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Group 1 Members: Amores, Kathy Arce, Jayme Deximo, Regine Lao, Patricia Mercado, Jeru Ng, Alyssa Oh,

Joyce So, Sheena Tepace, Cherry Tumambing, Vernice Vrtucio, Michael

17 January 2012

You are here! Map it! (Exercise on GPS)


GPS Handheld Receiver: GARMIN

Table 1. GPS Readings on One Selected Spot/Point

Pt. Reading No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Latitude N 143927.4 N 143927.4 N 143927.3 N 143927.4 N 143927.2 N 143927.3 N 143927.5 N 143927.4 N 143927.6 N 143927.0 N 143927.3 N 143927.3 N 143927.6 N 143927.5

Longitude E 1210405.7 E 1210405.7 E 1210405.8 E 1210405.7 E 1210405.7 E 1210405.4 E 1210405.6 E 1210405.7 E 1210405.6 E 1210405.5 E 1210405.4 E 1210405.8 E 1210405.8 E 1210405.4

Elevation 77 m 76 m 77 m 77 m 77 m 78 m 78 m 78 m 77 m 78 m 77 m 76 m 77 m 78 m

No. of Satellites tracked 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

N 143927.4 E 1210405.7 77 m GPS Readings on One Selected Spot/Point (in degrees) N 143927.4 E 1210405.6 77 m N 143927.4 N 143927.4 N 143927.2 N 143927.5 E 1210405.7 E 1210405.7 E 1210405.6 E 1210405.7 78 m 76 m 77 m 77 m

Variance Latitude: 1.45963 x 10 -9 Longitude: 1.18733 x 10 -9

Standard Deviation

Latitude: 0 0' 0.1368" Longitude: 0 0' 0.1224"

Table 2. Selected Features Waypoints

Pt. Reading No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Point Feature Betaway Sign Melchor Hall Sign Post 117 Anti Pulis (Post) Trash can Man hole Post 116 Water meter No parking Sign Jeepney stop sign

Latitude N 143926.7 N 143927.5 N 143927.4 N 143927.5 N 143926.9 N 143927.1 N 143927.8 N 143927.8 N 143927.7 N 143927.7

Longitude E 1210405.4 E 1210406.0 E 1210406.3 E 1210406.5 E 1210406.5 E 1210406.7 E 1210407.1 E 1210407.8 E 1210408.0 E 1210408.2

11 12 13 14

Fire hydrant Street sign (Osmea) Electric Post Sundial

N 143927.8 N 143927.7 N 143928.8 N 143930.7

E 1210408.6 E 1210408.8 E 1210409.3 E 1210408.7

Waypoints of Selected Features

How variable are coordinates obtained from GPS? Global Positioning System is a system of satellites combined with receivers on the Earth that determines the latitude and longitude of any particular receiver through triangulation. The distance of the receiver to three of the satellites is ascertained by measuring the time-delay of a predetermined radio signal. Errors in timing can be corrected by checking the signals against the signal from a fourth satellite. Current systems can pinpoint the location of the receiver with an accuracy of around 5m. The system is used for navigation, surveying and many other applications. In determining the position, satellites send out first signals at different frequencies. Codes are then used to transmit time. The receiver uses this information to calculate a position through the following steps: a) determining the distance; b) position of satellites (orbit/ephemeris); c) triangulate. The distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how long a radio signal takes to reach us from that satellite. In making this measurement, assume that both the satellite and receiver are generating the same pseudo-random codes at exactly the same time. By comparing how late the satellites pseudo-random code appears compared to the receivers code, the time it took to reach the receiver can be determined. By multiplying the travel time by the speed of light, distance can be obtained. The satellites send information about its orbital path which indicates its position in its elliptical path around the earth. This is used to determine the position of the satellites exact position relative to the earth (x, y, z). Note that all GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into their computers that tells the location of the satellite moment by moment. When the receiver has the distance to the satellites and its position, it can

then proceed to triangulation. In triangulation, a receiver will need the distance and position of at least three satellites to get an accurate position. Accuracy can be increased by using a fourth satellite.

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