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Synthesis
Synthesis is simply the production of a desired chemical from available starting chemicals Synthesis is important for:
Production of consumer products Production of pharmaceuticals
Even natural products with desirable biological effects (anti-cancer agents, etc.) are often produced synthetically in order to protect and conserve the natural sources
taxol, an anti-cancer agent found in the bark of the Pacific yew tree. Purification of taxol from bark requires larges amounts of bark (killing the trees) and provides small amounts of drug Solution: a starting material is available in the needles (a renewable resource) that can be synthetically converted to taxol
Retrosynthetic Analysis
Target Molecule 1st Precursor 2nd Precursor Starting Material
Retrosynthetic analysis involves starting from the desired final product (target molecule) and determining precursors that can be converted to the desired product, until available starting materials are reached A tool box of known reactions is an important key to being able to perform retrosynthetic analysis
Retrosynthetic Considerations
1. 2. 3. 4. Construction of the carbon skeleton Functional group conversions Control of regiochemistry Control of stereochemistry
5-butyl-5-decanol OH
OH
O + BrMg
Problem
Select precursors with 5 or fewer carbons that could be used to make the following compounds:
OH
OH
Problem
What intermediate functional group type(s) will your synthesis involve if you want to convert:
An alkane to an alkene? An alkane to an alkyne? An alkyne to an alkene? An alkene to a ketone? An alkane to a ketone?
Control of Regiochemistry - I
Remember that elimination reactions often have several possible regiochemical outcomes:
Thermodynamically favored, most strong bases will give this as the major product elimination Not thermodynamically favored, can only be the major product if a large, bulky base is used that reacts faster with the more exposed site (Kinetic product)
Br
Control of Regiochemistry - II
Remember that addition reactions also have several possible regiochemical outcomes:
X addition Most of the additions we looked at involved the H pi bond reacting with an electrophilic hydrogen the favored regiochemical result involved the more stable carbocation, giving this product
Several additions were studied where the hydrogen X was NOT the electrophile that initially reacted with the pi bond (HBr+peroxide, BH3 followed by oxidation), thus this regiochemical outcome was possible