Preface

provides the fundamental techniques of appropriate bonded amalgam restorations. Chapter 18, Classes III and V Amalgam Restorations, presents the rationale and techniques for these restorations. The use of Class IV amalgam restorations has been deleted and the indications for Class III restorations minimized. Chapter 19, Complex Amalgam Restorations, details the use of amalgam for very large restorations (including foundations), presenting the use of pins, slots, and bonding techniques. (Discussion of the use of slots is increased from the previous edition.) Chapter 20, Class II Cast Metal Restorations, provides thorough coverage of the entire cast metal restoration pro-

cedure. Although similar to the chapter in the third edition, this chapter provides new information on impression, temporary, and working model procedures. The procedures are well documented, with many illustrations. Finally, Chapter 21, Direct Gold Restorations, provides an update on gold foil restorations for Classes I, III, and V Theodore M. Roberson, Chair, 1979-1988 Harald O. Heymann, Chair, 1988-2000 Edward J. Swift, Jr., Chair, 2000-present Department of Operative Dentistry University of North Carolina School of Dentistry

In addition to teaching operative dentistry, the authors practice the principles and techniques presented in this book in a clinical setting and engage in clinical or laboratory research. Thus the restorative concepts presented here are supported by both clinical activity and research results. The editors express special appreciation to the followin g: Warren McCollum, Director of the Learning Resources Center of the UNC School of Dentistry, and his staff for their diligence in production of illustrations. Marie Roberts, Paulette Pauley, and Shannon Veccia for their capable assistance in manuscript preparation. In particular, a special thanks is ex-

tended to Ms. Roberts for her vital role in organizing the revision effort and communicating with the publisher. Drs. Roger Barton, Tom Lundeen, Ken May, Troy Sluder, Lee Sockwell, D oug Strickland, Cliff Sturdevant, Duane Taylor, and Van Haywood, who, while inactive in this edition, have provided information still present in the fourth edition. We are grateful for their past contributions. Penny Rudolph and Kimberly Alvis at Harcourt Health Sciences for their constant support, encouragement, and expertise during the revision process. Their guidance and ideas provided increased professional appeal for the book, both in its appearance and its content.

xvii

I ntroduct io n to O p e r a t i v e Dentistry,
T H E O D O R M.ROBERSON E

DEFINITION AND HISTORY, 3 Definition, 3 History, 3 FACTORS AFFECTING OPERATIVE TREATMENT, 3 Indications, 3 Considerations, 4 Conservative Approach. 4 Dynamics of Operative Dentistry, 4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE FUTURE DEMAND FOR OPERATIVE DENTISTRY, 5 Demographics, 5 Economic Factors, 5 General and Dental Health of the U.S. Population, 6 Dental Manpower, 8 Projected Need for Operative Dentistry, S Public's Perception of Dentistry, 9 Patient Visits, 9 FUTURE OF OPERATIVE DENTISTRY, 9 SUMMARY, 10 2 Clinical Significance of Dental Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, and Occlusion, 13
JOHN R. STURDEVANT F LUNDEEN THOMAS TEETH TROY B. S LU D E R JR,,

Tooth Contacts During Mandibular Movements, 5 Neurologic Correlates and Control of Mastication, 61 Cariology: T h e Lesion, Etiology, Prevention, an d Control, 6 3
T HE O D O R M.ROBERSON E THOMAS F. LUNDEEN'

NTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS, 65 Definitions of Caries and Plaque, 66 Epidemiology of Caries, 67 Hypotheses Concerning the Etiology of Caries, 6 Ecologic Basis of Caries, 69 ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF CARIES: PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL PLAQUE, 69 ntroductory Description of Plaque, 69 Plaque Communities and Habitats, 72 Development of Bacterial Plaque: an Ecologic Phenomenon, 74 Pathophysiology of Caries, 90 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LESION, 90 Clinical Sites for Caries Initiation, 91 Progression of Carious Lesions, 92 HISTOPATHOLOGY OF CARIES, 92 Enamel Caries, 92 Dentinal Caries, 95 Advanced Carious Lesions, 99 MANAGEMENT OF CARIES, 101 CARIES DIAGNOSIS, 102 Assessment Tools, 102 Caries Diagnosis for Pits and Fissures, 104 Caries Diagnosis for Smooth Surfaces, 105 Caries Diagnosis for Root Surfaces, 107 Caries Activity Tests, 109 CARIES PREVENTION, 109 General Health, 110 Fluoride Exposure, 110 mmunization, 112 Salivary Functioning, 112 Antimicrobial Agents, 113 Diet, 113 Oral Hygiene, 114 Xylitol Gums, 121

AND INVESTING TISSUES, 15

Dentitions,l 5 Classes of Human Teeth: Form and Function, 15 Structures of the Teeth, 16 Physiology of Tooth Form, 32 Maxilla and Mandible, 35 Oral Mucosa, 35 Periodontium, 36 OCCLUSION, 37 General Description, 38 Mechanics of Mandibular Motion, 45 Capacity of Motion of the Mandible, 48 Articulators and Mandibular Movements, 55

xix

Contents

Pit-and-Fissure Sealants, 121 Restorations,1 23 CARIES TREATMENT, 124

ADVANTAGES OF ENAMEL ADHESION, 238 ENAMEL ADHESION, 238 DENTIN ADHESION, 239 Challengesin DentinBonding, 240 Developmentof Dentin Bonding Systems,244

Caries ControlRestoration,1 26 SUMMARY, 130 1 33

Dn l e ta M te ls a ria , STEPH EN . BAYNE C JEFFR E Y . THOMPSON Y D U A NEF. TAYLOR*

Role of the Hybrid Layer,250 Moist Versus Dry DentinSurfaces, 251 Role of Proteinsin DentinBonding, 254 Microleakage, 254 Biocompatibility, 255 Relevanceof In Vitro Studies, 256 ClinicalFactorsin DentinAdhesion, 257 New ClinicalIndications DentinAdhesives,258 for SUMMARY, 261

REVIEW OF MATERIALS SCIENCE DEFINITIONS, 135 Material Categories, 1 35 Material Structure, 137 Material Properties, 137 BIOMECHANICS FOR RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, 145 Biomechanical Unit, 1 45 Stress Transfer, 1 46 StrainW ithinTooth Structure(ToothFlexure), 1 46 Effectsof Aging, 1 46 Principlesof Biomechanics,1 48 DIRECT RESTORATIVE MATERIALS, 148 Amalgam, 1 48 Liners and Bases, 1 70 Dental Adhesion, 1 77 Pit-and-Fissure Sealants, 1 87 C om posites, 90 1 Glass lonomers,207 Direct-Filling Gold, 211 I NDIRECT RESTORATIVE MATERIALS, 212 I mpressionMaterials, 212 Cast Metal Restorations,214 DentalCements, 217 MachinedRestorations,220 SAFETY AND EFFICACY, StandardsPrograms, 224 Safety for Dental Professionals, 226 F n a e ta u d mn l C n e ts ocp o f Ea e n ml a d Dn n e tin A h s n d e io , JO R G E E R D IG A O P EDW ARDJ. SWIFT, JR. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ADHESION, 224 DENTAL DENTAL

F n a e ta u d m n ls in T o o th P p ra n re a tio , 269 TH E O D O R E . ROBERSON M CLIFFO RD MSTURDEVANT* . DEFINITION OF TOOTH PREPARATION, 271 NEED FOR RESTORATIONS, OBJECTIVES OF TOOTH PREPARATION, 271 STAGES AND STEPS OF TOOTH PREPARATION, 272 FACTORS AFFECTING PREPARATION, 273 GeneralFactors,273 Conservation Tooth Structure, 274 of RestorativeMaterialFactors, 274 NOMENCLATURE, 274 TOOTH 271

CariesTerm inology, 274 NoncariousTooth DefectsTerminology,278 Tooth Preparation Terminology,279 Classification Tooth Preparations,281 of I NITIAL AND FINAL STAGES PREPARATION, 283 OF

I nitial Tooth PreparationStage, 285 Final Tooth PreparationStage, 294 235 ADDITIONAL CONCEPTS PREPARATION, 303 AmalgamRestorations,303 Composite Restorations,303 237 BondedRestorationsStrengthenWeakened Tooth Structure,304 SUMMARY, 305 IN TOOTH

RECENT TRENDS IN RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, 237

Contents

I n t u e ts s r mn f r To o o th

a d E u mn n q ip e t Pe a a n r p r tio , 307

STEPHEN C. BAYNE JEFFREY Y. THOMPSON CLIFFORD M. STURDEVANT* DUANE F. TAYLOR*

FEDERAL AND STATE REGULATIONS TO RED UCE EX POSU RE RISKS FROM PATHOGENS IN BLOOD AND OTHER SOURCES OF INFECTION, 350 Preparing a Written OSHA Office Exposure Control Plan (Summary), 351

HAND INSTRUMENTS Materials, 309

FOR CUTTING,

309

Regulations of Other Agencies, 355 Regulation of Infected Health Care Personnel, 355 OSHA-REQUIRED TRAINING BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS, AIDS/HIV Infection, 356 HIV Epidemiology and Transmission, 356 Progression of HIV Infection Into AIDS, 356 Symptoms and Oral Manifestations, 357 ON 356

Terminology and Classification, 310 Cutting Instrument Applications, 314 Hand Instrument Techniques, 315 Sharpening Hand Instruments, 316 Sterilization and Storage of Hand Cutting I nstruments, 322 POW ERED CUTTING EQUIPM ENT, 322 Development of Rotary Equipment, 322 Rotary Speed Ranges, 324 Laser Equipment, 325 Other Equipment, 327 ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUM ENTS, 329 Common Design Characteristics, 329 Dental Burs, 330 Diamond Abrasive Instruments, 336 Other Abrasive Instruments, 338 CUTTING M ECHANISM S, 340 Evaluation of Cutting, 340 Bladed Cutting, 340 Abrasive Cutting, 341 Cutting Recommendations, 341 HAZARDS W ITH CUTTING I NSTRUM ENTS, 342 Pulpal Precautions, 342 Soft Tissue Precautions, 342 Eye Precautions, 343 Ear Precautions, 343 I nhalation Precautions, 343 I n c io fe t n C nr l, oto 345

Serology of HIV Infection, 357 HIV Risks for Clinical Personnel, 357 HIV Risks for Dental Patients, 358 HIV Data Related to Infection Control, 358 VIRAL HEPATITI S: AGENTS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND INFECTION, 358

Viral Hepatitis Infection, Symptoms, and Clinical Findings, 359 Transmission of Viral Hepatitis, 359 I nfection risks for Personnel from Hepatitis B and C Viruses, 359 Serologic Tests Related to Hepatitis A, B, and C, 360 Data Related to Control of Hepatitis B, 360 I mmunization Against Hepatitis A, B, and C, 360 Tests for Hepatitis B Antibody and Boosters, 360 EPIDEM IOLOGY RISKS, 361 EX SU PO RE PROTOCOL, OF OTHER INFECTION

A SSESSM T EN 361

Medical History, 362 Personal Barrier Protection, 362 Disposal of Clinical Waste, 364 Needle Disposal, 364 Precautions to Avoid Injury Exposure, 364 OVERVIEW OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES, 364 Operatory Asepsis, 365 Procedures, Materials, and Devices for Cleaning I nstruments Before Sterilization, 369 STERILIZATION, 371 Steam Pressure Sterilization (Autoclaving), 372 Chemical Vapor Pressure Sterilization ( Chemiclaving), 373 Dry Heat Sterilization, 373 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization, 374

JAMES J. CRAWFORD RALPH H. LEONARD, JR.

EXPOSURE RISKS AND EFFECT OF I NFECTIONS ON DENTISTRY, 347 Environment of the Dental Operatory, 347 I mpact of Hepatitis B, 349 I mpact of HIV and AIDS, 350

Contents

A d v a n ta g e s4, 8 2 D is a d v a n ta g4e8s3, CLINICAL TECHNIQUE, 483 In itiaC lin ic a l r o c e d u r e4s8, 3 l P T o o th re p a r a tio nr C o m p o s it e R e s t o r4 8 6 n s , P fo a tio R e s to r a tiv e c h n iq u er C o m p o s ite T fo R e s to r a tio n 9 2 4 s, R e p a ir in go m p o s ite s to r a tio n s ,7 C Re 49 COMMON PROBLEMS: CAUSES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS, 497 P o o r o la tioo f th e O p e ra tin g A re a , is n 497 W h ite in eo r H a loA ro u n th e E n a m e l L d M a rg in ,9 7 4 V o id s4, 9 8 W e a k r M is s in P ro x im a lo n ta c ts (C la sII,e s o g C s III,a n dIV ),4 9 8 I n c o rre c th a d e4 9 8 S , P o o r e te n tio4 9 8 R n, C o n to u r in n dF in is h in gr o b le m 4 9 8 ag P s, CONTROVERSIALISSUES, 498 L in e rs a n da s e s d e rC o m p o s ite B Un R e s to ra tio n 99 4s, R e te n tio nC la s s R o o t- S u r fa c e in V 499 P re p a ra tio n s , W e a r ro b le m s 9 9 P 4, 4 G a pF o rm a tio S ig n ific a n c e ,9 9 n SUMMARY, 499
lasses 12 C III, IV an V , d C posite om and O ther C olored R estorations, D irect Tooth50 1

CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DIRECT CLASS IV COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS,523 I n itia C lin ic a l ro c e d u re5s2, 3 l P T o o t h r e p a r a tio5n2, 3 P R e s t o ra tiv e c h n iq u5 2 6 T e, CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR CLASS V COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS,528 I n itia C lin ic a l ro c e d u re5 2 8 l P s, T o o t h r e p a r a tio5n2, 8 P R e s to r a tiv e c h n iq u5 3 3 T e, MICROFILL COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS,534 C lin ic a le c h n iq u5e3, 4 T GLASS-IONOMERRESTORATIONS, 535 C lin ic a le c h n iq u5e3, 5 T SUMMARY, 536

1 3 Classes I, 11, and VI Direct

T H E O D O R M . ROBERSON E HARALD0. HEYM ANN A ND R EV. RITTER

Composite and Other ToothColored Restorations, 537

P A T R IC N .R . P E R E IR A IA CLASSES I, 11, AND VI COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 539

P ertinent aterial ualities M Q and P roperties, 539 I n d ic atio n s, 539 C o n tra in d ic a tio n s , 539 A d v an ta g e s, 540
Disadvantages, 540 PIT-AND-FISSURE SEALANTS,

TH E O D O R E . ROBERSON M

H A R A L D. H E Y M A N N 0 A N O R E . R IT T E R V P A T R IC IA N P E.R E IR A .R CLASSES III, IV, AND V DIRECT COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 503

P e r tin e n t a te ria l u a litieasn dP r o p e rtie 5 0 3 M Q s, I n d ic a tio n5s0, 3 C o n tr a in d ic a t io n 3 , 50s A d v a n ta g e s ,4 50 D is a d v a n ta g5 0 4 es, CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DIRECT CLASS III COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 504 I n itia l C lin ic a o c e d u r e5s0, 4 Prl T o o t h r e p a r a tio5n ,4 P 0 R e s to r a tiv e c h n iq u5 1 4 T e,

PREVENTIVE RESIN AND CONSERVATIVE COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, AND CLASS VI COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 540

P it-a n d -F is s S r e la n ts ,4 1 uea 5 C o n s e rv a tiv o m p o s ite a nre v e n tiv ee s in Ce P d R R e s to r a tio n 4 2 5s, C la s s I C o m p o s ite s to r a tio n s ,3 V Re 54 CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DIRECT CLASS I COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 544 I n itia C lin ic a l ro c e d u re5s4 4 l P , T o o th re p a ra tio5n4, 4 P R e s to r a tiv e c h n iq u5 4 8 T e,

CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DIRECT CLASS II COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 550 I nitial Clinical Procedures, 550 Tooth Preparation,551 RestorativeTechnique,558 CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR EXTENSIVE CLASS II COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS, 563 ClinicalTechnique,564 SUMMARY, 567 To o th 569

CONSERVATIVE ALTERATIONS OF TOOTH CONTOURS AND CONTACTS, 599 Alterationsof Shape of Natural Teeth, 599 Alterationsof Embrasures,601 Correctionof Diastemas,601 CONSERVATIVE TREATMENTS DISCOLORED TEETH, 605 ExtrinsicDiscolorations, 605 I ntrinsicDiscolorations,606 BLEACHING TREATMENTS, 608 NonvitalBleachingProcedures, 608 Vital Bleaching Procedures, 609 MICROABRASION MACROABRASION, Microabrasion,612 Macroabrasion,613 VENEERS, 615 Direct Veneer Techniques, 617 I ndirectVeneer Techniques, 620 Veneers for Metal Restorations, 628 Repairs of Veneers, 630 ACID-ETCHED, SPLINTS, 632 RESIN-BONDED AND 612 FOR

14

C se la s s I a d II In ire t n d c C lo d o re R s ra n , e to tio s EDW ARD J. SWIFT, JR. JOHN R. STURDEVANT A N D R EV . RITTER CLASSES I AND II INDIRECT RESTORATIONS, 571 I nd ications,571 Contraindications, 571 Advantages,571 Disadvantages, 572

Laboratory-Processed CompositeInlays and O nlays,573 CeramicInlays and Onlays, 574 CLINICAL PROCEDURES, Tooth Preparation,579 I m pression, 581 TemporaryRestoration,582 CAD/CAMTechniques,582 Try-In and Cementation,583 Finishingand PolishingProcedures,584 Clinical Proceduresfor CAD/CAMInlays and O nlays,587 CommonProblemsand Solutions, 587 Repairof Tooth-Colored Inlays and Onlays, 588 SUMMARY, 589 Cne a e o s rv tiv 591 0. 593 E th tic s e 579

Periodontally InvolvedTeeth, 632 Stabilizationof Teeth After Orthodontic Treatment,634 Avulsedor PartiallyAvulsedTeeth, 635 CONSERVATIVE BRIDGES, 636 NaturalTooth Pontic, 636 DentureTooth Pontic, 638 Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Pontic or All-Metal Pontic with Metal Retainers, 640 All-PorcelainPontic, 646

16

15

Ad nl d itio a P c d re , ro e u s HARALD HEYMANN

In dc n tro u tio to A a a m lg m R s ra n , e to tio s 651 T HE O D O R E M. R O BER SO N AR ALD0. H HEYMANNANDREV. RITTER AM ALGAM, H istory,653 CurrentStatus, 653 Types of Amalgam Restorative Materials, 653 I mportantProperties, 654 AmalgamRestorations,654 Uses, 655 Handling,656 653

ARTISTIC ELEMENTS, Shape or Form, 594

Symmetryand Proportionality, 595 Positionand Alignment,596 Surface Texture, 597 C o lo r,597 Translucency,598 ClinicalConsiderations, 599

Contents

G N R L E E A A AGM ML A

C N ID R TIO S O S E A N R S O A IO S E T RT N,

FO R 65 6

Restorative Technique, 717 Quadrant Dentistry, 735 CA S L S V A AGM I ML A R ESTO ATIO S, R N 736 S M A Y U MR , 737 III a d n V A ag m ml a

I ndications, 656 Contraindications, 657 Advantages, 658 Disadvantages, 658 C IC L LIN A T C N U , E H IQ E 658

18

C se la s s R soaio s et r t n,

I nitial Clinical Procedures, 658 Tooth Preparation for Amalgam Restorations, 658 Restorative Technique for Amalgam Restorations, 664 C M O O M N P TE T L O N IA P OL M: R BE S S LU N , O TIO S CUE A SS 667 A D N

741 ALDRIDGE D. WILDER, JR. THEODORE M. ROBERSON ANDRE V. RITTER KENNETH N. MAY, JR.* CA S S L S E III A D V A A G M N ML A R ESTO ATIO S, R N 743 Pertinent Material Qualities and Properties, 743 I ndications, 743 Contraindications, 744 Advantages, 745 Disadvantages, 745 C IN A L IC L T C N U E H IQ E F R CA S O L S III A A G M ML A R S O A IO S E T RT N, 75 4 I nitial Procedures, 745 Tooth Preparation, 745 Restorative Technique, 752 C IC L LIN A A AGM ML A T C N U E H IQ E F R CA S O L S R S O A IO S E T RT N, 74 5 V

Postoperative Sensitivity, 667 Marginal Voids, 667 Marginal Ridge Fractures, 667 Amalgam Scrap and Mercury Collection and Disposal, 667 C N O E S O TR V R IAL ISS E U S, 667

Amalgam Restoration Safety, 667 Spherical or Admixed Amalgam, 667 Bonded Amalgam Restorations, 667 Proximal Retention Locks, 668 S M A Y U MR , 668 I, II, a d n 69 6 V I A a a mlg m

17

C se la s s R s r tio s e toa n ,

I nitial Procedures, 754 Tooth Preparation, 755 Restorative Technique, 758

ALDRIDGE D. WILDER, JR. THEODORE M. ROBERSON PATRICIA N.R. PEREIRA ANDRE V. RITTER KENNETH N. MAY, JR.I N R D C IO T O U T N T C S E O LA S S V A A A I M LG M R S O A IO S E T R T N , I, II, A D N 67 1

19

C mle o p x

A a a mlg m

R soaio s et r t n, 763 ALDRIDGE D. WILDER, JR. ANDRE V. RITTER THEODOREM. ROBERSON KENNETH N. MAY, JR.* I N O U TIO , TR D C N 765

Pertinent Material Qualities and Properties, 671 I ndications, 671 Contraindications, 671 Advantages, 671 Disadvantages, 672 C IN A L IC L A A A M LG M T C N U E H IQ E F R CA S O L S R S O A IO S E T RT N , 67 2 I

Pertinent Material Qualities and Properties, 765 I ndications, 765 Contraindications, 766 Advantages, 766 Disadvantages, 766 C IC L LIN A TE H IQ E C N U , 766

Conservative Class I Amalgam Restorations, 672 Extensive Class I Amalgam Restorations, 687 Class I Occlusolingual Amalgam Restorations, 690 Class I Occlusofacial Amalgam Restorations, 695 CA S L S II A A G M ML A R ESTO ATIO S, R N 696 I nitial Clinical Procedures, 696 Tooth Preparation, 697

I nitial Procedures Summary, 766 Tooth Preparation, 769 Restorative Technique, 787 S M A Y U MR , 795

20

Cs la s II C s at R s ra n , e to tio s

M ta e l 79 9

21

D c ire t

G ld o

R s ra n , e to tio s

81 7 OF

GREGORY E. SMITH

JOHN R. STURDEVANT CLIFFORD M. STURDEVANT"

DIRECT GOLDS AND PRINCIPLES MANIPULATION, 873 Materials and Manufacture, 873 Cohesionand Degassing,874 Principlesof Compaction,874 Compaction Techniquefor Gold Foil, 876 CompactionTechnique for Gold, 877 E-Z

I NTRODUCTION,

801

Material Qualities, 801 I ndications,801 Contraindications, 801 Advantages,802 Disadvantages,802 I nitial Procedures,802 TOOTH PREPARATION FOR CLASS 11 CAST METAL RESTORATIONS, 803 Tooth Preparationfor Class II Cast Metal I nlays, 803 Tooth Preparationfor Cast Metal Onlays, 826 RESTORATIVE TECHNIQUES METAL RESTORATIONS, 837 I nterocclusalRecords,837 TemporaryRestoration,837 Final Impression,843 WorkingCasts and Dies, 846 Wax Patterns, 853 Spruing,Investing,and Casting, 856 Seating,Adjusting,and Polishingthe Casting, 856 Trying-inthe Casting,858 Cementation, 866 R epair,866 SUMMARY, 867 FOR CAST

PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION FOR DIRECT GOLD RESTORATIONS, 877 Fundamentals Tooth Preparation,877 of 878 I ndicationsand Contraindications, TOOTH PREPARATIONS RESTORATIONS, 878 AND

Class I Tooth Preparationand Restoration, 878 Class V Tooth Preparationand Restoration, 880 Class III Tooth Preparationand Restoration, 889 SUMMARY, 898

"Theseauthorsare inactivethis edition.See the Acknowledgments.