DAY 4

LOAD FACTOR
LOAD FACTOR : A factor which defines load in terms of weight

L=W

L+ L=W+F

W L = F = Az g
Az L + L = W 1 + g

A L n =1+ =1+ g W

V-n DIAGRAM

SIGN CONVENTIONS

A) AXIAL FORCE

B) SHEAR FORCE

C) BENDING MOMENT

D) TORQUE

E) SHEAR FLOW

F) ANGLE & ROTATION

SIGN CONVENTIONS (REACTION LOADS)

A) AXIAL & SHEAR

B) BENDING MOMENT

C) TORQUE

EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES
THE FORCE EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS ARE

F = 0 F = 0 M = 0
X Y

FREE BODY DIAGRAM L P

A STRUCTURE

C B 1200 lb 40000 lb-in W=8000 lb

T = 1200 lb

=0

1200 * 10 + P * 150 8000 * 6 = 40000 15P = 7600 P = 506

=0

=0

L + P = 8000 L = 7494

TRUSS
TRUSSES ARE CLASSIFIED AS - STATICALLY DETERMINATE - STATICALLY INDETERMINATE m= Number of members j= Number of joints

m = 2 j 3

m < 2j-3 Structure is unstable m > 2j-3 Structure is statically indeterminate

TRUSSES (Contd)
Identify whether the structure is statically determinate / indeterminate
P C P P P P P

A RAH RAV RBV

B RBH

TRUSS ANALYSIS
TRUSSES CAN BE ANALYSED BY - METHOD OF JOINTS - METHOD OF SECTIONS

SPACE TRUSS
The six equilibrium eqns are

F F F

=0 =0 =0

Y Z

M M M

X Y Z

=0 =0 =0

Component forces FX = RCos

FY = RCos FZ = RCos
Resultant force Geometric relation

R = FX2 + Fy2 + Fz2

R FX FY FZ = = = L X Y Z

LANDING GEAR
Resolving the forces in V direction

=0

F AV = 20000 * cos 15 = 19316 lb

Resolving the forces in D direction

=0

F AD = 20000 * sin15 = 5176 lb

LANDING GEAR (FREEBODY DIAGRAM)

I

. .. .. . .
23 " 20"

FEV FES FED TE FBH B

44 "

3"

45

B C

FCG C

FIS FED I

FIV FID E FES FEV TE FGS G FGV

D S

3"

FJV J

FJD

8"

V
5176 lb

5176 lb

A
19318 lb

19318 lb

LANDING GEAR (FORCE ESTIMATION)

FEV FES
V D S
5176 * 8 TE = 0

EV

=0

FED TE
45

TE = 41408 lb - in

FBH FCG

5176 * 44 FBH * (Cos 45) * 20 FBH * ( Sin 45) * 3 = 0 FBH = 14003 lb

19318 * 8 FCG * (Cos33.7) * 3 FCG * ( Sin33.7) * 20 = 0 FCG = 11370 lb

ES

=0

C 56.3

M
F

ED

=0

=0

FEV = 19318 FCG Cos 33.7 + FBH Cos 45

5176 lb

FEV = 19760 lb

A
19318 lb

=0

FED = 5176 + FBH Cos 45 FED = 4730 lb

=0

FES = FCG Sin 33.7 FES = 6309 lb

LANDING GEAR (FORCE CALCULATIONS)

FIS I
FED =4730 lb

FIV FID E
FES =6309 lb

F
FJV FJD J

= 0 FIS = 0
IV

M
TE G
FCG =11370 lb
ID

=0

4730 * 3 TE = 20 FJD FJD = - 1361 lb

FEV =19760 lb

=0

FID = 4730 + 1361 FID = 6091 lb

19760 * 3 + FCG * (Cos33.7) *18 + FCG * ( Sin33.7) * 2 = 20 * FJV FJV = 12109 lb

M
F

=0

=0

FIV = 19760 + FCG Cos 33.7 FJV FEV = 17110 lb

WING STRUCTURES

WING STRUCTURES (FREEBODY DIAGRAM)

FRONT SPAR
FAY
16 lb/in

A
FAZ

G
FGY FGZ

60

100 180

100 * FGZ = 16 * 180 * 90 FGZ = 2592 lb

=0

Using Geometric relation

=
R FX FY FZ = = = L X Y Z

=0

FAZ = 16 *180 2592 FAZ = 288 lb

FGY

2592 = *100 = 4320 lb 60

WING STRUCTURES (FREEBODY DIAGRAM)

REAR SPAR
FBY
4 lb/in

FEX

B
FBZ

E
FEY
100 180

FEZ

Using Geometric relation

100 * FEZ = 4 * 180 * 90 FEZ = 648 lb

MB = 0

FEX FEY 648 = = 30 100 60 FEX = 324 lb FEY = 1080 lb

=0

FBZ = 4 *180 648 FBZ = 72 lb

WING STRUCTURES (TRUSS)

FBY

75

150

175 FEX =324 200 E

FEY =1080

200

100 P X

FAY

30

30

K FGY =4320 G
40

40

40

JOINT P
X

= 0 FPO = 100

=0

JOINT O FY = 0

JOINT E

= 0

= 0 FPN = 0

JOINT N FX = 0

FON Cos53.13 = 100 FOM = FON Sin53.13 FOM = 133 lb FON = 167

FGE = FMECos53.13 + 524 FGE = 824

F
JOINT M FY = 0

=0

FNM + FON Cos53.1 + 200 = 0 FNM = 300

Y

FEL = FME Sin53.13 + FNE 1080 FMG = 547 lb

=0

FNE = FON Sin 53.13 FNM = FME Cos53.13FMG = FMN Sin53.13 + FOM FNE = 133 FMG = 533 lb FME = 500

=0

WING STRUCTURES (TRUSS)

FBY

75

150

175 FEX =324 200 E

FEY =1080

200

100 P X

FAY

30

30

K FGY =4320 G
40

40

40

=0

JOINT G FY = 0

JOINT K

FGLCos53.13 = FGE FGL = 1373 lb

FGK = FGL Sin53.13 533 4320 FGK = 5951 lb

JOINT L

=0

FKJ Cos 45 FLK = 0 FKJ = 1412 lb

FX = 0

=0

=0

FGLCos53.13 + 175 + FLK = 0 FLK = 998 lb

FLJ = FGJ Sin53.13 - 547 FLJ = 551 lb

FKI + FKJ Sin 45 + 5950 = 0 FKI = 6948 lb

WING STRUCTURES (TRUSS)

FBY

75

150

175 FEX =324 200 E

FEY =1080

200

100 P X

FAY FAX

30

30

K FGY =4320 G
40

40

40

JOINT J
=0

FKJ Cos 45 + FIJ + 150 = 0 FIJ = 1148 lb

=0

FJB = FKJ Sin 45 + 551 FJB = 1550 lb

JOINT B

=0

FBY = FIB Cos 45 + FJB FBY = 2698 lb

=0

FBA = - 1225 lb

JOINT I

JOINT A
Y

=0

FIB Cos 45 = FIJ FIB = 1624 lb

=0

=0

FIA = FKJ Sin 45 6948 FIA = 8096 lb

FAy = FIA = 8096 lb FAX = 1225 lb

=0