CCNA – Semester1

Module 11
TCP/IP Application and Transport

Objectives

• Functions of the TCP/IP transport layer

• TCP concepts and processes
• TCP/IP application layer
 TCP/IP Transport Layer

Why we need a transport layer?

• Layer 1 allows bit streams to be created

and to travel.
• Layer 2 packages those data packets into
frames to be converted to bit streams and
makes data-link delivery possible.
• Layer 3 packages data from upper layers in
packets and makes routing and network
delivery possible.

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Introduction to transport layer
• The transport layer data stream is a logical
connection between the endpoints of a network.
• Its primary duties are to transport and regulate the
flow of information from source to destination
reliably and accurately.
• Transport services include the following basic
services:
– Segmentation of upper-layer application data
– Establishment of end-to-end operations
– Transport of segments from one end host to another end host
– Flow control provided by sliding windows
– Reliability provided by sequence numbers and
acknowledgments

Flow Control

• Avoids the problem of a host at one side of

the connection overflowing the buffers in the
host at the other side.
• The two hosts then establish a data-transfer
rate that is agreeable to both.
• Ensures the integrity of the data
Session Establishment

• Multiple applications can share the same transport

connection in the OSI reference model.
• Different applications can send data segments on a first-
come, first-served basis. This is referred to as the
multiplexing of upper-layer conversations.

TCP and UDP

• The emphasis of this curriculum is on

TCP/IP Ethernet networks.
• The TCP/IP protocol of the OSI model Layer
4 (transport layer) has two protocols - TCP
and UDP.
TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Port

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• Both TCP and UDP use port (or socket)

numbers to pass information to the upper
layers.
Range of ports
• 2 bytes: 0 – 65535.
– Numbers below 255 : for public applications.
– Numbers from 255 - 1023 : assigned to companies
for marketable applications.
– Numbers above 1023 : are unregulated.
• End systems use port numbers to select
proper applications.
• Originating source port numbers are
dynamically assigned by the source host;
usually, it is a number larger than 1023.

TCP
• TCP supplies a virtual circuit between end-user
applications. These are its characteristics:
– connection-oriented.
– reliable.
– divides outgoing messages into segments.
– reassembles messages at the destination station.
– re-sends anything not received.
• Protocols that use TCP include FTP, SMTP, HTTP,
Telnet
TCP Header format

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• Protocol that provides reliable full-duplex

data transmission.

TCP Header format: Port number

•• Source
Source Port
Port 16
16 bits.
bits.
•• Destination
Destination Port
Port 16
16 bits.
bits.
TCP Header format: Sequence

•• Sequence
Sequence Number:
Number: 32
32 bits
bits
–– The
The sequence
sequence number
number of of the
the
first
first data
data octet
octet in
in this
this segment
segment
(except
(except when
when SYN
SYN is is present).
present).

TCP Header format: Acknowledgment

•• Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment Number:
Number: 32
32 bits
bits
–– This
This field
field contains
contains the
the value
value ofof the
the
next
next sequence
sequence number
number the
the sender
sender of of
the
the segment
segment is is expecting
expecting to
to receive.
receive.
TCP Header format: Code bits

•• Control
Control Bits:
Bits: 88 bits
bits
–– ACK:
ACK: Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment fieldfield significant
significant
–– RST:
RST: Reset
Reset the
the connection
connection
–– SYN:
SYN: Synchronize
Synchronize sequence
sequence numbers
numbers
–– FIN:
FIN: No
No more
more data
data from
from sender
sender

TCP Header format: Window

•• Window:
Window: 16
16 bits
bits
–– The
The number
number ofof data
data octets
octets beginning
beginning
with
with the
the one
one indicated
indicated inin the
the
acknowledgment
acknowledgment field field which
which the the sender
sender
of
of this
this segment
segment isis willing
willing to to accept.
accept.
Three-way handshake

TCP: Simple acknowledgment

TCP: Sliding window acknowledgment

TCP: Sequence and acknowledgment

UDP

• UDP transports data unreliably between hosts.

Following are the characteristics:
– Connectionless.
– Unreliable.
– Transmit messages (called user datagrams).
– Provides no software checking for message delivery
(unreliable).
– Does not reassemble incoming messages.
– Uses no acknowledgements.
• Protocols that use include TFTP, SNMP, DHCP, DNS

UDP Header format

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• UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges

datagrams, without acknowledgments or
guaranteed delivery.
 TCP/IP Application Layer

Application Layer: TCP/IP vs. OSI

• The session and presentation layers from the

OSI model were bundled into the application
layer of the TCP model.
• This means that issues of representation,
encoding, and dialog control are handled in the
application layer rather than in separate lower
layers as in the OSI model.
Session: Functions

Presentation: Functions
TCP/IP Application Layer
• Handles high-level
protocols, issues of
representation, encoding,
and dialog control.
• The TCP/IP combines all
application-related issues
into one layer, and assures
this data is properly
packaged for the next layer.
– FTP, HTTP, SMTP, DNS,
SNMP ...
– Format of data, data
structure, encode …
– Dialog control, session
management …

Interfaces
• Direct network application:
– The application layer provides a direct interface for the rest of
the OSI model by using network applications.
– Client server: WEB, FTP, Mail
• Indirect network application:
– The application layer provides an indirect interface for the rest
of the OSI model by using standalone applications.
– The redirector directs requests from local computer to the
proper network resources. Applications on client never have to
recognize the network.
– Redirector: network driver, network printer
Client-Server application

•• The
The client
client side
side is
is located
located on
on the
the local
local
computer
computer and
and isis the
the requestor
requestor of
of the
the
services.
services.
•• The
The server
server side
side is
is located
located on
on aa remote
remote
computer
computer and
and provides
provides services
services inin
response
response toto the
the client’s
client’s requests.
requests.

Network driver

•• The
The applications
applications on
on the
the client
client never
never have
have
to
to recognize
recognize the
the network.
network.
•• Redirectors
Redirectors expand
expand the
the capabilities
capabilities of
of
non-network
non-network software.
software.
Make and Break a connection

• The connection to the server was

maintained only long enough to process
the transaction.
– Example : WWW, E-mail
• The connection to the server was
maintained until the user determines that
he/she has finished.
– Example : FTP, Telnet

DNS

• The Domain Name System (DNS) is a system

used on the Internet for translating names of
domains and their publicly advertised network
nodes into IP addresses.
• A domain is a group of computers that are
associated by their geographical location or
their business type.
• The DNS system is set up in a hierarchy that
creates different levels of DNS servers.
• Eg: http://www.cdit.com.vn/itc/
DNS: System

..

com
com edu
edu gov
gov vn
vn frfr uk
uk

vnn
vnn com
com edu
edu gov
gov

DNS: Resolve www.yahoo.com

Request
Request ..
Reply
Reply

vn
vn Address
Address com
com
of
ofcom
com
server
server
Address
Addressof of
yahoo.com
yahoo.com
vnn
vnn server
server yahoo
yahoo
Address
Addressof
of
www.yahoo.com Address
Addressof
of
www.yahoo.com
www.yahoo.com
www.yahoo.com
FTP

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a reliable,

connection-oriented service that uses TCP to
transfer files between systems that support FTP.
• When files are copied from a server, FTP first
establishes a control connection between the
client and the server. Then a second connection
is established, which is a link between the
computers through which the data is
transferred.

TFTP
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a
connectionless service that uses UDP.
• TFTP is designed to be small and easy to
implement.
• TFTP is used on the router to transfer
configuration files and Cisco IOS images
and to transfer files between systems that
support TFTP.
• TFTP can read, write, or mail files to or from
a remote server but it cannot list directories
and currently has no provisions for user
authentication.
HTTP

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) works with the

World Wide Web, which is the fastest growing and most
used part of the Internet.
• A Web browser is a client-server application, which
means that it requires both a client and a server
component in order to function.
• A Web browser presents data in multimedia formats. A
hyperlink is an object, word, phrase, or picture, on a
Web page. When that hyperlink is clicked, it directs the
browser to a new Web page.
• The Web page contains, often hidden within its HTML
description, an address location known as a Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).

Telnet

• Telnet client software provides the ability to

login to a remote Internet host that is running a
Telnet server application and then to execute
commands from the command line.
• Telnet works at the application layer of the
TCP/IP model. Therefore, Telnet works at the top
three layers of the OSI model. The application
layer deals with commands. The presentation
layer handles formatting, usually ASCII. The
session layer transmits.
SMTP
• Email servers communicate
with each other using the
Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) to send
and receive mail. The SMTP
protocol transports email
messages in ASCII format
using TCP.
• The most popular mail
client protocols are POP3
and IMAP4, which both use
TCP to transport data.
• A good way to test if a mail
server is reachable is to
Telnet to the SMTP port (25)
or to the POP3 port (110).

SNMP

• The Simple Network

Management Protocol (SNMP)
is an application layer protocol
that facilitates the exchange of
management information
between network devices.
• An SNMP managed network
consists of the following:
– Network management
system (NMS)
– Managed device
– Agents
Lab Companion

• 11.2.4 Protocol Inspector, TCP and HTTP

Summary

• TCP/IP transport layer functions

• TCP concepts and processes
• TCP and UDP header format
• TCP and UDP port
• TCP/IP application layer functions
• TCP/IP application layer protocols