- 1

.
:
.
.

.

2





. :
1 2 :

.
. .
. . .
. 2 2 :

) ( .
3 2 :


:
. . ) ( . . .


.
4 2 :

3




.
:
1 3 :


.
2 3 :



.
3 3 :
:
- .

 . . . . . . . . . .
: - .
- .
4 3 :

:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
5 - 3 :

:
- 1 :

 . . . . - 2 :
. . . - 3 :
. . . . . - 4 .
- 5 .
- 6 :
. . . . . .
.
. . . . - 7 :
. .
.
.
.


1



.




.



.
.

2
1 2 :


) (


.
2 2 :



:

.

. Preconsolidation
.

 3
Geophysical Studies


:
. Seismic
. Resistivity
Geophones


Youngs Moduls,E poissons Ratio,u
Modulus Shear
.

4 ) (
Soil Borings


:
1 4 Test Pits and Open Cuts

) (1

)(0.75
. 3




.

 ) (1
2 4 Auger Boring

5
5

) (2 .

)(2
3 4 Shell and Auger Boring

Chisel bit

)25( )200( )50(
) (80 ) (300
.
4 4 Percussion Boring



.
5 4 Wash Boring





.
) (3 .
6 4 Rotary Boring




. :
-1 Open Holes

.
2 Core Drilling

.

 ) (3
7 4 Continuous Flight Auger

)(1
.

- 5


.

6
1 6 :


)50(
. )5.000 (2

) (3 ) (5




) (4 .

)(4
2 6 :






)
(1.5 ) (3 )(6
) (5
.

 )(5

7
1 7 :


.
2 7 :



Stockpiles -:
1 : Cohesionless Soil Sampling




Auger

.
2 : Disturbed Sampling


.
.
.
3 : Undisturbed Sampling

.

.
4 : Stockpiles Sampling


Coarse Aggregates

Trenches
.
.
5 : Rock Sampling


.


.
3 7 :







.
4 7 :
:
.
.
.
.
.

 .
.
.
.
.



.

Excess Pore Water Pressure
Effective Stresses :

. ?15 10
. 4
.
.
.
.
Piston-Sampler .
.

8
Ground Water Table Location



) (



) (24
""

9
Field Testings
:
1 9 : Standard Penetration test ,SPT

.
63.5 760 460
)(N 305
100 10
100 100 .


.
2 9 : Cone Penetration test ,CPT

10 20 /



.
3 9 : Pressuremeter
: Probe
Pressure Volumeter

Elastic Constants Shear Strength .
4 9 : Vane Shear


Torque Vanes
.
5 9 : Borehole Shear Device

 76



) (6 .

)(6
6 9 : Dilatometer



1.1 Excess Pore Water
Pressure 150 200
.
10
.
7 9 : Field Permeability
Piezometer


. K
8 9 : Dry Unit Weight , gd

 Sand Cone Nuclear

:
= g d + wet g ( 1 ( .
9 9 : Plate Bearing Test

750 600 450 300

.
-10 9 : (Rock Quality Designation(RQD


4 )101.6 (
). (1
)(1

0 25
25 50
50 75
75 90
90 -100

10
1 10 :
:
.
:
- .
60 .

.
.
.
2 10 :


.
:
:
- Riffle Box
8
12

) ( 7
) ( .
.

)(7

Quartering

) (8 .
:

.

 )(8

3 10 :


.
4 - 10 :
1 : Water Content,wc
Cohesive Soils
)Liquid
(Limit , LL ) (Plastic Limit ,PL
.
15 20 80
100 . 500
- 2 : Atterberg Limits
" "
Liquid Limit,LL
Plastic Limit,PL
Shrinkage Limit ,SL .
) (
) (Plasticity Index,PI = LL- PL Soil Behavior
.

) LL-PL) / (wc-PL) = Liquidity Index,LI

Liquefaction of Soil ). ( LL > 1) (1

 3 : ( Grain Size Distribution ( Sieve Analysis

) ( Sieve
Analysis 100 ) (4 0.075 ) (200
) (2 Hydrometer
) (200
.
)(2

) )
100
75
50
37.5
25
19
12.5
9.5
4.75
2
0.850
0.425
0.180
0.075

"4
"3
"2
"1.5
"1
"0.75
"0.50
"0.375
4
10
20
40
80
200

4 : Unit Weight,g


:
= ) / ( .
Overburden Pressure
.
5 : Relative Index,Dr
Relative Index,Dr
Void Ratios,e
:
= Dr
) (
) (
(Dr = gd max (gd gdmin) / gd (gd max gd min

 : Dr .
: gd max .
: gd
: gd min .

) (3 :
)(3

0 0.20
0.20 0.40
0.40 0.70
0.70 0.90
0.90 1

Very Loose
Loose
Medium Compact
Compact
Very Compact

6 : Specific Gravity , SG


) (4 :
)(4

2.65 2.68
2.65 2.68
2.62 2.68
2.58 2.65
2.68 2.75
2

 2.67 2.70 .
7 : Compaction ( Proctor) Test
gd wc
Maximum Dry Unit Weight , gd Max
Optimum Moisture Content,OMC ""

:
1 Standard Proctor Test
2 Modified Proctor Test
) (5 :

Modified
" 4
" 6
101.60
152.4
116.43
116.43
944
2124

Standard
" 4
" 6
101.60
152.4
116.43
116.43
944
2124

44.5

24.5

44.5

24.5

56
5

25
5

56
3

25
3

457

457

305

305

Mould
) )
) )
) ) 3
)
)

)
)

:
) / = ( 3
) (
101.60 = 593.7/ 3

.

Zero Air Voids :
= gZAV
) ( ) ( ) + 1 (
g water = 9.807 / . 3
8 : California Bearing Ratio, CBR


) (
) (6 :
)(6

USC
AASHTO

03
OH,CH,MH,OL
A5,A6,A7

37
OH,CH,MH,OL
A4,A5,A6,A7

7 20
OH,CH,MH,OL
A2,A4,A6,A7

Alb,A5

GM,GC,SW,SM,SP,GP
20 50
2,A3,A6-2

50

GW,GM
Ala,A4-2,A3

CBR

) (7 .
)(7

) )
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.7

)
)
6.9
10.3
13.0
16.0
18.0

9 : Soil Shear Strength Tests

- Direct Shear


) (9 .
(Shear Strength (t Angle of Internal
)Friction( Cohesion C ) (10
.

 )(9

)(10

Unconfined Compression

) (2.5 0.5
2
) (q ) (C=q/2
) (11 .

 )(11

Triaxial Compression


)
(12 .
" "
:
. CD test
. CU test . UU test

 )(12

- 10 : Consolidation


) (13
) (24

Coefficient of Consolidation
.

 )(13

-11 : Permeability
Permeability :
) 14 ( .Constant Head Test
)14 ( .Falling Head Test
k


100
.

 )14(

)14 (

-12 : Swelling & Collapse Test
- :
Free-Swell Test )
(10 3 ) (40 )(100 3
:
) ) = ( (
) 100 (
Swelling
Pressure

 ) (20 ) (25 ) (50 ) (100

.
) (
. .
- :

:
: Single Oedometer Collopse Test



Voids Ratio,e Log p
Collapse Potential ,CP :
= CP ) + 1 ( .
: Double Oedometer Collapse Test


.
Response To Wetting Test
.
13 : Chemical Testing
- Sulfate Content
.
Chloride Content
.
PH
.

11
Soil &Rock Classification
1 11 :

.
:
: .
: .
: .

 :
:
1 : Color : .

2 : Hardness : .
3 : Structure .
4 : Weathering .
5 : Cavities .
6 : Voids .
7 : .
2 11 :



Solid Gas Liquid
:
Porosity.n .
Void Ratio,e .
Degree of Saturation,S .
:
Water Content ,wc .
Specific gravity,SG )
. (e/wc SG = S
Unit Weight, gd
. (gw/1+e gd = SG) 1 +
.
- 1 :
:
Granular Soils .
Fine Grained Soils .
Organic Soils .

.
- 2 :

). (8
)(8

Gravel

Clay


.

Silt

.

Sand
.

Peat
.



Organic Clay

.



Organic Silt

.

Fine Grained
.

Coarse Grained
.


Mixed Grained

4
5

8
9
10

)(9

Sandy Gravel
Gravel Sandy



.



3
Silty Sand

.



4
Clayey Sand

.



5
Silty Gravel

.



6
Clayey Gravel


.



7
Silty Clay

.



8
Clayey Silt

.

.
)
(15


USC AASHTO

ASTM FAA USDA

USC . AASHTO

 )(15

1 : Unified Soil Classification,USC
)(10
)(10
) (

300
75 300
75
75 19
19 4

4 10
10 40

Boulders
Cobbles
Coarse Grained 1
Gravel 4
-
-
4 200
Sand
-
-

 40 200
200

-
Fine Grained 2
Fines -
Silt -
Clay -
Organic Soils 3

) (11 :

Iden. Procedure

(

Major Divisions
)40
Typic Symbols

al Names
Dilatanc
Strength
y
Toughness

> 50

Fine
>Silts & Clays 50

GrainedSoils
LL

ML

more 200

than half of the

material is

smaller than


#200 sieve

CL

OL

MH

CH

OH

< 50
<Silts & Clays 50
LL

PT

GW

GP

GM

Gravels
Coarse
Grained
Soils

) )4
More than
half of the

coarse

fraction is Clean Gravel
200Les larger than
s than #4 sieve
half of
the
material
is
smaller
than
#200
sieve

) ML

)
) CL

)
)ML

)
) CL

GravelWith
Fines
GC

SW

SP

Sands


Clean Sands


)
4)More
than half of
the coarse
fraction is
larger than
#4 sieve

SM

SandsWit
h Fines
SC

2 : AASHTO Soil Classification


Group Index,GI
:
(GI = (F-35) {0.2+0.005 (LL-40)}+0.01(F-15) (PI-10
:
= F ). (200
= LL ) . (
= PI ) . (
: F <35 F 35 = 0
)
( ). (12
)(12
) (

75
75
10 40
40 200

200

Boulders
Gravel 10
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
Silt Clay

) ( 13 .
) (14
:

AASHTO
A 1- b
A3
A 2 4
A25
A2-6
A 2 7
A4
A- 5
A6
A75
A76

- 12

USC
SW, SP , GM , SM
SP
GM , SM
GM , SM
GC , SC
GM , SM , SC , GC
ML , OL
OH , MH , ML , OL
CL
OH , MH
CH , CL

Soil Compaction
-12-1 :


Vibrating Plates
Rubber Tired

Sheepsfoot Rollers .
:

.
.
.
.
.

. gd
. wc
.
.

" " "

" 70
g wet wc
gd :
= + 1 ) / ( .


Optimum Moisture Content
,OMC .
-2 12 :
:
. . .
:
1 Smooth Wheel Roller

 100
380
.
2 Rubber Tired Roller
4 6
80
700 .
3 Sheepsfoot Roller

12 700
1400
.
4 Tamping Foot Roller

40 1400 8400
.
5 Grid Roller

50 1400 6200

.
6 Vibrating Drum Roller

.
7
.

13
Soil Stabilization


:
Mechanical Stabilization
Admixture Stabilization
13-1 :





) . ( 95
13-2 :



Geotextiles or Fabrics
.

14
1 14 : Expansive (Swelling ) Soils




.
.
) (15
.
)(15

11
7 12
10 16
15

35
25 41
15 28
18

30
20 30
10 20
10

.
:
. .
. . Waffle. Slab

 .
2 14 : Collapsing Soils





). (16
) = k ( .
)(16

k

0.5
1

1.28 / 3
1.44/ 3 .

.
:
. .
. .
. . 3 14 : Sabkha






:

 .
.

.
.
.
4 14 : Cavities in Lime Stone



.


:
. Sounding Test
.
:
.
. .
. 5 14 : GWT Rise




) (
:
. . . . . . Uplift Pressure . . :

.
.
.
.
.
.

6 14 : Seismicity


.


Excess Pore Water
Pressure Effective Stress
Liquefaction of Sand

.


:
) (2B ) (0.2g
.
) (2A ) (0.15g
) (2B .
) (1 )(0.05g
) (0.10g
.
) (0.0 .

.
"
"
.


.