TOTAL ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION CREAM

Integrated Chemical Practice Report

By ICP Group 8 Class XIII-6 Nur Az Zahra Rima Amalia Ulfahanny Rachsetya Sandy Verawati Rahman 08.54.06271 08.54.06299 08.54.06336 08.54.06337

MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA Center for Industrial Education and Training Bogor High School of Chemical Analyst Bogor 2011

RATIFICATION SHEET Approved and Acknowledged by:

Approved by,

Rusman, M.Si NIP 19781113 200502 1 1 001 Advisor

Acknowledged by,

Hj Sulistiowati, S.Si, M.Pd NIP 19590506 198403 2 001 Vice Principal for Educational Skill

PREFACE
Integrated Chemistry Practice report entitled Total Analysis of Foundation Cream prepared in the first semester 2011/2012 academic year, as the final project of integrated chemistry practice (ICP) students grade XIII and as the condition for industry work practice (Prakerin). This report based on the ICP activities for approximately three months from August to October 2011. In general, this report consists of introduction, literature review, analysis process, result of analysis, discussion, conclusions, suggestions, and references. Praise for the Almighty God for all the good, grace, and the guidance so that the PKT activities and the preparation of this report can be resolved. At this time the author would like to thanks to: 1. Mrs. Dra. Hadiati Agustine, as the principle of Bogor Chemical Analyst High School Who has given permission to use various facilities to the authors and students to carry out the ICP activities for approximately three months 2. Mrs Hj. Sulistiowati, S. Si, M. Pd, who has given a lot of help in handling facilities and infrastructure for the ICP 3. Mr. Rusman as our advisor who has given a lot of help in cooperative relationships between authors with the supervisor and also the head of laboratory for providing facilities and materials for the implementers ICP. Also for all of his help in all matters relating to ICP, the practice, and preparation of written works and seminar 4. Mr. Supriyono as the head of TUK laboratory, who has given the facility and materials at our homebase, TUK laboratory. 5. Teachers and staffs of Bogor Chemical Analyst High School that cannot be mentioned one by one that have helped in the preparation of this report 6. Parents of the authors, friends, and all parts who assist and guide for implementation of ICP until the report is complete. Authors realize that there are so many rooms for error, therefore at this opportunity authors would like to apologize and expect for the criticism and constructive suggestions from readers for the better in future.

Finally authors hope that this report can be useful for all SMAKBOs students and reader in general. Bogor, Oktober 2011 Authors,

CONTENTS
PREFACE............................................................................................................iii Tables..................................................................................................................vi Figures................................................................................................................vii PART I INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1 A. B. A. B. 1. 2. 3. C. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A. 1. 2. 3. B. 1. 2. 3. Background................................................................................................1 Purpose......................................................................................................3 Definition of Cream....................................................................................4 Foundation Cream.....................................................................................4 Liquid Foundations:................................................................................5 Cream Foundations:...............................................................................5 Powder Foundations:..............................................................................5 Ingredients of Foundation Cream...........................................................5 White Petroleum Jelly.............................................................................6 Oxybenzone...........................................................................................7 Squalane................................................................................................8 Isopropyl Myristate.................................................................................9 Propyl Parabene.....................................................................................9 Titanium Dioxide...................................................................................10 Lanolin..................................................................................................11 Tocopheryl Acetate...............................................................................12 Beeswax...............................................................................................12 Organoleptic Test.....................................................................................14 Principle :..............................................................................................14 Apparatus and Materials.......................................................................14 Procedure.............................................................................................14 Preservatives test.....................................................................................15 Principle................................................................................................15 Reaction...............................................................................................15 Apparatus.............................................................................................15

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................4

PART III ANALYSIS METHOD...........................................................................14

4. 5. C. 1. 2. 3. 4. D. 1. 2. 3. 4. E. 1. 2. 3. 4. F. 1. 2. 3. 4. G. 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B.

Materials...............................................................................................16 Procedure:............................................................................................16 Determination of Microbe Contamination by Total Plate Count Method17 Principe................................................................................................17 Apparatus.............................................................................................17 Materials...............................................................................................18 Procedure.............................................................................................18 Staphylococcus aureus Test Using Pour Plate Method........................19 Principle:...............................................................................................19 Apparatus.............................................................................................19 Materials...............................................................................................19 Procedure:............................................................................................19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Test Using Pour Plate method.......................20 Principe:...............................................................................................20 Apparatus.............................................................................................20 Materials...............................................................................................20 Procedure:............................................................................................20 Candida albicans Test Using Pour Plate Method.....................................21 Principe:...............................................................................................21 Apparatus.............................................................................................21 Materials...............................................................................................21 Procedure:............................................................................................22 Qualitative Test of Rhodamine B Using TLC........................................22 Principe:...............................................................................................22 Apparatus.............................................................................................22 Materials...............................................................................................23 Procedure:............................................................................................23 Conclusion...............................................................................................26 Suggestion...............................................................................................26

PART V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.....................................................26

REFERENCES...................................................................................................27 ATTACHMENT...................................................................................................29 ATTACHMENT

Tables
Table 1 SNI 16-6064-1999 about Foundation Cream.........................................14 Table 2 Standard and Result of Analysis............................................................24 Table 3 Propylparaben Analysis Data.................................................................29 Table 4 Total Plate Count Analysis Data............................................................29 Table 5 Pathogen Bacteria Qualitative Test........................................................29 Table 6 Pathogen Fungi Qualitative Test............................................................29 Table 7 Thin Layer Chromatography..................................................................29 Table 7 Thin Layer Chromatography

Figures
Picture 1 Oxybenzone..........................................................................................8 Picture 2 Isopropyl Myristate.................................................................................9 Picture 3 Propyl Paraben....................................................................................10 Picture 3 Propyl Paraben

PART I INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Being beautiful is the desire of all women. Many ways are used to be looked more beautiful, one of them is by using cosmetics such as makeup, hair coloring, skin lightening soap, lightening face cream, and others. Cosmetics are materials used to treat and beautify themselves so that it can affect the appearance and increase self-confidence. Cosmetology is the science connected by the chemistry, physics, biology, and microbiology about production, storage, and uses of cosmetics material. Cosmetics have been known since 3500 BC. Egypt had been used the plants, animals, honey, milk, and the other as beauty product. Since 19th century, cosmetics started to be an important thing, not only for the beauty but also for healthcare. But the biggest development is start at 20th century and cosmetics become one part of the industrial world. Nowadays, cosmetics technology is very sophisticated and integration of cosmetics and drugs (pharmaceutical) or known as the term medical cosmetics (cosmeceuticals). Over the times, most of the purpose of using cosmetics begins to change. Now, cosmetics are used for body treatment, beauty, and protection of hair and skin towards the adverse of environmental effects and increase confidence in the association. There is no doubt that the cosmetic product is needed by human, whether male or female, from birth until death, its products are used over and over every day and we use it on our entire body, from head to toe, so it is very necessary for us to use the safe cosmetics. We use cosmetics more than drugs. It is because the drug is only used when someone gets pain, while the cosmetics are used as a new life style. The definition of COSMETIC based on BPOM (No. HK.00.05.4.1745 May, 5th 2003), cosmetic is a material or supply used in outer parts of human body (epidermis, hair, nails, lips, and outer parts of genital organs) or teeth and mucosa primarily for cleaning, fragrance, changing the appearance and or treat the body odor or keep body in a good condition.

Cosmetics are material or material mixture to be rubbed, attached, poured, sprinkled or sprayed, used on body part to clean, care, protect, increase the sex appeal, changing the appearance, treat the body odor, but dont intend to cure or heal then illness. (Depkes RI, Undang-undang tentang Kosmetika dan Alat Kesehatan, 1976) Traditional cosmetics are cosmetic consist of nature material and it is made by using traditional process. Beside traditional cosmetics there are semi-traditional cosmetics. Semi-traditional cosmetics are traditional cosmetics made by modern process and using synthetic chemical substance. Not all of the cosmetic material is suitable for every skin condition. If there is unsuitable condition it will cause skin irritation. So, pay attention to the chemical composition that written in every product. Meanwhile, hipoallergic cosmetic is cosmetic which not contain irritationcause substance. This kind of cosmetic is safer for skin health. Types cosmetics based on the function are: (numbering awalnya dg alphabet) 1. Cleanser cosmetics (example: shampoo, body lotion, soap) 2. Fragrance cosmetics (example: cologne, perfume) 3. Cosmetics for changing appearance (example: hair oil, hair gel, hair foam, makeup) 4. Protection cosmetics (example: deodorant, antiperspirant, sun block, sunscreen) 5. Healthcare cosmetics (anti acne, moisturizer) A kind of the cosmetic is foundation cream. Foundation cream is one of cosmetics that usually used by women as the coats of face before using other makeup, such as compact powder, etc that makes makeup stand longer. We choose foundation cream to be analyzed is because foundation cream is often used by women. Sometimes people dont care how safe the product is. So it used by the irresponsible producer to make sometimes a dangerous product for human healthy. The most important they have is able to make a cheaper product, but still give a satisfied effect for user. Where the materials are from the dangerous chemicals such as mercury, hydroquinone, and so on. We analyze one product of foundation cream we can found in the market with the very cheap price. The product is not labeled the expired

date. And from people who use it, this product is very useful to make the skin face very smooth, soft, cure the acnes and other function, just in a short time. If this product is really make all of advantage like that, it should has more cost. But why this product has very little cost. This is one of the reasons why we choose this product to be analyzed.

A. Purpose
Integrated chemical practice held with purpose to increase

SMAKBOs student knowledge about commodity composition that usually used and can be accessed freely by the consumer. The purpose of this analysis is to know the quality of foundation cream in the market. This analysis conducted includes all of the parameters that listed in Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. 16-6064-1999.

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of Cream

Creams are semi-solid emulsions that are mixtures of oil and water. They are divided into two types: oil-in-water (O/W) creams which are composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous phase, and water-in-oil (W/O) creams which are composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase. Oil-in-water creams are more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as they are less greasy and more easily washed off using water. Water-in-oil creams are more difficult to handle but many drugs which are incorporated into creams are hydrophobic and will be released more readily from a water-in-oil cream than an oil-inwater cream. Water-in-oil creams are also more moisturizing as they provide an oily barrier which reduces water loss from the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. In type of cosmetics, cream most used as medium for the component that serve to maintain the skin moisture, skin soften, prevent the loss of water, and maintain the active agent on the skin. The compositions are softener, moisturizer, emulsifier, active agent, solvent, cleanser, preservatives and fragrances.

B. Foundation Cream
Foundation, as the name suggests, is the first cosmetic to be applied on face while doing makeup to serve as the base for the look that you are going to paint later. The wise selection of the just the right foundation that suits your skin, color and tone is quite necessary as it determines whether you are going to look naturally beautiful having a flawless smooth skin or quite artificial as if you have put on a mask of cosmetic layers. A number of brands claim to produce the most suitable foundation for your face. There are various types of foundations such as the hypoallergenic and allergytested foundation for those who suffer from skin allergies; liquid, cream, powder or cake foundation to suit various seasons; oil-free foundation for oily skin; stick foundation for the handbags; stay-on foundation to last for longer periods of time and camouflage foundation to hide skin blemishes and give a

smooth skin-effect. However, most of the foundations can fit into three categories: 1. Liquid Foundations: A thin film of liquid foundation is best for 'natural look' makeup and is most commonly used by women for daily purposes. It is easy to apply and is not easily visible. It comes in oil-based formulas for people with dry to normal skin and water-based formulas for people with oily skin. It is very important to match the foundation to your natural face complexion and the tone of your color. Most of the foundations come in pink-based, orange-based and yellow-based formulas. Yellow base is said to fit most of the women and is thus, very popular. 2. Cream Foundations: Mostly available as sticks and compacts, cream foundations are the first choice of most of the makeup artists as they cover skin quite well and give a flawless smooth look. They are easy to apply too. 3. Powder Foundations: If you don't have much time and need quick solution, dual active powder foundations or cream to powder foundations are the best options for you, which combines the action of foundation and powder in one. These foundations can be applied as cream or powder and give a quick dry fresh-face look. They are especially suited to people with oily skin or areas where humidity is quite high.

A. Ingredients of Foundation Cream

In foundation cream we use to be analyzed, it contain White Petroleum Jelly, Isopropyl myristate, Beeswax, Titanium dioxide, Talc, Lanolin, Squalane oil, Tocopheryl acetate, Benzophenone-3, Fragrance, Propylparaben, C.I. 19140, C.I. 15985 1. White Petroleum Jelly Petroleum jelly is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons, having a melting-point usually within a few degrees of 75 C (167 F). It is only

flammable when heated to liquid, then the fumes will light, not the liquid itself, so a wick material like leaves, bark, or small twigs is needed to light petroleum jelly. It is colorless, or of a pale yellow color (when not highly distilled), translucent, and devoid of taste and smell when pure. It does not oxidize on exposure to the air and is not readily acted on by chemical reagents. It is insoluble in water. It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and oil of turpentine. There is a common misconception that petroleum jelly and glycerol (glycerine) are physically similar, because they feel similar when applied to human skin. While petroleum jelly is a non-polar hydrocarbon hydrophobic (water-repelling) and insoluble in water, glycerol (not a hydrocarbon but an alcohol) is the opposite: it is so strongly hydrophilic (water-attracting) that by continuous absorption of moisture from the air, it produces the feeling of wetness on the skin, similar to the greasiness produced by petroleum jelly. Several uses of white petroleum jelly are: a. During World War II, a variety of petroleum jelly called dark red veterinary petroleum jelly was often included in life raft survival kits. Acting as a sunscreen, it provides protection against ultraviolet rays. b. Most petroleum jelly today is consumed as an ingredient in skin lotions and cosmetics. Although petrolatum is less expensive than glycerol - the most common active lubricating ingredient in skin lotion, it is not used in expensive lotions, because it is not absorbed into the skin, resulting in a greasy feel. c. Petroleum jelly is often used by players of American football. The jelly is applied under the eyes, and is used to keep dirt or sand out of the eyes during plays. d. Petrolatum is a useful material when incorporated into candle wax formulas. The petrolatum softens the overall blend, allows the candle to incorporate additional fragrance oil, and facilitates adhesion to the sidewall of glass. e. Petroleum jelly is used to moisten plasticine, as part of a mix of hydrocarbons including greater (paraffin wax) and lesser (mineral oil) molecular weights. f. It is frequently applied on the face in mixed martial arts to prevent unnecessary cuts and tears from blows

1. Oxybenzone Oxybenzone (trade names Eusolex 4360, Escalol 567) is

an organic compound used in sunscreens. It forms colorless crystals that are readily soluble in most organic solvents. It is used as an ingredient in sunscreen and other cosmetics because it absorbs UVB and short-wave UVA (ultraviolet) rays. Oxybenzone was one of the first compounds incorporated into sunscreen formulations to offer enhanced UVA protection because its absorption spectrum extends to less than 350 nm. Oxybenzone's ability to absorb UV rays is due to a variety of molecular interactions. In this compound, both of the phenyl rings can interact with the C=O group through inductive effects and mesomeric effects. The overlapping of the bonds of both phenyl rings and that of the C=O creates a completely conjugated molecule as evidenced by the MO diagram. This causes the C=O group to lose part of its individual character as it integrates with the two phenyl rings. This stabilizes the system due to the transference of electron deficiency from the carbon of the carbonyl towards three of the carbons of the phenyl rings. A 2008 study by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found the compound to be present in 96.8% of human urine samples analyzed as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The FDA and governing agencies in Canada and the EU have approved the use of oxybenzone as a safe and effective sunscreen ingredient.

Picture 1 Oxybenzone

2. Squalane Squalane is a natural hydrocarbon and triterpene derived from a variety of plant and animal sources. It is a component of human sebum. Squalane is a saturated analog of squalene, from which it can also be

produced by hydrogenation and most stable form of Squalene. It is easily absorbed into the skin and has been extensively studied by scientists for its health properties long before it was introduced for beauty care. According to the World Health Organization, it is a naturally occurring substance found in humans, plants and animals. It is used in a variety of foods, cosmetics, over the counter medications and health supplements, as well as pharmaceutical products and vaccines. The production of squalane by the human body is at its greatest throughout our childhood years and rapidly decreases as we reach our mid-twenties. As stated on ihealthdirectory.com, giving the body squalane by means of oil or health supplements can contribute to a healthier skin and body. Squalene has antioxidant properties and antioxidants may protect your cells from the damaging effect of free radicals. Free radicals can prematurely age the skin. However, as extracted from the original source, it is not stable so a hydrogenation process is applied to create squalane which has a more stable form which is preferred for use in skin care products. The presence of squalane in cosmetics and other skin care can help protect the skin from drying out and also creates a barrier against ultraviolet rays, which can aid in the appearance of aging, keeps the skin supple and lubricated and free from imperfections such as acne. 3. Isopropyl Myristate Isopropyl myristate is an organic combination of isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid. Isopropyl myristate is a fatty acid compound that is used in cosmetics as a binder. Some of the common products in which it is used include moisturizers, perfumes, deodorants, bath oils and shaving creams. It is also used as part of a natural lice treatment option. Despite its myriad uses, there is some danger associated with its use. Many moisturizers use a combination of petrolatum and isopropyl myristate because petrolatum is not easily absorbed in the skin, while isopropyl myristate is. When these two substances combine, the products can be absorbed too deeply into the skin, clogging the pores. The result is that moisturizers with isopropyl myristate may choke the supply of oxygen into the skin. The inevitable result is dead skin, since the skin is deprived of this essential nutrient.

Isopropyl myristate also causes other undesirable problems that can become dangerous when left unchecked. Since it is primarily used on the skin, it causes mild to severe irritation of the skin; but also on the eyes and respiratory system. When used in combination with a hydrocortisone in topical preparations, isopropyl myristate can result in cracking of the skin, acne, inflammation in the hair follicles and sweating.

Picture 2 Isopropyl Myristate

4. Propyl Parabene Propylparaben is one of the most widely used preservatives in foods, drugs and cosmetic products. It is prized for its antimicrobial properties and has been in common use since the mid-20th century. It is part of the family of para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) esters that also includes ethylparaben, methylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben and benzylparaben. Because it is readily absorbed through the skin and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, its safety has been widely studied. Propylparaben and the other parabens are used in cosmetics and other products, including foods and pharmaceuticals, to guard against microbial growth, according to the FDA's 2006 report. That report pointed out that two or more parabens are usually combined in a product to provide a preservative effect against the broadest possible range of microorganisms. The use of mixtures such as this "allows the use of lower levels while increasing preservative activity," the FDA observed

.
Picture 3 Propyl Paraben

5. Titanium Dioxide Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white,Pigment White 6, or CI 77891. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food colouring. When used as a food colouring, it has E number E171. In cosmetic and skin care products, titanium dioxide is used as a pigment, sunscreen and a thickener. It is also used as a tattoo pigment and in styptic pencils. Titanium dioxide is produced in varying particle sizes, oil and water dispersible, and with varying coatings for the cosmetic industry. This pigment is used extensively in plastics and other applications for its UV resistant properties where it acts as a UV absorber, efficiently transforming destructive UV light energy into heat. Titanium dioxide is found in almost every sunscreen with a physical blocker because of its high refractive index, its strong UV light absorbing capabilities and its resistance to discolouration under ultraviolet light. This advantage enhances its stability and ability to protect the skin from ultraviolet light. Sunscreens designed for infants or people with sensitive skin are often based on titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide, as these mineral UV blockers are believed to cause less skin irritation than other UV absorbing chemicals. The titanium dioxide particles used in sunscreens have to be coated with silica or alumina, because titanium dioxide creates radicals in the photocatalytic reaction. These radicals are carcinogenic, and could damage the skin. 6. Lanolin Lanolin is oil secreted from the glands of sheep, found in their wool. Once sheep have been sheared, their wool is scoured, or deeply cleaned. It is during this process that the oil is extracted from the wool and later refined for use, typically in skin creams and makeup. There are several benefits to using lanolin. Lanolin has been used as a moisturizer since the time of the ancient Greeks. The oil is easily absorbed by the skin and prevents excessive moisture loss. People who shear sheep are constantly exposing their hands to the oil; thus their hands are smooth and moisturized. Nursing mothers sometimes use specialized lanolin cream to

prevent cracked and painful nipples. Lanolin can also be found in some kinds of lip balm, as it eases dried lips, and in products to treat diaper rash and minor burns. Lanolin is also beneficial as a conditioner for the hair and scalp. Just as with skin, lanolin helps the hair and scalp retain moisture. Despite its obvious benefits in hair care, it can also be detrimental. The oil may be too heavy and greasy for use on thin or straight hair, leaving the hair looking unclean and weighed down. As such, it is recommended for use with thick, curly hair, and even at that, it should be used sparingly. Sailors often coat the propellers and bottoms of their ships with lanolin. Because the oil is very dense and greasy, it is difficult for objects to adhere to it. When it is used on propellers and ship bottoms, for instance, barnacles are unable to attach to the ship. This natural oil is often used as an ingredient in shoe polish. Since lanolin has the natural ability to repel moisture, it is an ideal for use in protecting leather shoes from damage caused by water. Additionally, it can restore shine and soften shoes. The oil is also beneficial as a lubricant. Because of its ability to deter water, it prevents objects that are exposed to water from being corroded. It is particularly useful in lubricating and protecting stainless steel and other types of metal. It is often used to lubricate the tuning slides of brass instruments. It can also be applied on garden tools, sporting equipment and for automotive care. Lanolin is commonly used in cleaning agents and can be helpful in removing tar, oil, carbon and grease. It is useful in heavy-duty cleaning, as well as in household cleaning. If you are going to paint a metal surface, you may consider cleaning it with lanolin first to ensure that the surface is completely devoid of dirt and grease. 7. Tocopheryl Acetate Tocopheryl acetate, also known as vitamin E acetate, is a common vitamin supplement with the molecular formula C31H52O3 (for '' form). It is the ester of acetic acid and tocopherol (vitamin E). It is often used in dermatological products such as skin creams. Tocopherol acetate is not oxidized and can penetrate through the skin to the living cells, where

about 5% is converted to free tocopherol and provides beneficial antioxidant effects. Tocopheryl acetate is used as an alternative to tocopherol itself because the phenolic hydroxyl group is blocked, providing a less acidic product. It is believed that the acetate is slowly hydrolyzed once it is absorbed into the skin, regenerating tocopherol and providing protection against the sun's ultraviolet rays. 8. Beeswax Beeswax is the material honeybees use to make their

honeycombs. Beeswax has been a traditional material used for thousands of years for a variety of purposes, including painting, embalming, candle making, and letter sealing. Today beeswax is still a commonly used ingredient in many health and beauty care products, wood finishes and even instrument seals. Beeswax is a coating for some brands of natural dental floss to help the floss glide between teeth. Beeswax is also a common ingredient in lip balms, lotions, natural soap products and other cosmetics. Men also use beeswax as a beard or mustache wax. Beeswax is a lubricant for drills and saws when working with metals. The beeswax keeps edges sharp. Use beeswax to lubricate small machines such as vacuum cleaners and sewing machines. Use beeswax to lubricate squeaky door hinges and sticky windows as well. Work stuck nuts loose by lubricating the nuts with beeswax before loosening with a wrench. Prevent bronze from oxidizing by applying a mixture of beeswax and turpentine. Brush on the mixture and then wipe it off lightly with a towel to leave a thin coat to protect the bronze. Preserve a copper sink by coating it with soft beeswax and wiping off the excess beeswax with a soft cloth. Use beeswax to wax an Oboe reed thread before inserting it to ensure a tight fit. Apply beeswax to the outer surface of wood guitars to protect these surfaces. The beeswax will keep the wood protected and in good condition. Beeswax is a common ingredient in natural chewing gum. Use beeswax to glaze fruits and as an outer covering for some candies as

well. Beeswax is also used as a coating inside the molds for some candymaking processes to ensure the candies pop out uniformly. Beeswax is a superior leather conditioner that will enhance the waterproof nature of leather products. Use beeswax as a natural wood finish and sealant by mixing equal parts of beeswax and mineral oil. Heat the mixture in a double boiler and rub onto the surface of wood toys and objects. Rub out the excess mixture with a soft cloth. Melt natural beeswax on the stove top and use it to dip or pour homemade candles. The candle products made from natural beeswax are sweet smelling without adding additional scents to the candles. Many believe beeswax candles to be superior to paraffin candles due to their longer and cleaner burning. There is no soot released into the air when burning beeswax candles.

PART III ANALYSIS METHOD

We analyze foundation cream we can found in market. We analyze it based on SNI 16-6064-1999, which describe below:
Table 1 SNI 16-6064-1999 about Foundation Cream No 1 2 Explanation Description Coloring agent a. D&C Orange No. 17 CI 12075 (Pigment Orange 5) b. D&C Red No. 19 CI 45170 (Rhodamine B) c. C.I 45170:1 (Solvent Red) d. D&C Red No. 8 C.I 15585 (Pigment Red 53 ) e. D&C Red No. 9 C.I 15585:1 (Pigment Red 53 : 1) Preservatives agent Microbe Contamination a. Total Plate Count b. Staphylococcus aureus c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa d. Candida albicans Units Standard -Homogeneous -Free unidentified particle Based on PerMenKes RI No.445/MenKes/Per/V/1998 Negative Negative % Negative Negative Negative % colony/g colony/g colony/g colony/g max 0.4 Maximum 105 Negative Negative Negative

3 4

A. Organoleptic Test
1. Principle : Based on the observation of homogenity and cream stabilization using human senses. 1. Apparatus and Materials a. Sample b. Watch glass c. Stationery 1. Procedure a. b. c. Sample prepared on the container to be tested Take the sample by finger, then peel it to hand Observe the texture and homogenity of sample

A. Preservatives test
The preservative contain in this foundation cream is propylparaben. The procedure to determine propylparaben is based on SNI 16-4771.1 Kodeks Kosmetika volume I. 1. Principle Analyte oxidized by measurable excess KBrO3, the excess of KBrO3 will react with KBr become Br2, Br2 will oxidize KI become I2 that will be titrated by Tio using starch indicator with the end point is colorless. 1. Reaction

KBrO3 + 5KBr + 6HCl 6KCl + 3Br2 + 3H 2 O sisa Br2 + 2KI I 2 + 2KBr

I 2 + 2Na2 S 2 O 3 2NaI+ Na 2 S 4 O 6
2. Apparatus a. b. Weighing bottle Analytical balance

c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. n. o. p. q.

Glass Stoppered erlenmeyer 500ml Tripod stand Teklu burner Wire Gauze Reflux Basin Volumetric Pipette 25ml Measuring cylinder 50ml Beaker glass 400ml Beaker glass 800ml Burette 50 ml Clamp Stative Bulb

m. Dropper pipette

1. Materials a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. Sample Aquadest Na2S2O3 0.1 N KBrO3 0.0333M KBr 12,5% KIO3 Acetic Acid Glacial HCl (c) HCl 4N KI 1N KI 10% Starch Indicator

1. Procedure: a. b. c. d. Weighed 80mg of sample Boiled carefully using reflux by adding 25 ml NaOH 2N for 30 minutes Let it cool, then it is transferred to glass stopper erlenmeyer Add 25ml of Potassium bromate 0,0333 M, 5 ml of potassium bromide concentrated 12,5%, and 40 ml of glacial acetic acid, cool it

in ice, add 10 ml of hydrochloric acid concentrated, immediately cover the flask, wait for 15 minutes e. f. g. h. i. Add 15ml of potassium iodide 1N, mix it Titrate the released iodium with sodium tiosulfate 0,1N then add 2 ml of starch indicator when the titration is close to the end point. Do the blank titration, the difference between blank and sample titration is showing amount of potassium bromate needed Volume of potassium bromate 0,0333M is equivalent with a half volume of sodium tiosulfate 0,1 N needed in titration Each ml of potassium bromate 0,0333M is equivalent with 6,007mg Propylparaben

A. Determination of Microbe Contamination by Total Plate Count

Method
1. Principe The growth of aerob mesofil bacteria colonies, after the sample is inoculated to the plate agar media by using pour plate method, and incubated for 24 hours with temperature 37oC. 1. Apparatus a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. n. Serological pipette 10ml Serological pipette 1 ml Petri dish Test tube Test tube rack Bulb Autoclave Triple beam balance Erlenmeyer 100 ml Measuring cylinder 100ml Methylated spirit burner Oven Colony counter

m. Incubator

1. Materials a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Bactopeptone Water Sample Physiological Solution KH2PO4 NaOH 1N PCA medium Alcohol 70% Spiritus

1. Procedure a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Prepare 5 sterile test tube and 7 sterile petri dish Weigh 5 gram of sample and diluted it in volumetric flask 50ml (its become 10-1 dilution) Prepare sterile buffer 1-800 and sterile warm PCA (Plate Count Agar) media (40o C). To make buffer 1-800, weigh 34 grams of KH2PO4, add 12 ml of NaOH 1N, then dilute until 1 Liter Pipette 9 ml of buffer, and then put it to test tube with label 10 -2 and 10-3 dilution aseptically. Pipette 1 ml of 10-1 dilution (in volumetric flask), and put it to 10-2 dilution test tube, homogenize it. Pipette 1 ml of solution in 10-2 dilution test tube, put it into 10-3 dilution test tube, and homogenize it. Pipette 1 ml of solution from each dilution, and then put it into the petri dish. Give the appropriate label to each petri dish. Do it twice (duplet) i. j. k. l. Pipette 1 ml of physiological solution to Petri dish as blank Put the PCA media to all of petri dish aseptically, wait until solid, give a current label Incubate all of the Petri dish for 24 hour with temperature 37oC Count it by colony counter

A. Staphylococcus aureus Test Using Pour Plate Method

1. Principle: To test, whether the sample contains Staphylococcus aureus bacteria or not, we can use pour plate method. It can be done by pour the sample to Petri dish, then mix it with Manitol Salt Agar Media (MSA), and incubated for 24 hours with temperature 37oC 1. Apparatus a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Triple beam balance Erlenmeyer 100 ml Measuring cylinder 50ml Methylated spirit burner Autoclave Petri dish Serological pipette 10 ml Serological pipette 1 ml Bulb Water bath Incubator

1. Materials a. b. c. d. e. Sample Physiological Solution 0,85 % MSA medium Alcohol 70% Spiritus

1. Procedure: a. Prepare all of equipment and material we need. All of it must be sterile. b. Pipette 1 ml of sample, put it into Petri dish aseptically. c. Pour warm sterile MSA media to Petri dish, homogenize it. d. Wait until the media become solid, put it in incubator e. Incubate it for 24 hours with temperature 37oC

f.

if there is growth of yellow colony with yellow zone, it means the sample positive contain Staphylococcus aureus

A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Test Using Pour Plate method

1. Principe: To test, whether the sample contains Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria or not, we can use pour plate method. It can be done by pour the sample to Petri dish, then mix it with Pseudomonas Agar Media (PA), and incubated for 24 hours with temperature 37oC 1. Apparatus a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Triple beam balance Erlenmeyer 100 ml Measuring cylinder 50ml Autoclave Petri dish Serological pipette 10 ml Serological pipette 1 ml Bulb Methylated spirit burner Water bath Incubator

1. Materials a. b. c. d. e. Sample Physiological Solution 0,85 % PAP medium Alcohol 70% Spiritus

1. Procedure: a. Prepare all of equipment and material we need. All of it must have been sterilized. b. Pipette 1 ml of sample, put it into Petri dish aseptically. c. Pour warm sterile PA media to Petri dish, homogenize it.

d. Wait until the media become solid, put it in incubator e. Incubate it for 24 hours with temperature 37oC f. if there is growth of yellowish colorless colony, it means the sample positive contain Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A. Candida albicans Test Using Pour Plate Method

1. Principe: To test, whether the sample contains Candida albicans or not, we can use pour plate method. It can be done by pour the sample to Petri dish, then mix it with Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), and incubated for 24 hours with temperature 37oC. Colony of Candida albicans grown on routine primary media (e.g., FSA, SDA) reveals round to oval budding yeast-like cells or blastoconidia, measuring 3.5-7 by 4-8 m2. 1. Apparatus a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Triple beam balance Erlenmeyer 100 ml Measuring cylinder 50ml Autoclave Petri dish Serological pipette 10 ml Serological pipette 1 ml Bulb Methylated spirit burner Water bath Incubator

1. Materials a. b. c. d. e. Sample Physiological Solution 0,85 % SDA medium Alcohol 70% Spiritus

1. Procedure: a. Prepare all of equipment and material we need. All of it must have been sterilized. b. Pipette 1 ml of sample, put it into Petri dish aseptically. c. Pour warm sterile SDA media to Petri dish, homogenize it. d. Wait until the media become solid, put it in incubator e. Incubate it for 24 hours with temperature 37oC f. if there is growth of round to oval budding yeast colony, it means the sample positive contain Candida albicans

A. Qualitative Test of Rhodamine B Using TLC

1. Principe: Rhodamine B can be determined by TLC method. Sample is dissolved by solvent mixture, extracte by hexane, and then spotted on the plate, the separation is conducted by eluen (nbutanol:ethanol:water:acetic acid standard is compared. 1. Apparatus a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. Beaker glass 400ml Beaker glass 100ml Test tube Balance Tripod stand Wire gauze Teklu burner Thin Layer plates 20cm x 20 cm TLC tanks Micropipette 1-5 l Waterbath Syringe with ratio 60:10:20:0,5). To know

whether the sample is contained Rhodamine B or not, sample and

m. Measuring cylinder 50 ml

1. Materials a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Sample N,N-dimethylformamide Phosporic acid 85% Hexane Rhodamine B Standard Methanol 1-butanol ethanol Aquadest Acetic Acid Glacial

1. Procedure: a. Prepare all of equipment and material needed. b. Mix about 0,1g-0,3g of sample with 2ml of Solvent Mixture ( N,Ndimethylformamide and phosphoric acid 85% in the ratio 95:5 v/v) c. If necessary heat at 90oC until the sample dissolves d. For oily cosmetics sample, extract with 2x5 ml n-hexane e. Combine the hexane extract f. Discard the hexane layer methanol at a concentration 0,2mg/ml h. Spot the sample and reference in the same volume at equal distance on the start line of TLC plate. The stationary phase is silica gel. i. Use the solvent of n-butanol:ethanol:water:acetic acid (60:10:20:0,5). Develop the TLC plate at ambient temperature until the solvent front has migrate 15 cm from the start j. Remove the TLC plate, dry at room temperature g. Prepare the reference colorant solution of CI 45170 (Rhodamine B) in

PART IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

We analyzed foundation cream we can found in market. We analyzed it based on SNI 16-6064-1999.
Table 2 Standard and Result of Analysis
No 1 Explanation Description Units 2 Coloring agent a. D&C Orange No. 17 CI 12075 (Pigment Orange 5) b. D&C Red No. 19 CI 45170 (Rhodamine B) c. C.I 45170:1 (Solvent Red) d. D&C Red No. 8 C.I 15585 (Pigment Red 53 ) e. D&C Red No. 9 C.I 15585:1 (Pigment Red 53 : 1) Preservatives agent (Propylparaben) Microbe Contamination a. Total Plate Count b. Staphylococcus aureus c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa d. Candida albicans % Standard -Homogeneous -Free unidentified particle Based on PerMenKes RINo.445/MenKes/Per/ V/1999 Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative % colony/g colony/g colony/g colony/g 0.4 Maximum 105 Negative Negative Negative Result -Homogeneous -free from unidentified particle

Not conducted Negative Not conducted Not conducted Not conducted 17.97 0 Negative Negative Negative

3 4

Based on the table above, there is one parameter didnt meet the requirement, that is preservative test. The maximum amount of propylparaben in foundation cream is 0,4% but this product contains 17,97% of propylparaben. The possibilities are: the sample contains too much preservative, or there is another compound which co-determined with the analyte, such as other esters like isopropyl miristate, beeswax, etc. We can assume why all of bacteria and fungi tested in this product is negative, because of the presence of excessive preservatives in this product, microbe cant stand with this condition. In fact, this product isnt sealed neatly, so it is very possible if there is microbial contamination. The present of excessive paraben can be danger for our health. Colby College's Clean Makeup website reports that parabens can mimic estrogen and disrupt the body's hormone system. Cornell University reports that a high lifelong exposure to estrogen can increase breast cancer risk. Estrogen, and synthetic

chemicals that act like estrogen, play a role in stimulating the division of breast cells and affect other hormones that stimulate breast cell division. Your body does not easily break down synthetic estrogen, and it can accumulate in fat cells, including breast tissue. In 2004, a study by the University in the United Kingdom found concentrations of parabens in human breast tumors. The study examined only the presence of parabens in the tumors but did not determine that they were the cause of the tumors. The dermatology test didnt conduct in organoleptic test because there is no panelist that willing to do that test, so we just do the homogenity and free from unidentified particle test.

PART V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on the analysis and compared with SNI 16-6064-1999 about foundation cream, the conclusion is this foundation cream doesnt meet the standard and improper to be used because the content of preservative is more than permitted.

B. Suggestion
1. Consumer should be more wise in selecting the safe cosmetic products, dont be tricked with the cheap product, better to choose the expensive product with result that have been approved beside the cheaper one with bad effects. 2. Producer should be more concern to the consumer, dont produce product that can harm consumer, and they have to register their product to the authorized institution. 3. Goverment should improve the monitoring of cosmetics quality on the market.

REFERENCES
Alexander Writing. 2008. Dangers of Isopropyl Myristate. Bogor:

http://www.ehow.com/list_6011650_dangers-isopropyl-myristate.html, June 2011 02.43 p.m. Anonymous. 2007. Foundation Types. Bogor: June http://www.beauty.iloveindia.com/makeup/foundation-types.html, 2011 03.12 p.m. Anonymous. 2007. Propyl Paraben. Bogor: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:propylparaben.svg, June 2011 07.38 p.m. Anonymous. 2008. Candida albicans. Bogor:

http://www.cmpt.ca/pdf_mycology_2008/my_basic_0804_1_ca_skin.pdf, June 2011 03.30 p.m. Anonymous. 2011. Paraben Dalam Produk Perawatan Kulit. Bogor: June

http://www.ylki.or.id/paraben-dalam-produk-perawatan-kulit.html, 2011 03.20 p.m.

Anonymous. 2011. Squalane. Bogor: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/squalane, June 2011 08.14 a.m. Anonymous. 2011. Titanium Dioxide. Bogor:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/titanium_dioxide, June 2011 01.45 p.m. ASEAN. 2005. Identification of Prohibited Colorants In Cosmetic Products By TLC And HPLC. Bogor: http://www.asean.org/MRA-Cosmetic/Doc2.pdf, June 2011 08.47 a.m. BSN.1990. Kodeks Kosmetika Indonesia volume I. Jakarta: BSN BSN.1990. Kodeks Kosmetika Indonesia volume II. Jakarta: BSN BSN.1999. SNI Sediaan Alas Bedak No 16-6064-1999. Jakarta: BSN Don Amerman. 2006. What Are The Dangers of Propyl Paraben. Bogor: http://www.ehow.com/about_5616676_dangers-propylparaben_.html, June 2011 11.54 a.m. FKGUI. 2008. Efek Anti Jamur Metodologi. Bogor: http://lontar.ui.ac.id/file? file=digital/125295-R20-OB-442%20Efek%20antijamur-Metodologi.pdf, June 2011 04.37 p.m.

26

Jennifer

Rose.

2009.

Squalane

to

Treat

Acne.

Bogor: June

http://www.ehow.com/about_6641868_squalane-treat-acne.html, 2011 12.35 p.m. Kathleen Gasior. 2008. Benefits of Squalane.

Bogor: June

http://www.ehow.com/about_5101244_benefits-squalane.html, 2011 09.53 a.m. Kathreen Hatter. 2004. Uses of Beeswax.

Bogor:

http://www.ehow.com/way_5336901_usesbeeswax.html#ixzz1t1nwbuyx, June 2011 04.15 p.m. Lily Mae. 2006. What are The Benefits of Lanolin?. June Bogor: 2011

http://www.ehow.com/list_6108901_benefits-lanolin_.html, 11.35 a.m. Samantha Armer. 2007. Is Squalane Safe for Acne

Skin.

Bogor:

http://www.ehow.com/facts_6045381_squalene-safe-acne-skin_.html, June 2011 12.47 p.m. Vicki L. Van Arsdaleh. 2010. Define Paraben. June Bogor: 2011

http://www.livestrong.com/article/104560-define-paraben/, 01.34 p.m. YLKI. 2011. Paraben Dalam Produk Perawatan

Kulit.

Bogor:

http://www.ylki.or.id/paraben-dalam-produk-perawatan-kulit.html, June 2011 02.15 p.m.

27

ATTACHMENT A. Analysis Data

Weight Simplo Duplo Blank N Na2S2O3 sample : 0.0725 N N Na2S2O3 blank : 0.1381 N 0.0806 g 0.0826 g Titran Volume 44.40 ml 45.00 ml 27.00 ml
Table Propylparaben Analysis Data 3

Table 4 Total Plate Count Analysis Data

Table 5 Pathogen Bacteria Qualitative Test Bakteri Perlakuan Staphylococcus aureus 10-1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0 Simplo Duplo 0 Media Pengenceran MSA 10-2 CA 0 Hasil Blanko Negative Negative 0

10-3 0

Table 6 Pathogen Fungi Qualitative Test Jamur Candida albicans Table 7 Thin Layer Chromatography Media SDA Hasil Negative

Eluen 6.8 cm

Standard 4.2 cm (Pink)

Sample 4.9 cm (Orange)

28

B. Calculation
1. Preservative Calculation

V .N blank) (V .N sample) 0.5 6.007 0.1 N %Propylpara = ben 100% mg sample

) 27 0.1381 (44.4 0.0725) 0.5 6.007 0.1 %Propylpara = ben 100% = 18.99% 80.6

) 27 0.1381 (45.0 0.0725) 0.5 6.007 0.1 % Propylpara = ben 100% = 16.95% 82.6

%Propylparaben =

18.99% + 16.95% = 17.97% 2

2. TLC Calculation

Rf standard =

component 4.2 = = 0.62 eluen 6.8

Rf sample =

component 4.9 = = 0.72 eluen 6.8

29