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- 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX use two twisted pair (pairs 2 and 3), with one pair used in transmission in each direction. - Straight-trough: 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 6-6 - Cross-over: 1-3. 2-6, 3-1, 6-2 - Why we need a straight-through cable for PC-switch and a cross-over for switch-switch? Because PCs send on pair 1-2 and receive on 3-6, while the switches do the opposite, send on 3-6 and receive on 1-2. Therefore a switch needs a cross-over cable to connect to another switch. - Auto-MDIX (automatic media independent interface crossover) detects the wrong cable and causes the switch to swap the pair it uses for tx and rx. - By default the switches use Ethernet auto-negotiation to determine the speed and duplex setting (half or full). - It can be set manually with duplex and speed commands - Switches detect duplex with auto-negotioation only. If both end have auto-negotiation enabled, the duplex is negotiated. If it s is configured statically (that is the autonegotiation is disabled) the devices assume a default that is HDX for 10 and 100 Mb interfaces and FDX for 1Ge.
Switch3(config)# vlan 32 Switch3(config-vlan)# name ccie-vlan-32 Switch3(config-vlan)# ^Z Switch3# show vlan brief VLAN Name Status Ports ---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/4, Fa0/5 Fa0/6, Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/11 Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16 Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20 Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23 21 VLAN0021 active Fa0/7 22 ccie-vlan-22 active Fa0/3 31 VLAN0031 active Fa0/8 32 ccie-vlan-32 active Note that ccie-vlan-32 has not been assigned any port, so it does not list any interface. Private VLANs When it's needed to have one single subnet but to separate the ports in different broadcast domain, a Private VLAN can be used. It basically separates the switch ports so they cannot talk directly. The switch ports can be characterized as: - Ports that need to communicate with all the devices - Ports that need to communicate with each other and with shared devices (routers) - Ports that need to communicate only with shared devices
BPDU are sent out of all switch ports every 2 seconds. Switches go through four steps for their initial convergence and determine a loop-free path to every LAN segment: 1. Elect one Root Bridge 2. Elect one Root Port per non-Root Bridge 3. Elect one Designated Port per segment 4. Block all remaining ports
The election process starts by every switch sending BPDU out of every port with a Root Bridge ID that is equal to its own bridge ID and a sender bridge ID equal to its own bridge ID. The sender bridge ID identifies the bridge that is sending the BPDU. Every switch that receives BPDU checks them to see if there is a better root bridge announced. A bridge is considered better if it has a lower bridge ID. That means if the priorities are left untouched, it s just the MAC address taken into consideration and the lower MAC address makes the bridge better. When a bridge hears about a better bridge ID, it start announcing this bridge ID as the Root Bridge ID in the Configuration BPDU, replacing its own bridge ID that was used as the root bridge ID until then. The bridge still identifies itself as the Sender Bridge ID. Eventually the election converges, and all switches agree on the notion that one of them is the root bridge. To summarize: All bridges first assume they are root (BPDU with RootID = BID; Path Cost = 0) All bridges have an 8 byte bridge ID 2 bytes bridge priority, 6 bytes MAC address, i.e: 32768:0080.acff.0003 Lowest bridge ID (BID) becomes root Lower bridge priority has a greater chance of becoming root
The path cost (1-byte value) for each interface type is shown in the following table: Link Bandwidth 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 16 Mbps 45 Mbps 100 Mbps 155 Mbps 622 Mbps 1 Gbps 10 Gbps Old STP Cost 250 100 63 22 10 6 2 1 0 New STP Cost 250 100 62 39 19 14 6 4 2
The root path cost value is determined in the following manner: 1. The root bridge sends out a BPDU with the root past cost value of 0 because its ports sit directly on the bridge. 2. The next close neighbor receives the BPDU and adds the path cost of the port on which it receives the BPDU. 3. The neighbor sends out BPDU with the new cumulative value as the root path cost. 4. This action is repeated at every switch down the line. If a switch receives a BPDU on another port with a lower root path cost, this new lower value becomes the new root path cost. The lower cost also tells the switch that there is a better path to the root using this port than it was on other port. The switch has now determined which port has the best path to the root: the root port.
To summarize:
Root port determined using lowest cost to root bridge BPDU received on a port determines the values for transmitted BPDUs Port cost of transmitted BPDUs = (path cost in received BPDU) + (port cost of port that receives BPDU)
Port with the lowest cost to the root bridge = root port