting, but strike-slip faulting is also observed (Chung
and Gao, 1995, Mandal, Rastogi, Satyanarayana, Kousalya,
Vijayraghavan, et al., 2004). However, available Global Po-
sitioning System (GPS) campaign data suggests very slow
strain accumulation (Sridevi et al., 2001), indicating long re-
currence intervals between large earthquakes. The far-field
stresses that could drive the Kachchh rift are influenced
by the IndoEurasian collision, by the push from the Indian
oceanic ridges, and by the lithospheric structures inherited
from previous orogenic fabrics (Cloetingh and Wortel, 1986;
Gambos et al., 1995; Chandrasekhar and Mishra, 2002).
Crustal intrusive bodies as well as underplating have been
delineated in the Kachchh region by local earthquake to-
mography (Mandal, Rastogi, Satyanarayana, and Kousalya,
2004), by modeling of gravity and magnetic data (Chandra-
sekhar and Mishra, 2002), and by seismic reflection data
(Sarkar et al., 2007). These intrusive bodies can induce
significant localized stresses in a stable continental setup
(in response to northsouth compression due to northward
movement of the Indian plate) (Campbell, 1978; Chandrase-
khar and Mishra, 2002; Kayal et al., 2002; Mandal, Rastogi,
Satyanarayana, and Kousalya, 2004; Sarkar et al., 2007).
Using teleseismic receiver function analysis, the thicknesses
of sediments and the Moho beneath the Kachchh basin were
estimated to be 13 km and 3848 km, respectively (Man-
dal, 2006).
Methods of Analysis
Estimates of Q
c
Q
c
has been estimated using the single backscattering
model proposed by Aki and Chouet (1975). According to
this model, the coda waves are interpreted as backscattered
body waves generated by numerous heterogeneities present
in the Earths crust and upper mantle. It implies that scatter-
ing is a weak process and that outgoing waves are scattered
only once before reaching the receiver. Under this assump-
tion, the coda amplitudes, A
c
(f; t), in a seismogram can be
expressed for a central frequency f over a narrow bandwidth
signal, as a function of the lapse time t, measured from the
origin time of the seismic event, as (Aki, 1980)
A
c
(f; t) = S(f)t
a
exp(ft=Q
c
); (1)
where S(f) represents the source function at frequency f and
is considered a constant as it is independent of time and
radiation pattern and, therefore, is not a function of factors
2326 B. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi
influencing energy loss in the medium; a is the geometrical
spreading factor and is taken as 1 for body waves; and Q
c
is
the apparent quality factor of coda waves representing the
attenuation in a medium. Equation (1) can be rewritten as
ln[A
c
(f; t)t| = ln S(f) (f=Q
c
)t: (2)
It is a linear equation with the slope f=Q
c
from which Q
c
can be estimated.
Estimates of Q

and Q

This method is based on the idea that coda waves consist

of scattered S waves from random heterogeneities in the
Earth (Aki, 1969; Aki and Chouet, 1975; Sato, 1977). The
spectral amplitude, A
c
(f; t
c
), of the coda at a lapse time t
c
can be written as (Aki, 1980)
A
c
(f; t
c
) = S
s
(f)P(f; t
c
)G(f)I(f); (3)
where f is the frequency, S
s
(f) is the source spectral ampli-
tude of S waves, P(f; t
c
) is the coda excitation factor, G(f)
is the site amplification factor, and I(f) is the instrumental
response.
The spectral amplitude of the direct S wave, A
s
(f; r),
can be expressed as
A
s
(f; r) = R

S
s
(f)r

exp[fr=Q

(f)V
s
|G(f; )I(f);
(4)
where R

is the source radiation pattern and denotes the

geometrical exponent. Q

(f) is the quality factor of S waves,

V
s
is the average S wave velocity, and is the incident angle
of S waves.
On dividing equation (2) by equation (1) and taking the
logarithm and simplifying, we get (Yoshimoto et al., 1993)
{ln[A
s
(f; r)r

=A
c
(f; t
c
)|]
rr
= fr=Q

(f)V
s
const(f); (5)
where {ln[A
s
(f; r)r

=A
c
(f; t
c
)|]
rr
represents the average
for a hypocentral distance range r r. Equation (5) is ob-
tained under the assumptions that the contribution of R

disappears by averaging over many different focal plane

solutions and the ratio G(f; )=G(f) becomes independent
of by averaging over many earthquakes (Yoshimoto et al.,
1993). The quality factor for S waves can be obtained from
the linear regression of {ln[A
s
(f; r)r

=A
c
(f; t
c
)|]
rr
versus
r by means of a least-squares method. Using a similar equa-
tion the quality factor for the P waves can be obtained
(Yoshimoto et al., 1993):
{ln[A
p
(f; r)r

=A
c
(f; t
c
)|]
rr
= fr=Q

(f)V
p
const(f): (6)
The quality factor for P waves can be obtained from the
linear regression of {ln[A
p
(f; r)r

=A
c
(f; t
c
)|]
rr
versus r
by means of a least-squares method as done for S waves.
Estimates of Q
i
and Q
s
Wennerberg (1993) provided the formulation based on
the Zeng et al. (1991) model to estimate Q
i
and Q
s
. Accord-
ing to Zeng et al. (1991), we can write the observed value of
Q
c
in terms of Q
i
and Q
s
as follows:
1=Q
c
= 1=Q
i
{1 2()]=Q
s
; (7)
where () is 1=(4:44 0:738), = t=Q
s
, is the
angular frequency, and t is the lapse time. Assuming Q
d
as the quality factor of the direct wave evaluated in the Earth
volume equivalent to the volume sampled by coda waves, it
can be written as (Wennerberg, 1993)
1=Q
s
= 1=2()[1=Q
d
1=Q
c
()|; (8)
1=Q
i
= 1=2(){1=Q
c
() [2() 1|=Q
d
]: (9)
If Q
c
is measured as a function of lapse time t, Q
i
and
Q
s
can be estimated using equations (7), (8), and (9), where
Q
d
is measured as a function of distance.
Data
The area selected for the present study is Rapar in east-
ern part of the Kachchh District of Gujarat. Maybe due to
stress perturbations caused by the 26 January 2001 earth-
quake, the Gedi fault, situated 60 km northeast of the
2001 epicenter, has become active. The Institute of Seismo-
logical Research (ISR), Gandhinagar has installed three tem-
porary broadband CMG-3T sensors having REFTEK 24-bit
recorders with an external hard disk (4 GB) and GPS timing
system instruments at Adesar (ADR), Lakadiya (LKD), and
Suvai (SUE) in the study area (Fig. 1). Data from these three
stations have been used in analysis for the present study.
Surendernagar (SUR) and Morbi (MOR) stations (Fig. 1)
data have also been used for locations of the events used
for the present study. The earthquake waveform data from
three stations ADR, LKD, and SUE have been used to esti-
mate Q

, Q

, and Q
c
values. For this purpose, we have used
the vertical component of all the events. These earthquakes
(1:6 < M
w
< 4:2) are recorded continuously at the sampling
rate of 100 samples=sec at these stations. Figure 1 shows
the event epicentral locations and stations. The hypocentral
parameters of the events used in the present study are given
in Table 1.
Results and Discussions
The seismograms have been filtered at five different
central frequencies of 1.5 (12 Hz), 3 (24 Hz), 6 (48 Hz),
Attenuation of High-Frequency Seismic Waves in Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India 2327
12 (816 Hz), and 24 Hz (1632 Hz) using a Butterworth
band-pass filter. On the filtered seismograms, the root-mean-
square (rms) amplitudes of coda waves in a window length of
256 samples and lapse time window length of 30 sec have
been used to estimate Q
c
. The coda wave amplitude mea-
surement starts at twice the travel time of the S waves. Fig-
ure 2 shows the original seismogram for an event recorded
at ADR on 20 August 2006 and filtered seismograms for
five different passbands. Figure 3 shows the variation of
ln[A
c
(f; t)t| with lapse time t along with the least-squares-
fitted line corresponding to the seismograms shown in Fig-
ure 2 as an example. The estimated mean values of Q
c
at
different central frequencies are given in Table 2. Figure 4
shows the variation of Q
c
with respect to frequency, and
the solid line shows the least-squares fit to the average values
of Q
c
. The average value of Q
c
obtained from the mean
values of different stations are also given in Table 2.
In order to estimate the Q

and Q

, the rms amplitudes

for P and S waves have been picked from the filtered seis-
mograms and normalized by the coda wave amplitude. We
assume that geometrical spreading is proportional to r
1
.
Figure 5a shows a plot of ln[(A
p
=A
c
)r| with respect to hy-
pocentral distance r (in kilometers) at five different central
frequencies for ADR, SUE, and LKD. The least-squares-
fitted lines along with 1 standard deviation (S.D.; dashed
lines) are also shown. The corresponding plots of S waves
are shown in Figure 5b. The slopes of the best-fitted lines
are used to estimate Q

and Q

by using equations (5) and

(6). The average velocities of 6.2 and 3:6 km=sec for P and S
waves, respectively, have been used in the present study
(Mandal, Rastogi, Satyanarayana, and Kousalya, 2004). The
estimated mean values of Q

and Q

at different central fre-

quencies for the three stations are given in Tables 3 and 4.
The average values of Q

and Q

obtained from the mean

values of different stations are also given in Tables 3 and 4.
The estimated Q values increase with increase in fre-
quency (Tables 2, 3, and 4). The average value of Q
c
varies
from 204 at 1.5 Hz to 3454 at 24 Hz. The average values of
Q

and Q

vary from 89 and 136 at 1.5 Hz. to 1044 and 1424

at 24 Hz, respectively. The increase in Qvalues with increas-
Figure 1. Epicentral locations of events during JulyAugust 2006 of magnitude 1.64.2 are shown by circles, epicenters of devastating
earthquakes are shown by stars, and stations used in this study are shown by triangles. The main tectonic features in the region are also shown.
2328 B. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi
ing frequency indicates the frequency-dependent nature
of the Q estimates in the region. In order to obtain the
frequency-dependent relations, the estimated average Q-
values (Tables 2, 3, and 4) as a function of frequency are
plotted in Figure 6. The fitting of power lawQ = Q
0
f
n
gives
the frequency-dependent relationships for the region as
Q

= (77 2)f
(0:870:03)
, Q

= (100 4)f
(0:860:04)
, and
Q
c
= (148 3)f
(1:010:02)
. The similar relations obtained
for different stations are given in Table 5. The small lateral
variation found in estimated Q-values may be attributed to
the heterogeneities present in the region and/or the difference
in distances of the events from the recording stations. Fig-
ure 7 shows the comparison of present Q
c
estimates with
some of the Q
c
estimates worldwide, which in turn is show-
ing a substantial similar trend as other tectonic regions.
This shows that the attenuation characteristics of coda waves
in the Kachchh region are close to the active regions of
the world.
It has been found that the value of Q
0
(Q
c
at 1 Hz) varies
from 47 to 200 and that of n varies from 0.70 to 1.10 for the
Table 1
Hypocentral Parameters of the Events Considered in the Present Study
Date (mm/dd/yyyy) Origin time (GMT) Latitude () Longitude () Depth (km) M
w
rms (sec)
07/24/2006 1808 20.85 23.510 70.689 6.1 2.9 0.26
07/25/2006 0029 13.38 23.496 70.733 6.1 3.5 0.16
07/25/2006 0959 31.26 23.672 70.271 38.1 3.4 0.19
07/25/2006 2222 57.97 23.508 70.690 0.2 3.0 0.08
07/26/2006 0530 12.06 23.779 70.731 6.1 3.3 0.13
07/27/2006 0052 15.97 23.453 70.429 16.3 3.4 0.07
07/27/2006 2354 4.26 23.376 70.420 14.4 2.4 0.07
07/28/2006 0743 17.64 23.439 70.488 0.4 2.3 0.25
07/28/2006 2346 11.52 23.711 70.739 6.1 3.6 0.09
07/31/2006 2016 36.26 23.454 70.277 11.2 3.5 0.26
08/03/2006 0602 3.56 23.528 70.126 30.7 3.3 0.47
08/04/2006 2034 29.93 23.456 70.294 9.3 3.0 0.13
08/05/2006 0716 52.15 23.458 70.290 3 3.8 0.24
08/05/2006 1036 8.83 23.492 70.399 6.3 3.5 0.22
08/06/2006 1049 25.88 23.541 70.397 15.3 2.9 0.23
08/09/2006 1209 17.9 23.959 71.186 5 2.6 0.42
08/10/2006 0646 28.12 23.398 70.442 16.6 2.6 0.26
08/10/2006 1613 32.73 23.376 70.402 21.6 3.0 0.25
08/12/2006 554 33.44 23.470 70.421 21 2.8 0.17
08/12/2006 0741 15.97 23.381 70.287 3.5 2.1 0.30
08/13/2006 1705 6.08 23.344 70.249 7.3 3.4 0.08
08/14/2006 0715 24.15 23.768 70.640 15 2.8 0.19
08/14/2006 0817 10.76 23.365 70.352 9.2 3.2 0.11
08/15/2006 0256 50.99 23.545 70.609 10.1 3.0 0.09
08/16/2006 0531 15.03 23.359 70.353 3.9 2.8 0.25
08/17/2006 1354 14.3 23.457 70.422 15 3.2 0.40
08/17/2006 2153 5.86 23.378 70.388 21.2 3.3 0.08
08/19/2006 2340 12.81 23.743 70.890 10 2.5 0.22
08/20/2006 0126 16.2 23.415 70.260 15 2.1 0.30
08/20/2006 0237 22.15 23.533 70.526 9.7 4.2 0.13
08/20/2006 0606 24 23.715 70.488 10 3.0 0.05
08/20/2006 0819 29 23.465 70.352 9 2.0 0.30
08/20/2006 0954 48.2 23.581 70.747 33.3 1.7 0.10
08/20/2006 1847 17.09 23.530 70.287 11.8 2.6 0.21
08/20/2006 1859 11.9 23.481 70.774 2.5 1.6 0
08/20/2006 2321 50.1 23.470 70.415 10.1 2.0 0.10
08/21/2006 0953 11.89 23.802 70.749 5 3.2 0.08
08/21/2006 1701 37.16 23.554 70.682 10 3.2 0.21
08/22/2006 0821 19.41 23.430 70.525 25 3.0 0.23
08/22/2006 0917 45.6 23.247 70.177 20.1 3.7 0.20
08/22/2006 0944 40.6 23.229 70.211 20 2.3 0.10
08/22/2006 0948 15.9 23.443 70.519 7.5 2.6 0
08/22/2006 1726 55.74 23.420 70.407 26.4 1.7 0.27
08/22/2006 1952 24.67 23.444 70.542 6 3.1 0.2
08/22/2006 2248 22.7 23.718 70.640 15 1.8 0.05
08/23/2006 0324 29.56 23.382 70.173 6 3.1 0.09
08/23/2006 0442 57.91 23.786 70.684 5 2.5 0.13
08/23/2006 1153 1.1 23.432 70.469 10.1 2.8 0.10
08/23/2006 1247 31.2 23.430 70.466 10.6 2.1 0.10
Attenuation of High-Frequency Seismic Waves in Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India 2329
0 20 40 60
La
80
pse Time (Sec)
-6000000
-4000000
-2000000
0
2000000
4000000
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
c
o
u
n
t
s
)
0 20 40 60 80
-800000
-400000
0
400000
800000
0 20 40 60 80
-800000
0
800000
0 20 40 60 80
-2000000
0
2000000
0 20 40 60 80
-2000000
-1000000
0
1000000
2000000
0 20 40 60 80
-800000
-400000
0
400000
800000
P-wave
S-wave
Coda wave
Original seismogram
C.F.=1.5Hz
C.F.=3Hz
C.F.=6Hz
C.F.=12Hz
C.F.=24Hz
Figure 2. Original and filtered seismograms of the event on 20 August 2006 recorded at Adesar (ADR) for five central frequencies (C.F.)
(i.e., 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 Hz).
2330 B. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi
active regions including Parkfield (Hellweg et al.,
1995) and Friuli, Italy (Rovelli, 1982). Using the aftershocks
of 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Mandal, Rastogi, Satyanara-
yana, Kousalya, Vijayraghavan, et al. (2004) estimated a
frequency-dependent relation Q
c
= (102 0:8)f
0:980:02
for the Bhuj region. Using a different data set of the after-
shocks of the same earthquake, Gupta et al. (2006) obtained
a relation Q
c
= 106f
1:11
(lapse time window 3060 sec) for
40 50 60 70 80
Lapse time(sec)
13.6
14
14.4
14.8
15.2
l
n
(
A
c
(
f
,
t
)
.
t
)
40 50 60 70 80
13.2
13.6
14
14.4
14.8
15.2
40 50 60 70 80
13.8
14
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
40 50 60 70 80
13.8
14
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
40 50 60 70 80
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.2
Qc(1.5Hz)=111
Qc(3.0Hz)=246
Qc(6.0Hz)=770
Qc(24Hz)=3375
Qc(12Hz)=2046
Figure 3. Variation of ln[A
c
(f; t)t| with lapse time t at various central frequencies for the seismograms shown in Figure 2.
Attenuation of High-Frequency Seismic Waves in Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India 2331
the same region. The region considered in these studies lies
adjacent to the region considered in the present study. The es-
timated Q
c
-values in the present study are somewhat higher
than those of these studies. This reflects the effect of local
geology as the region considered in the present analysis is
composed of hard rocks as compared to the region study
by Mandal, Rastogi, Satyanarayana, Kousalya, Vijayragha-
van, et al. (2004) and Gupta et al. (2006).
A comparison of Q-values obtained using coda waves
and using direct waves in the present study shows that coda
Q is higher than that of Q

(Fig. 6). This supports the Zeng

et al. (1991) model that predicts that the effects of Q
i
and Q
s
combine in a manner that Q
c
should be more than Q

. Aki
(1980) observed that Q
c
and Q

are approximately equal as

coda waves are backscattered S waves. Wennerberg (1993)
explained that this observation is due to the relative weakness
of scattering attenuation.
Singh et al. (2004) have estimated a relation Q(f) =
800f
0:42
for the Indian shield region using the data set of
four earthquakes recorded in the distance range of 240
2400 km. Using the accelerograms of the aftershocks of
the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Bodin et al. (2004) have obtained
a relation Q(f) = 790f
0:35
for the Kachchh basin. These re-
lations give much higher values of Q than estimated in the
Table 2
Values of Q
c
at Three Stations and Average Values at Five Central Frequencies
Central Frequency (Hz) ADR SUE LKD Average
1.5 166 21 180 19 266 25 204 27
3 574 45 410 66 393 46 459 52
6 1290 90 1196 78 792 58 1093 75
12 1642 99 1846 67 1553 112 1680 93
24 3768 156 3831 127 2762 149 3454 144
1 0 0 20
Frequency(Hz)
30
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

F
a
c
t
o
r
Figure 4. Variation of Q
c
with respect to frequency along with the least-squares-fitted line to the average values (solid line).
2332 B. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
p
/
A
c
)
r
)
SUE ADR LKD
Q(1.5Hz)=91
Q(3Hz)=207
Q(6Hz)=459
Q(6Hz)=387
Q(3Hz)=198
Q(1.5Hz)=75
Q(1.5Hz)=101
Q(3Hz)=313
Q(6Hz)=527
Q(12Hz)=731
Q(12Hz)=725 Q(12Hz)=888
Q(24Hz)=1030
Q(24Hz)=987
Q(24Hz)=1115
(a)
Figure 5. (a) Plot of ln[(A
p
=A
c
)r| with respect to hypocentral distance r (in kilometers) at five different central frequencies for Adesar
(ADR), Suvai (SUE), and Lakadiya (LKD). (b) Plot of ln[(A
s
=A
c
)r| with respect to hypocentral distance r (in kilometers) at five different
central frequencies for Adesar (ADR), Suvai (SUE), and Lakadiya (LKD). For both plots (a) and (b), the least-squares best-fitted lines along
with 1 S.D. (dashed lines) are also shown. (Continued)
Attenuation of High-Frequency Seismic Waves in Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India 2333
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 40 60 80 100
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
20 30 40 50 60 70
r(km)
0
5
10
l
n
(
(
A
s
/
A
c
)
r
)
Q(1.5Hz)=126
Q(1.5Hz)=149
Q(1.5Hz)=134
Q(3Hz)=191
Q(3Hz)=287 Q(3Hz)=234
Q(6Hz)=593
Q(6Hz)=571 Q(6Hz)=681
Q(12Hz)=827
Q(12Hz)=777
Q(12Hz)=1039
Q(24Hz)=1488
Q(24Hz)=1394 Q(24Hz)=1390
(b)
Figure 5. Continued.
2334 B. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi
Table 3
Values of Q

at Three Stations and Average Values at Five Central Frequencies

Central Frequency (Hz) ADR SUE LKD Average
1.5 91 14 75 15 101 19 89 16
3 207 34 198 24 313 36 239 31
6 459 46 387 25 527 51 458 41
12 731 67 725 62 888 89 781 73
24 1030 109 987 87 1115 123 1044 131
Table 4
Values of Q

at Three Stations and Average Values at Five Central Frequencies

Central Frequency (Hz) ADR SUE LKD Average
1.5 126 26 149 11 134 21 136 23
3 191 35 287 45 234 44 237 41
6 593 56 571 68 681 65 615 63
12 827 101 777 86 1039 89 881 92
24 1488 123 1394 136 1390 151 1424 137
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
log(f)
1
2
3
4
5
l
o
g
(
Q
)
Q =77f
0.87
Q =100f
0.86
Qc=148f
1.01
Figure 6. Average values of Q

, Q

, and Q
c
at different frequencies for the Kachchh region along with the least-squares best-fitted lines.
Attenuation of High-Frequency Seismic Waves in Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India 2335
present study. This difference is attributed to the data and
techniques used in these studies. The coda-based method
used in this study gives the Q of a very shallow portion
of the crust, while Q estimates obtained by Singh et al.
(2004) and Bodin et al. (2004) sample deeper in the crust.
Figure 8 shows the comparison of the ratio Q

=Q

es-
timated here at different frequencies with those of other
regions like the Kanto area, Japan, by Yoshimoto et al.,
1993, Kuril Island by Fedotov and Boldyrew (1969), south-
ern Norway by Kvamme and Havskov (1989), southeastern
Korea by Chung and Sato (2001), and central South Korea by
Kim et al. (2004). We note that the ratio Q

=Q

1 in the
present analysis for the frequencies considered here is com-
parable with other regions of the world. Mandal (2006) es-
timated the Q

versus Q

relation for the Kachchh rift zone

using the Sp converted phases on the accelerograms. He es-
timated that the ratio Q

=Q

lies between 0.41 and 2.99 in

the region. To interpret our relations, we compared the results
with the laboratory measurements of Q

and Q

. Vassiliou
et al. (1982) have given general observations of Q

and Q

relations in sedimentary rocks. Q

= Q

for dry rocks, Q

for partially saturated rocks, and Q

for fully satu-

rated rocks. In our case we are getting Q

> Q

, which
shows that the region is comprised of partially saturated
rocks. Also the State Water Department, Gujarat, has given
the average water level at LKD, ADR, and SUE as 1015 m,
510 m, and 1015 m, respectively, which indicates that the
area of study has partially saturated rocks. The region of
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Frequency(Hz)
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.10
Q
Hindu Kush (Roecker et al.,1982)
Stone Canyon, California (Aki and Chouet,1975)
Koyna, India (Gupta et.al.,1998)
Kanto, Japan(Aki and Chouet, 1980)
Garm central, Asia (Rautian and Khalturin,1978)
Garhwal Himalaya,India (Gupta et.al.,1995)
-
1
Qc using coda waves (present study)
Figure 7. Comparison of estimated coda Q variation with those of other regions.
Table 5
Average and Station Wise Frequency-Dependent Relationships using P, S, and Coda Waves for the Kachchh Region
ADR LKD SUE Average
Q

= (76 2)f
(0:860:04)
Q

= (63 3)f
(0:930:03)
Q

= (78 2)f
(0:880:05)
Q

= (77 3)f
(0:870:03)
Q

= (85 4)f
(0:920:05)
Q

= (117 3)f
(0:790:03)
Q

= (102 4)f
(0:890:02)
Q

= (100 4)f
(1:090:04)
Q
c
= (145 3)f
(1:050:03)
Q
c
= (170 4)f
(0:870:01)
Q
c
= (126 3)f
(1:090:04)
Q
c
= (148 3)f
(1:010:02)
2336 B. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi
study has sedimentary thickness from 13 km. Our results
are comparable with the regional geology as we are getting
low Q-values in the area that shows high attenuation. The
area has a considerably thick layer of sediments due to which
most of the energy gets dissipated into the medium; that is
why we get the low value of Q for the study region.
The relative contributions of intrinsic attenuation and
scattering attenuation have been investigated using Wenner-
bergs (1993) approach where Q
i
and Q
s
are estimated from
Q
c
and Q

. The estimated values of Q

s
and Q
i
are given in
Table 6. The estimated Q
s
-values vary from 529 at 1.5 Hz to
3053 at 24 Hz. The estimated Q
i
values vary from 183 at
1.5 Hz to 2668 at 24 Hz. Figure 9 shows the variations of
Q
c
, Q

, Q
i
, and Q
s
with frequency. It has been found in
theory (Frankel and Wennerberg, 1987) and using laboratory
measurements (Matsunami, 1991) that coda Q is very close
to Q
i
. However, Mayeda et al. (1992) have found that this
observation is valid at higher frequencies while Q
c
is inter-
mediate between Q
i
and Q
s
at lower frequencies. We note, in
our study, that Q
c
-values lie in between Q
i
and Q
s
but are
closer to Q
i
at lower frequencies (Table 6 and Fig. 9). This is
in agreement with the previously mentioned studies. A com-
parison between estimates of Q
i
and Q
s
in this study shows
that intrinsic absorption is predominant over scattering for
the frequency range (1.524 Hz) considered here. Using the
0 5 10 15 20 25
Frequency(Hz)
0
1
2
3
4
Q

/
Q

0 5 10 15 20 25
Present Study (Kachchh Region)
Kanto Area, Japan
Kuril Island
S
o
u
t
h
e
r
n
N
o
r
w
a
y
Southeastern Korea
Central South Korea
Figure 8. Comparison of Q

=Q

for different frequencies in different regions. Present study (Kachchh region), Kanto area, Japan (Yoshi-
moto et al., 1993), Kuril Island (Fedotov and Boldyrev, 1969), southern Norway (Kvamme and Havskov, 1989), southeastern Korea (Chung
and Sato, 2001), and central South Korea (Kim et al., 2004).
Table 6
Separation of Q
c
in Terms of Q
s
and Q
i
using Q

by
Wennerberg Formulations
Central
Frequency (Hz) Q
c
Q

Q
s
Q
i
1.5 204 136 529 183
3 459 237 628 380
6 1093 615 1819 928
12 1680 881 2370 1402
24 3454 1424 3053 2668
Attenuation of High-Frequency Seismic Waves in Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India 2337
aftershocks of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake and multiple lapse
time window analysis (MLTWA; Hoshiba et al., 1991; Fehler
et al., 1992; Ugalde et al., 2006) has shown that intrinsic
absorption is predominant over scattering for all frequencies
except for 12 Hz in the region. Our results support their
observation regarding attenuation mechanism prevailing in
the region.
Conclusions
The present study is an attempt to understand the
attenuation mechanism prevailing in the Kachchh region,
Gujarat, India. The values of Q

, Q

, and Q
c
show a depen-
dence on the frequency range of 1.524 Hz in the region. The
average frequency-dependent relationships (Q = Q
0
f
n
) es-
timated for the region are Q

= (77 2)f
(0:870:03)
, Q

=
(100 4)f
(0:860:04)
, and Q
c
= (148 3)f
(1:010:02)
. The
attenuation characteristics of coda waves in the Kachchh
region are close to the active regions of the world. The es-
timates of Q
c
are found to be higher than Q

in the studied
region. This observation supports the Zeng et al. (1991)
model that predicts that the effects of intrinsic and scattering
attenuation combine in a manner that Q
c
should be more than
Q

. The estimated values of Q

s
and Q
i
vary from 529 and
183 at 1.5 Hz to 3053 and 2668 at 24 Hz, respectively. The
Q
c
estimates lie in between the estimates of Q
i
and Q
s
but
are closer to Q
i
at lower frequencies. This is in agreement
with the theoretical as well as laboratory measurements. A
comparison between Q
i
and Q
s
shows that intrinsic absorp-
tion is predominant over scattering. Ugalde et al. (2006) have
reported a similar observation for the nearby region.
Data and Resources
Data used in this work are from the network of ISR,
Gandhinagar.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology,
Ministry of Earth Science, New Delhi for support in this study. The authors
are grateful to the reviewers for their constructive comments.
0 5 10 15 20 25
Frequency(Hz)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Q
Qc
Q
Qs
Qi
Figure 9. Variations of estimated values of Q
i
, Q
s
, Q

, and Q
c
with frequency for the Kachchh region.
2338 B. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi
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Institute of Seismological Research
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
babita_s@rediffmail.com
(B.S., A.K.G., D.K.D., B.K.R.)
Department of Geophysics
Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra 136 119, India
(D.K., S.S.T.)
Manuscript received 5 September 2007
2340 B. Sharma, A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi