I.

FUNDAMENTALS
A. Real Numbers
(i) Graph the intervals (5, 3] and (2, ) on the real number line.
Answer:
(ii) Express the inequalities x 3 and 1 x < 4 in interval notation.
Answer: (, 3] and [1, 4).
B. Exponents and Radicals
(i) Evaluate each expression.
(a)
5
23
5
21
(b)
_
2
3
_
2
(c) 16
3/4
Solution: We have
(a)
5
23
5
21
= 5
2321
= 5
2
= 25
(b)
_
2
3
_
2
=
_
3
2
_
2
=
2
2
3
2
=
9
4
(c) 16
3/4
=
1
16
3/4
=
1
(
4

16)
3
=
1
2
3
=
1
8
(ii) Rationalize the denominator and simplify:

10

5 2
Solution: We have

10

5 2
=

10(

5 + 2)
(

5 2)(

5 + 2)
=

10(

5 + 2)
(

5)
2
2
2
=

10(

5 + 2)
5 4
=

10(

5 + 2)
1
=

10(

5 + 2)
=

10

5 + 2

10
=

2 5

5 + 2

10
=

5 + 2

10 = 5

2 + 2

10
1
C. Algebraic Expressions
(i) Simplify each expression. Write your nal answer without negative exponents.
(a) (3a
3
b
3
)(4ab
2
)
2
(b)
_
3x
3/2
y
3
x
2
y
1/2
_
2
(c)
x
2
x
2
4

x + 1
x + 2
(d)
y
x

x
y
1
y

1
x
Solution: We have
(a) (3a
3
b
3
)(4ab
2
)
2
= (3a
3
b
3
)(4
2
a
2
(b
2
)
2
) = (3a
3
b
3
)(16a
2
b
4
) = 48a
3+2
b
3+4
= 48a
5
b
7
(b)
_
3x
3/2
y
3
x
2
y
1/2
_
2
=
_
x
2
y
1/2
3x
3/2
y
3
_
2
=
_
x
23/2
3y
3+1/2
_
2
=
_
x
1/2
3y
7/2
_
2
=
(x
1/2
)
2
3
2
(y
7/2
)
2
=
x
9y
7
(c)
x
2
x
2
4

x + 1
x + 2
=
x
2
(x 2)(x + 2)

x + 1
x + 2
=
x
2
(x 2)(x + 2)

(x 2)(x + 1)
(x 2)(x + 2)
=
x
2
(x 2)(x + 1)
(x 2)(x + 2)
=
x
2
(x
2
x 2)
(x 2)(x + 2)
=
x
2
x
2
+ x + 2
(x 2)(x + 2)
=
x + 2
(x 2)(x + 2)
=
1
x 2
(d)
y
x

x
y
1
y

1
x
=
xy
_
y
x

x
y
_
xy
_
1
y

1
x
_ =
xy
y
x
xy
x
y
xy
1
y
xy
1
x
=
xy
2
x

x
2
y
y
xy
y

xy
x
=
y
2
x
2
x y
=
(y x)(y + x)
x y
=
(x y)(y + x)
x y
=
y + x
1
= (y + x)
= y x
2
(ii) Perform the indicated operations and simplify.
(a) 3(x + 6) + 4(2x 5) (b) (x + 3)(4x 5) (c) (2x + 3)
2
(d) (x + 2)
3
Solution:
(a) We have
3(x + 6) + 4(2x 5) = 3 x + 3 6 + 4 2x 4 5 = 3x + 18 + 8x 20 = 11x 2
(b) We have
(x + 3)(4x 5) = x 4x x 5 + 3 4x 3 5 = 4x
2
5x + 12x 15 = 4x
2
+ 7x 15
(c) We have
(2x + 3)
2
= (2x)
2
+ 2 2x 3 + 3
2
= 4x
2
+ 12x + 9
since (a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
.
(d) We have
(x + 2)
3
= x
3
+ 3x
2
2 + 3x 2
2
+ 2
3
= x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 12x + 8
since (a + b)
3
= a
3
+ 3a
2
b + 3ab
2
+ b
3
.
(iii) Factor each expression completely.
(a) 2x
2
+ 5x 12 (b) x
3
3x
2
4x + 12 (c) x
4
+ 27x (d) x
3
y 4xy
Solution:
(a) We rst nd two numbers a and b such that
a + b = 5 and ab = 2(12) = 24
One can see that a = 3 and b = 8. We have
2x
2
+ 5x 12 = 2x
2
3x + 8x 12 = x(2x 3) + 4(2x 3) = (2x 3)(x + 4)
(b) We have
x
3
3x
2
4x + 12 = x
2
(x 3) 4(x 3) = (x 3)(x
2
4) = (x 3)(x
2
2
2
)
= (x 3)(x 2)(x + 2)
since a
2
b
2
= (a b)(a + b).
(c) We have
x
4
+ 27x = x(x
3
+ 27) = x(x
3
+ 3
3
) = x(x + 3)(x
2
3x + 9)
since a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
ab + b
2
).
(d) We have
x
3
y 4xy = xy(x
2
4) = xy(x
2
2
2
) = xy(x 2)(x + 2)
since a
2
b
2
= (a b)(a + b).
3
D. Equations
Find all real solutions.
(a) x+5 = 14
1
2
x (b)
2x
x + 1
=
2x 1
x
(c) x
2
x12 = 0 (d) 2x
2
+4x+1 = 0
(e)
_
3

x + 5 = 2 (f) x
4
3x
2
+ 2 = 0 (g) 3|x 4| = 10
Solution:
(a) We have
x + 5 = 14
1
2
x
2(x + 5) = 2
_
14
1
2
x
_
2x + 10 = 28 x
2x + 10 + x = 28 x + x
3x + 10 = 28
3x + 10 10 = 28 10
3x = 18
3x
3
=
18
3
x = 6
(b) We have
2x
x + 1
=
2x 1
x
x(x + 1)
2x
x + 1
= x(x + 1)
2x 1
x
2x
2
(x + 1)
x + 1
=
(2x 1)x(x + 1)
x
2x
2
= (2x 1)(x + 1)
2x
2
= 2x
2
+ 2x x 1
2x
2
= 2x
2
+ x 1
2x
2
2x
2
= 2x
2
+ x 1 2x
2
0 = x 1
x = 1
4
(c) Solution 1: We have
x
2
x 12 = 0
(x + 3)(x 4) = 0
x = 3 or x = 4
Solution 2: We have
x
1,2
=
(1)
_
(1)
2
4 1 (12)
2 1
=
1

49
2
=
1 7
2
therefore
x =
1 7
2
= 3 or x =
1 + 7
2
= 4
(d) We have
x
1,2
=
4

4
2
4 2 1
2 2
=
4

8
4
=
4 2

2
4
= 1

2
2
therefore
x = 1

2
2
or x = 1 +

2
2
(e) We have
_
3

x + 5 = 2
(
_
3

x + 5)
2
= 2
2
3

x + 5 = 4

x + 5 = 1
Since square root can not be negative, it follows that this equation has no solutions.
(f) If we set u = x
2
, then we get a quadratic equation in the new u:
u
2
3u + 2 = 0
(u 1)(u 2) = 0
u = 1 or u = 2
x
2
= 1 or x
2
= 2
x = 1 or x =

2
(g) We have
3|x 4| = 10
|x 4| =
10
3
x 4 =
10
3
or x 4 =
10
3
x =
2
3
or x =
22
3
5
E. Modeling with Equations
(i) Mary drove from Amity to Belleville at a speed of 50 mi/h. On the way back, she drove at
60 mi/h. The total trip took 4
2
5
h of driving time. Find the distance between these two cities.
Solution: Let d represent the distance between the two cities. Let t represent the amount of
time she drove 50 mph. Then since 4 hours 24 minutes equals 4.4 hours, 4.4 t represents the
amount of time driven at 60 mph.
Then d
1
= 50t describes the outbound trip and d
2
= 60(4.4 t) describes the inbound trip,
and, unless somebody picked Amity up and moved it while she was on the road or in Belleville,
d
1
= d
2
. Therefore:
50t = 60(4.4 t) = 50t = 264 60t = 110t = 264 = t =
264
110
=
12
5
Therefore d = 50t = 50
12
5
= 120 mi.
(ii) A rectangular parcel of land is 70 ft longer than it is wide. Each diagonal between opposite
comers is 130 ft. What are the dimensions of the parcel?
Solution: Let w = width, then w + 70 = length. Applying Pythagorean theorem:
w
2
+ (w + 70)
2
= 130
2
w
2
+ w
2
+ 2 70w + 70
2
= 16900
2w
2
+ 140w + 4900 = 16900
2w
2
+ 140w 12000 = 0
w
2
+ 70w 6000 = 0
(w 50)(w + 120) = 0
w = 50 or w = 120
Toss out the negative solution: width is 50 feet, length is 50+70= 120 feet.
(iii) A bottle of medicine is to be stored at a temperature between 5

C and 10

C. What
range does this correspond to on the Fahrenheit scale? [Note: Fahrenheit (F) and Celsius (C)
temperatures satisfy the relation C =
5
9
(F 32).]
Solution: We have
5
5
9
F
5
9
32 10
5
5
9
F
160
9
10
5 +
160
9

5
9
F 10 +
160
9
41 F 50
6
F. Inequalities
Solve each inequality. Write the answer using interval notation, and sketch the solution on the
real number line.
(a) 4 < 5 3x 17 (b) x(x 1)(x +2) > 0 (c) |x 4| < 3 (d)
2x 3
x + 1
1
Solution:
(a) We have
4 < 5 3x 17
4 5 < 3x 17 5
9 < 3x 12
12
3
x <
9
3
4 x < 3
(b) We know that the corresponding equation x(x1)(x+2) = 0 has the solutions 0, 1, and 2.
As shown in the Figure below, the numbers 0, 1, and 2 divide the real line into four intervals:
(, 2), (2, 0), (0, 1), and (1, ).
E

-2 0 1
On each of these intervals we determine the signs of the factors using test values. We choose
a number inside each interval and check the sign of the factors x, x 1, and x +2 at the value
selected. For instance, if we use the test value x = 3 for the interval (, 2) shown in
Figure above, then substitution in the factors x, x 1, and x + 2 gives
x = 3, x 1 = 3 1 = 4, x + 2 = 3 + 2 = 1
All three factors are negative on this interval, therefore x(x1)(x+2) is negative on (, 2).
Similarly, using the test values x = 1, x = 1/2 and x = 2 for the intervals (2, 0), (0, 1) and
(1, ), respectively, we get:
E

-2 0 1 + +
Thus, the solution of the inequality x(x 1)(x + 2) > 0 is (2, 0) (1, ).
7
(c) We have
|x 4| < 3 = 3 < x 4 < 3 = 3 + 4 < x < 3 + 4 = 1 < x < 7
(d) We have
2x 3
x + 1
1
2x 3
x + 1
1 0
2x 3
x + 1

x + 1
x + 1
0
2x 3 (x + 1)
x + 1
0
2x 3 x 1
x + 1
0
x 4
x + 1
0
As shown in the Figure below, the numbers 4 (at which the numerator of
x 4
x + 1
is 0) and 1 (at
which the denominator of
x 4
x + 1
is 0) divide the real line into three intervals: (, 1), (1, 4),
and (4, ).
E

-1 4
On each of these intervals we determine the sign of
x 4
x + 1
using test values. We choose a
number inside each interval and check the sign of
x 4
x + 1
at the value selected. For instance, if
we use the test value x = 2 for the interval (, 1) shown in Figure above, then substitution
in
x 4
x + 1
gives
2 4
2 + 1
=
6
1
= 6 > 0
Similarly, using the test values x = 0 and x = 5 for the intervals (1, 4), and (4, ), respectively,
we get:
E

-1 4 + +
Thus, the solution of the inequality
2x 3
x + 1
1 is (1, 4].
8
G. Coordinate Geometry.
(i) (a) Plot the points P(0, 3), Q(3, 0), and R(6, 3) in the coordinate plane. Where must the
point S be located so that PQRS is a square?
Answer: S(3, 6)
(b) Find the area of PQRS.
Solution: Let d = |PQ|. Since |SQ| = 6, we have
d
2
+ d
2
= 6
2
= 2d
2
= 36 = d
2
= 18
It follows that the area of PQRS is d
2
= 18.
(ii) (a) Sketch the graph of y = x
2
4.
(b) Find the x-and y-intercepts of the graph.
(c) Is the graph symmetric about the x-axis, the y-axis, or the origin?
Solution:
(a)
(b) To nd the x-intercepts, we solve
x
2
4 = 0
It follows that the x-intercepts are 2 and 2. To nd the y-intercept, we set x = 0 in y = x
2
4.
It follows that the y-intercept is y = 0
2
4 = 4.
(c) The graph is symmetric about the y-axis only.
9
(iii) Find the center and radius of each circle and sketch its graph.
(a) x
2
+ y
2
= 25 (b) (x 2)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 9 (c) x
2
+ 6x + y
2
2y + 6 = 0
Solution:
(a) The center is at (0, 0) and the radius is 5.
(b) The center is at (2, 1) and the radius is 3.
(c) We have
x
2
+ 6x + y
2
2y + 6 = (x
2
+ 6x + 9) + (y
2
2y + 1) 4 = (x + 3)
2
+ (y 1)
2
2
2
= 0
Therefore the center is at (3, 1) and the radius is 2.
10
H. Lines
(i) Let P(3, 1) and Q(5, 6) be two points in the coordinate plane.
(a) Plot P and Q in the coordinate plane.
(b) Find the distance between P and Q.
(c) Find the midpoint of the segment PQ.
(d) Find the slope of the line that contains P and Q.
(e) Find the perpendicular bisector of the line that contains P and Q.
(f) Find an equation for the circle for which the segment PQ is a diameter.
Solution:
(a)
(b) The distance between P and Q is
d =
_
(3 5)
2
+ (1 6)
2
=
_
(8)
2
+ (5)
2
=

64 + 25 =

89
(c) The midpoint of the segment PQ is
_
3 + 5
2
,
1 + 6
2
_
=
_
2
2
,
7
2
_
=
_
1,
7
2
_
(d) The slope of the line that contains P and Q is
m =
1 6
3 5
=
5
8
=
5
8
(e) It follows from (d) that the slope of the perpendicular bisector of the line that contains P
and Q is
8
5
, therefore an equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line that contains P
and Q is
y
7
2
=
8
5
(x 1)
which can be rewritten as
y =
8
5
x +
51
10
(f) Since the midpoint of the segment PQ is
_
1,
7
2
_
and the distance between P and Q is

89,
it follows that an equation for the circle for which the segment PQ is a diameter is
(x 1)
2
+
_
y
7
2
_
2
=
89
4
11
(ii) Write the linear equation 2x3y = 15 in slope-intercept form, and sketch its graph. What
are the slope and y-intercept?
Solution: We have
2x 3y = 15 = 3y = 2x + 15 = y =
2
3
x 5
Therefore the slope is
2
3
and y-intercept is 5.
(iii) Find an equation for the line with the given property.
(a) It passes through the point (3, 6) and is parallel to the line 3x + y 10 = 0.
(b) It has x-intercept 6 and y-intercept 4.
Solution:
(a) We have
3x + y 10 = 0 = y = 3x + 10
Therefore the slope of the line is 3. It follows that an equation for the line that passes through
the point (3, 6) and is parallel to the line 3x + y 10 = 0 is
y (6) = 3(x 3) = y = 3x + 3
(b) Since the y-intercept is 4, it follows that b = 4. Since the x-intercept is 6, it follows that
0 = 6m+ b
Plugging in 4 into this equation, we get m =
2
3
. Therefore an equation for the line that has
x-intercept 6 and y-intercept 4 is
y =
2
3
x + 4
12
II. FUNCTIONS
A. Denition and Graphs of Functions
(i) Which of the following are graphs of functions? If the graph is that of a function, is it
one-to-one?
Answer: (a) and (b) are graphs of functions, (a) is one-to-one.
(ii) Let f(x) =

x + 1
x
.
(a) Evaluate f(3), f(5), and f(a 1).
(b) Find the domain of f.
Solution:
(a) We have
f(3) =

3 + 1
3
=

4
3
=
2
3
f(5) =

5 + 1
5
=

6
5
and
f(a 1) =

a 1 + 1
a 1
=

a
a 1
(b) The domain of f is [1, 0) (0, ).
13
B. Average Rate of Change
Determine the average rate of change for the function f(t) = t
2
2t between t = 2 and t = 5.
Solution: Since the average rate of change of a function f between two points t = a and t = b
is
f(b) f(a)
b a
we have
Average rate =
(5
2
2 5) (2
2
2 2)
5 2
=
15 0
3
= 5
C. Transformations of Functions
(i) How is the graph of y = f(x 3) + 2 obtained from the graph of f?
Answer: The graph shifts right 3 units, then shifts upward 2 units.
(ii) How is the graph of y = f(x) obtained from the graph of f?
Answer: The graph reects about the y-axis.
D. Quadratic Functions; Maxima and Minima
(i) (a) Write the quadratic function f(x) = 2x
2
8x + 13 in standard form.
(b) Sketch a graph of f.
(c) What is the minimum value of f?
Solution:
(a) We have
f(x) = 2x
2
8x + 13 = 2x
2
8x + 8 + 5 = 2(x
2
4x + 4) + 5 = 2(x 2)
2
+ 5
(b)
(c) Since (x 2)
2
0, it follows that
f(x) = 2(x 2)
2
+ 5 5
Therefore the minimum value of f is 5.
14
(ii) Let f(x) =
_
1 x
2
if x 0
2x + 1 if x > 0
(a) Evaluate f(2) and f(1).
(b) Sketch the graph of f.
Solution:
(a) We have
f(2) = 1 (2)
2
= 1 4 = 3, f(1) = 2 1 + 1 = 3
(b)
E. Modeling with Functions
If 1800 ft of fencing is available to build ve adjacent pens, as shown in the diagram below,
express the total area of the pens as a function of x. What value of x will maximize the total
area?
Solution: The function that models the area will be
A(x) = 3x
2
+ 900x
where x is the width of the pens. It follows that the area will attain its maximum when
x =
900
2 3
= 150 ft
Using this we can nd that the maximum area will be
A(x) = 3 150
2
+ 900 150 = 67500 ft
15
F. Combining Functions
If f(x) = x
2
+ 1 and g(x) = x 3, nd the following.
(a) f g (b) g f (c) f(g(2)) (d) g(f(2)) (e) g g g
Solution: We have
(a) f g = (x 3)
2
+ 1
(b) g f = x
2
+ 1 3 = x
2
2
(c) f(g(2)) = (2 3)
2
+ 1 = 2
(d) g(f(2)) = 2
2
2 = 2
(e) g g g = x 3 3 3 = x 9
G. One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses
(i) (a) If f(x) =

3 x, nd the inverse function f

1
.
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and f
1
on the same coordinate axes.
Solution:
(a) We have:
Step 1: Replace f(x) by y:
y =

3 x
Step 2: Solve for x:
y =

3 x = y
2
= 3 x = x = 3 y
2
Step 3: Replace x by f
1
(x) and y by x:
f
1
(x) = 3 x
2
Since the range of f(x) is all nonnegative numbers, it follows that the domain of f
1
(x) is
x 0. So,
f
1
(x) = 3 x
2
, x 0
(b)
16
(ii) The graph of a function f is given.
(a) Find the domain and range of f.
(b) Sketch the graph of f
1
.
(c) Find the average rate of change of f between x = 2 and x = 6.
Answer:
(a) Domain [0, 6], range [1, 7].
(b)
(c)
5
4
17
III. POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
A. Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs
Graph the polynomial P(x) = (x + 2)
3
+ 27, showing clearly all x- and y-intercepts.
Answer:
B. Dividing Polynomials
Use long division to nd the quotient and remainder when 2x
5
+ 4x
4
x
3
x
2
+ 7 is divided
by 2x
2
1.
Answer: The quotient and remainder are x
3
+ 2x
2
+
1
2
and
15
2
, respectively.
C. Rational Functions
Consider the following rational functions:
r(x) =
2x 1
x
2
x 2
s(x) =
x
3
+ 27
x
2
+ 4
t(x) =
x
3
9x
x + 2
u(x) =
x
2
+ x 6
x
2
25
(a) Which of these rational functions has a horizontal asymptote?
(b) Which of these functions has a slant asymptote?
(c) Which of these functions has no vertical asymptote?
(d) Graph y = u(x), showing clearly any asymptotes and x-and y-intercepts the function
Answer:
(a) Only r and u have horizontal asymptotes.
(b) Only s has a slant asymptote.
(c) Only s has no vertical asymptote.
(d)
18
IV. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
A. Exponential Functions
Graph the function y = 2
x3
.
Answer:
B. Logarithmic Functions
Sketch the graph of the function f(x) = log(x+1) and state the domain, range, and asymptote.
Answer: Domain (1, ), range (, ), asymptote x = 1.
C. Laws of Logarithms
(i) Evaluate each logarithmic expression.
(a) log
3

27 (b) log
2
80 log
2
10 (c) log
8
4
Solution: We have
(a) log
3

27 = log
3

3
3
= log
3
3
3/2
=
3
2
log
3
3 =
3
2
1 =
3
2
(b) log
2
80 log
2
10 = log
2
80
10
= log
2
8 = log
2
2
3
= 3 log
2
2 = 3 1 = 3
(c) log
8
4 = log
8
2
2
= log
8
(
3

8)
2
= log
8
8
2/3
=
2
3
log
8
8 =
2
3
1 =
2
3
19
(ii) Expand: log
3
_
x + 2
x
4
(x
2
+ 4)
.
Solution: We have
log
3

x + 2
x
4
(x
2
+ 4)
= log
(x + 2)
1/3
x
4/3
(x
2
+ 4)
1/3
=
1
3
log(x + 2)
4
3
log x
1
3
log(x
2
+ 4)
(iii) Combine into a single logarithm: ln x 2 ln(x
2
+ 1) +
1
2
ln(3 x
4
).
Solution: We have
ln x 2 ln(x
2
+ 1) +
1
2
ln(3 x
4
) = ln x ln(x
2
+ 1)
2
+ ln

3 x
4
= ln
x

3 x
4
(x
2
+ 1)
2
D. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
Find the solution of the equation, correct to two decimal places.
(a) 10
x+3
= 6
2x
(b) 5 ln(3 x) = 4 (c) log
2
(x + 2) + log
2
(x 1) = 2
Solution:
(a) We have
10
x+3
= 6
2x
ln 10
x+3
= ln 6
2x
(x + 3) ln10 = 2xln 6
xln 10 + 3 ln 10 = 2xln 6
xln 10 2xln 6 = 3 ln10
x(ln 10 2 ln 6) = 3 ln 10
x =
3 ln 10
ln 10 2 ln 6
5.39
(b) We have
5 ln(3 x) = 4
ln(3 x) =
4
5
3 x = e
4/5
x = 3 e
4/5
0.77
(c) We have
log
2
(x + 2) + log
2
(x 1) = 2
log
2
(x + 2)(x 1) = log
2
4
(x + 2)(x 1) = 4
x = 2 or x = 3
Since x = 3 is not from the domain of log
2
(x + 2) + log
2
(x 1), the only answer is x = 2.
20
E. Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
(i) The initial size of a culture of bacteria is 1000. After one hour the bacteria count is 8000.
(a) Find a function that models the population after t hours.
(b) Find the population after 1.5 hours.
(c) When will the population reach 15,000?
(d) Sketch the graph of the population function.
Answer: (a) n(t) = 1000e
2.07944t
(b) 22, 627 (c) 1.3 h (d)
(ii) Suppose that $12,000 is invested in a savings account paying 5.6% interest per year.
(a) Write the formula for the amount in the account after t years if interest is compounded
monthly.
(b) Find the amount in the account after 3 years if interest is compounded daily.
(c) How long will it take for the amount in the account to grow to $20,000 if interest is
compounded semiannually?
Answer: (a) A(t) = 12, 000
_
1 +
0.056
12
_
12t
(b) $14, 195.06 (c) 9.249 yr
21
V. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF REAL
NUMBERS
A. The Unit Circle
The point P(x, y) is on the unit circle in quadrant IV. If x =

11/6, nd y.
Solution: We have
y =

1 x
2
=

_
1
_

11
6
_
2
=
_
1
11
36
=
_
25
36
=
5
6
B. Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers
(i) The point P in the gure at the right has y-coordinate
4
5
. Find:
(a) sin t (b) cos t (c) tan t (d) sec t
Answer: (a)
4
5
(b)
3
5
(c)
4
3
(d)
5
3
(ii) Find the exact value.
(a) sin
7
6
(b) cos
13
4
(c) tan
_

5
3
_
(d) csc
3
2
Answer: (a)
1
2
(b)

2
2
(c)

3 (d) 1
(iii) Express tan t in terms of sin t, if the terminal point determined by t is in quadrant II.
Solution: We have
tant =
sin t
cos t
=
sin t

_
1 sin
2
t
= [since the terminal point is in quadrant II] =
sin t
_
1 sin
2
t
(iv) If cos t =
8
17
and if the terminal point determined by t is in quadrant III, nd
tant cot t + csc t
Solution: We have
tan t cot t + csc t = 1 +
1
sin t
= 1 +
1

1 cos
2
t
Therefore if cos t =
8
17
and if the terminal point determined by t is in quadrant III, we get
tant cot t + csc t = 1
1

1 cos
2
t
= 1
1

1
_

8
17
_
2
= 1
17
15
=
2
15
22
C. Trigonometric Graphs
(i) Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift of the function y = 2 sin
_
1
2
x

6
_
. Sketch
the graph.
Answer: Amplitude 2, period 4, phase shift /3.
(ii) The graph shown below is one period of a function of the form y = a sin k(xb). Determine
the function.
Answer: y = 2 sin2(x + /3)
23
VI. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES
A. Angle Measure
(i) Find the radian measures that correspond to the degree measures 330

and -135

.
Answer: 11/6 and 3/4
(ii) Find the degree measures that correspond to the radian measures
4
3
and 1.3.
Answer: 240

and 74.5

B. Trigonometry of Right Triangles

Find tan + sin for the angle shown.
Solution: Since the hypotenuse of the triangle is

2
2
+ 3
2
=

13, it follows that

tan + sin =
2
3
+
2

13
=
2

13 + 6
3

13
=
26 + 6

13
39
C. Trigonometric Functions of Angles
Find the exact value of each of the following.
(a) sin 405

(b) tan(150

) (c) sec
5
3
(d) csc
5
2
Answer: (a)

2/2 (b)

3/3 (c) 2 (d) 1

24
D. The Law of Sines
Refer to the gure below. Find the side labeled x.
Solution: We have
x
sin 69

=
230
sin(180

52

69

. .
59

)
therefore
x =
230 sin 69

sin 59

250.5
E. The Law of Cosines
Refer to the gure below.
(a) Find the angle opposite the longest side.
(b) Find the area of the triangle.
Solution:
(a) By the Law of Cosines we have
20
2
= 13
2
+ 9
2
2 13 9 cos
therefore
cos =
13
2
+ 9
2
20
2
2 13 9
=
25
39
It follows that
= arccos
_

25
39
_
129.9

(b) The semiperimeter of the triangle is

s =
1
2
(9 + 13 + 20) = 21
therefore by Herons formula the area of the triangle is
A =
_
21(21 9)(21 13)(21 20) =

21 12 8 1 =

2016 = 12

14 44.9
25
VII. ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY
A. Trigonometric Identities
Verify each identity.
(a) tan sin + cos = sec (b)
2 tanx
1 + tan
2
x
= sin 2x
Solution:
(a) We have
tan sin + cos =
sin
cos
sin + cos =
sin
2

cos
+ cos =
sin
2

cos
+
cos
2

cos
=
sin
2
+ cos
2

cos
=
1
cos
= sec
(b) We have
2 tanx
1 + tan
2
x
=
2
sin x
cos x
1 +
_
sin x
cos x
_
2
=
_
2
sin x
cos x
_
cos
2
x
_
1 +
_
sin x
cos x
_
2
_
cos
2
x
=
2 sinxcos x
cos
2
x + sin
2
x
=
2 sin xcos x
1
= sin 2x
B. Addition and Subtraction Formulas
(i) Find the exact value of each expression.
(a) sin 8

cos 22

+ cos 8

sin 22

(b) sin 75

(c) sin

12
Solution:
(a) We have
sin 8

cos 22

+ cos 8

sin 22

= sin(8

+ 22

) = sin 30

=
1
2
(b) We have
sin 75

= sin(45

+ 30

) = sin 45

cos 30

+ cos 45

sin 30

2
2

3
2
+

2
2

1
2
=

6
4
+

2
4
=

6 +

2
4
(c) We have
sin

12
= sin
/6
2
=
_
1 cos(/6)
2
=

3/2
2
=

3
4
=
1
2
_
2

3
26
(ii) For the angles and in the gures, nd cos( + ).
Solution: We have
cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin =
2

5
3

1

2
3
=
2

5 2
3

5
=
10 2

5
15
C. Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Sum-Product Identities
(i) (a) Write sin 3xcos 5x as a sum of trigonometric functions.
(b) Write sin 2x sin 5x as a product of trigonometric functions.
Solution:
(a) We have
sin 3xcos 5x =
1
2
[sin(3x + 5x) + sin(3x 5x)] =
1
2
[sin(8x) + sin(2x)] =
1
2
[sin(8x) sin(2x)]
(b) We have
sin 2x sin 5x = 2 cos
2x + 5x
2
sin
2x 5x
2
= 2 cos
7x
2
sin
3x
2
= 2 cos
7x
2
sin
3x
2
(ii) If sin =
4
5
and is in quadrant III, nd tan(/2).
Solution: We have
tan(/2) =
1 cos
sin
=
1 +
_
1 sin
2

sin
=
1 +

1
_

4
5
_
2

4
5
=
1 +
3
5

4
5
= 2
27
D. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
(i) Graph y = sin x and y = sin
1
x, and specify the domain of each function.
Answer:
(ii) Find the exact value of cos
_
tan
1
9
40
_
.
Solution 1: We have
cos x =
1

1 + tan
2
x
Since /2 < tan
1
< /2, it follows that cos (tan
1
) > 0. Therefore
cos x =
1

1 + tan
2
x
hence
cos
_
tan
1
9
40
_
=
1

1 + tan
2
_
tan
1
9
40
_
=
1

1 +
_
9
40
_
2
=
40

40
2
+ 9
2
=
40
41
Solution 2: Put = tan
1
9
40
, so tan =
9
40
. Then
cos
_
tan
1
9
40
_
= cos =
40
41

9
40
41
28
E. Trigonometric Equations
Solve each trigonometric equation in the interval [0, 2).
(a) 2 cos
2
x + 5 cos x + 2 = 0 (b) sin 2x cos x = 0
Solution:
(a) We have
2 cos
2
x + 5 cos x + 2 = (2 cos x + 1)(cos x + 2) = 0
therefore
2 cos x + 1 = 0 or cos x + 2 = 0
Since the second equation is impossible, it follows that
cos x =
1
2
which gives x =
2
3
,
4
3
.
(b) We have
sin 2x cos x = 2 sinxcos x cos x = cos x(2 sin x 1) = 0
therefore
cos x = 0 or sin x =
1
2
which gives x =

6
,

2
,
5
6
,
3
2
.
29
VIII. POLAR COORDINATES AND VECTORS
A. Polar Coordinates
(i) Convert the point whose polar coordinates are (8, 5/4) to rectangular coordinates.
Solution: We have
x = 8 cos
5
4
= 8
_

2
2
_
= 4

2, y = 8 sin
5
4
= 8
_

2
2
_
= 4

2
(ii) Find two polar coordinate representations for the rectangular coordinate point (6, 2

3),
one with r > 0 and one with r < 0, and both with 0 < 2.
Solution: We have
r =
_
(6)
2
+ (2

3)
2
=

48 = 4

3
and
tan =
2

3
6
=
1

3
It follows that two polar coordinate representations are (4

3, 5/6) and (4

3, 11/6).
B. Graphs of Polar Equations
Graph the polar equation r = 8 cos . What type of curve is this? Convert the equation to
rectangular coordinates.
Solution: We multiply both sides of the equation by r, because then we can use the formulas
r
2
= x
2
+ y
2
and r cos = x. We have
r = 8 cos
r
2
= 8r cos
x
2
+ y
2
= 8x
x
2
8x + 16 + y
2
= 16
(x 4)
2
+ y
2
= 4
2
which is a circle of radius 4 and center (4, 0).
30
C. Vectors
Let u be the vector with initial point P(3, 1) and terminal point Q(3, 9).
(a) Express u in terms of i and j.
(b) Find the length of u.
Solution:
(a) u = (3 3)i + (9 (1))j = 6i + 10j
(b) |u| =
_
(6)
2
+ 10
2
=

136 = 2

34
D. The Dot Product
(i) Let u = 1, 3 and v = 6, 2.
(a) Find u 3v.
(b) Find |u +v|.
(c) Find u v.
(d) Are u and v perpendicular?
Solution:
(a) We have
u 3v = 1 3(6), 3 3 2 = 19, 3
(b) Since u +v = 1 + (6), 3 + 2 = 5, 5, it follows that
|u +v| =
_
(5)
2
+ 5
2
= 5

2
(c) We have
u v = 1 (6) + 3 2 = 0
(d) Since u v = 0, it follows that u and v are perpendicular.
(ii) Let u = 3i + 2j and v = 5i j.
(a) Find the angle between u and v.
(b) Find the component of u along v.
(c) Find proj
v
u.
Solution: We rst nd |u|, |v| and u v:
|u| =

3
2
+ 2
2
=

13, |v| =
_
5
2
+ (1)
2
=

26, u v = 3 5 + 2 (1) = 13
(a) We have
cos =
u v
|u||v|
=
13

13

26
=
1

2
therefore the angle between u and v is /4.
(b) The component of u along v is |u| cos =

13
1

2
=

26
2
.
(c) We have
proj
v
u =
_
u v
|v|
2
_
v =
_
13
(

26)
2
_
(5i j) =
5
2
i
1
2
j
31
IX. SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
A. Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Find all solutions of the system.
(a)
_
x + 3y = 7
5x + 2y = 4
(b)
_
6x + y
2
= 10
3x y = 5
Answer: (a) x = 2, y = 3. (b) x = 1, y = 2 or x = 5/3, y = 0.
B. Systems of Linear Equations in Several Variables
Find all solutions of the system or show that no solution exists.
(a)
_

_
x y + 2z = 0
2x 4y + 5z = 5
2y 3z = 5 = 2
(b)
_

_
2x 3y + z = 3
x + 2y + 2z = 1
4x + y + 5z = 4
Answer: (a) x = 5/2, y = 5/2, z = 0. (b) No solution.
C. Systems of Inequalities
Graph the solution set of the system of inequalities. Label the vertices with their coordinates.
(a)
_

_
2x + y 8
x y 2
x + 2y 4
(b)
_
x
2
+ y 5
y 2x + 5
Answer:
32