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10/27/08 1:28 PM
10/27/08 1:28 PM
= 22.2 m Results Position = s(t=3s) = 22.2 m Velocity = v(t=3s) = 15.98 m/s Acceleration = a(t=3s) = 8.99 m/s 2
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28
Chapter 2
Kinematics of Particles
Helpful Hints Learn to be exible with symbols. The position coordinate x is just as valid as s.
Solution.
dv
4 sec is computed from vx 90 10t ft/sec Note that we integrate to a general time t and then substitute specic values.
a dt
50
dvx
10
4
dt
and is plotted as shown. At the specied times, the velocities are t t 8 sec, 12 sec, vx vx 90 90 10(8) 10(12) 10 ft/sec 30 ft/sec Ans.
vx , ft/sec
The x-coordinate of the particle at any time greater than 4 seconds is the distance traveled during the rst 4 seconds plus the distance traveled after the discontinuity in acceleration occurred. Thus,
t
50
1 10
ds
v dt
50(4)
4
(90
10t) dt
5t2
90t
80 ft
0 0
12 30
t, sec
90(8) 90(12)
80 80
The x-coordinate for t 12 sec is less than that for t 8 sec since the motion is in the negative x-direction after t 9 sec. The maximum positive x-coordinate is, then, the value of x for t 9 sec which is xmax 5(92) 90(9) 80 325 ft Ans. Show that the total distance traveled by the particle in the 12 sec is 370 ft.
These displacements are seen to be the net positive areas under the v-t graph up to the values of t in question.
10/27/08 1:29 PM
10/27/08 1:29 PM
4. Solve vmax 2 = a 0 L vmax = (a 0 L) 1/2 = (16,000 ft/s 2 2 ft) 1/2 = 178.9 ft/s Results Maximum velocity = vmax = 178.9 ft/s
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Article 2/2
Rectilinear Motion
29
Solution I.
Since the acceleration is specied in terms of the displacement, the differential relation v dv a ds may be integrated. Thus, v dv k2s ds v0, so that C1 v C1 a constant, or v2 2 k2s2 2 C1
Helpful Hints We have used an indenite integral here and evaluated the constant of integration. For practice, obtain the same results by using the denite integral with the appropriate limits.
When s
0, v
The plus sign of the radical is taken when v is positive (in the plus s-direction). This last expression may be integrated by substituting v ds/dt. Thus, ds v0 2 k2s2 dt C2 a constant, or 1 sin k
1
ks v0
C2
With the requirement of t 0 when s 0, the constant of integration becomes C2 0, and we may solve the equation for s so that s The velocity is v s , which gives v v0 cos kt Ans. v0 k sin kt Ans.
Solution II.
Since a
This is an ordinary linear differential equation of second order for which the solution is well known and is s A sin Kt B cos Kt
where A, B, and K are constants. Substitution of this expression into the differential equation shows that it satises the equation, provided that K k. The velocity is v , which becomes s v Ak cos kt Bk sin kt v0/k, and the condition This motion is called simple harmonic motion and is characteristic of all oscillations where the restoring force, and hence the acceleration, is proportional to the displacement but opposite in sign.
The initial condition v v0 when t 0 requires that A s 0 when t 0 gives B 0. Thus, the solution is s v0 k sin kt and v
v0 cos kt
Ans.
30
Chapter 2
Kinematics of Particles
The speeds and the time are given, so we may substitute the expression for acceleration directly into the basic denition a dv/dt and integrate. Thus, kv2 dv dt 1 v dv v2 1 8
v
Solution.
k dt
8
dv v2 8 8kt
k
0
dt We choose to integrate to a general value of v and its corresponding time t so that we may obtain the variation of v with t.
kt
4 knots and t
1
10 60
3 mi 4
8 1 6t
Ans.
8
v, knots
The speed is plotted against the time as shown. The distance is obtained by substituting the expression for v into the definition v ds/dt and integrating. Thus, 8 1 6t ds dt
t 0
6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 t, min 8 10
8 dt 1 6t
ds
0
4 ln (1 3
6t)
Ans.
The distance s is also plotted against the time as shown, and we see that the ship 6 has moved through a distance s 4 ln (1 6) 4 ln 2 0.924 mi (nautical) dur3 3 ing the 10 minutes.
46
Chapter 2
Kinematics of Particles
Solution.
The x-coordinate is obtained by integrating the expression for vx, and the x-component of the acceleration is obtained by differentiating vx. Thus,
y, m
x t
dx
vx dt
0
dx
0
(50
16t) dt
50t
8t m
[ax
v x]
ax
d (50 dt
16t)
ax
16
m/s2
20 0 0 t=5s 40 A 60 x, m
The y-components of velocity and acceleration are [vy [ay y ] v y] vy ay d (100 dt d ( 8t) dt 4t2) vy ay 8t m/s
20
80
Path
Path
8 m/s2
vx = 30 m/s A = 53.1 ax = 16 m/s 2 A a y = 8 m/s 2
We now calculate corresponding values of x and y for various values of t and plot x against y to obtain the path as shown. When y 0, 0 100 4t2, so t 5 s. For this value of the time, we have vx vy v a 50 16(5) 30 m/s 40 m/s ( 40)2 ( 8)2 50 m/s 17.89 m/s2
m/s 2
Helpful Hint We observe that the velocity vector lies along the tangent to the path as it should, but that the acceleration vector is not tangent to the path. Note especially that the acceleration vector has a component that points toward the inside of the curved path. We concluded from our diagram in Fig. 2/5 that it is impossible for the acceleration to have a component that points toward the outside of the curve.
The velocity and acceleration components and their resultants are shown on the separate diagrams for point A, where y 0. Thus, for this condition we may write v a 30i 16i 40j m/s 8j m/s2 Ans. Ans.
Problem 12-11 The acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line is given by a = b t + c. If s = s0 and v = v0 when t = 0, determine the particle's velocity and position when t = t1. Also, determine the total distance the particle travels during this time period. Given: b := 2 m s Solution: 1 dv = v
0 v 3
c := 1
m s
2
s0 := 1m
v0 := 2
m s
t1 := 6s
( b t + c) dt 0
t
v = v0 +
b t + c t 2
s 1 ds = s 0
2 v0 + b t + c t dt 2 2
b 3 c 2 s = s0 + v0 t + t + t 6 2
When t = t1
v1 := v0 +
b t 1 2
+ c t1
v1 = 32.00
m s
b 3 c 2 s1 := s0 + v0 t1 + t1 + t1 6 2
s1 = 67.00 m
The total distance traveled depends on whether the particle turned around or not. To tell we will plot the velocity and see if it is zero at any point in the interval t := 0 , 0.01t1 .. t1 v ( t) := v0 + b t + c t 2
2
40
v ( t) 20
2 t
Problem 12-15 A particle travels to the right along a straight line with a velocity vp = a / (b + sp ). Determine its position when t = t1 if sp = sp0 when t = 0. a := 5 m s a b + sp
2
Given:
b := 4 m
s
sp0 := 5m
t1 := 6s
Solution:
dsp dt
t p b + sp dsp = a dt o s
p0
sp sp0 b sp + b sp0 = a t 2 2
Guess
Given
( )
sp1 = 7.87 m
Problem 12-39 A freight train starts from rest and travels with a constant acceleration a. After a time t1 it maintains a constant speed so that when t = t2 it has traveled a distance d. Determine the time t1 and draw the v-t graph for the motion. Given : a := 0.5 ft s Solution :
2
t2 := 160s t1 := 80s d=
d := 2000ft vmax := 30 ft s
Guesses
Given
vmax = a t1
1 2 a t1 + vmax t2 t1 2 ft s
vmax = 13.67
t1 = 27.34 s
tc := t1 , 1.01 t1 .. t2
( )
s ft
vc tc := vmax
( )
s ft
The plot
20
Velocity in ft/s
( ) 10 vc ( tc)
va ta 0 0 20 40 60 80 ta , tc 100 120 140 160
Time in seconds
Problem 12-44 A motorcycle starts from rest at s = 0 and travels along a straight road with the speed shown by the v-t graph. Determine the motorcycle's acceleration and position when t = t4 and t = t5. s = 1.00 s Given: v0 := 5 t1 := 4s t2 := 10s t3 := 15s t4 := 8s t5 := 12s Solution: At t := t4 Because t1 < t4 < t2 then a4 = dv dt = 0 m s
1 s4 := v0 t1 + t4 t1 v0 2
s4 = 30.00 m
At t := t5
a5 :=
m a5 = 1.00 2 s
1 1 1 t3 s5 := t1 v0 + v0 t2 t1 + v0 t3 t2 2 2 2 t3
t5 t2
v0 t3 t5
s5 = 48.00 m
Problem 12-48 The velocity of a car is plotted as shown. Determine the total distance the car moves until it stops at time t = t2. Construct the a-t graph. Given : v := 10 m s
t1 := 40s t2 := 80s
d = 600.00 m
( ) ( )
m v s
2
t2 t1 m
Acceleration in m/s^2
0.2
( ) a2 ( 2 )
a1 1
0.2
0.4
10
20
30
40 1 , 2
50
60
70
80
Time in seconds
Problem 12-75 The path of a particle is defined by y2 = 4kx, and the component of velocity along the y axis is vy = ct, where both k and c are constants. Determine the x and y components of acceleration. Solution : y = 4 k x 2 y vy = 4 k vx 2 vy + 2 y ay = 4 k ax vy = c t ay = c 2 ( c t) + 2 y c = 4 k ax c 2 k y + c t
2 2 2
ax =