The study of light based on

the assumption that light

travels in straight lines and
is concerned with the laws
controlling the reflection
and refraction of rays of
light.

UNIT 9:Geometrical Optics

SF027 1
 - Law of reflection
Plane - Ray diagram (plane mirror)
surface - Characteristic of image

- Term in used: principal axis. Centre of

Reflection curvature( c ),radius of curvature( r ), focal
point( F ),focal length( f ),pole of the
spherical mirror
Spherical
- Ray diagram (spherical mirror)
surface
- Characteristic of image
Geometrical - Sign convention( u, v , f )
Optics
- Snell’s Law
Plane
Refraction - Refractive index( n )
surface
- Material of different n
- Convex and concave lenses
- Term in used: principal axis. focal point( F ),focal
length( f ),optical centre of lens
Thin lenses
- Ray diagram (lenses)
- Characteristic of image
- Sign convention( u, v , f ) 1 1 1
SF027 + = 2
- Thin lens formula: u v f
 9.1 Reflection of Plane Mirror
9.1.1 Reflection of Plane Mirror

Definition – is defined as the return of all or part of a beam of particles
or waves when it encounters the boundary between two
media.

Laws of reflection state :
 The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the
same plane.
 The angle of incidence, i is equal to the angle of reflection, r as
shown in figure below.

i r i=r

Simulation Plane mirror

SF027 3

Image formation by a plane mirror. (ray diagrams)
 Point object
where
u : object distance
v : image distance
ho : object height
hi : image height
r
i

A i i A'
u v
 Vertical (extended) object

i
ho hi
i r
Object r Image

u v
Simulation
SF027 4
  The properties of image formed are

virtual

upright or erect

laterally reverse

the object distance, u is equal to the image distance, v

same size as the object where the linear magnification is
given by
Image height, hi
M= =1
Object height, ho

obey the laws of reflection.

Example 1 :
Find the minimum vertical length of a plane mirror for an observer of
2.0 m height standing upright close to the mirror to see his whole
reflection. How should this minimum length mirror be placed on the
wall?

SF027 5
 Solution: By using the ray diagram as shown in figure below.
H (head ) A
E (eyes)
L
h

1
B AL = HE
2
1
LB = EF
2
F (feet )
The minimum vertical length of the mirror is given by
h = AL + LB
1 1
h = HE + EF
2 2
1
h = (HE + EF ) h = 1 .0 m
2
SF027 Height of observer 6
 The mirror can be placed on the wall with the lower end of the mirror
is halved of the distance between the eyes and feet of the observer.

Example 2 :
A rose in a vase is placed 0.250 m in front of a plane mirror. Nagar
looks into the mirror from 2.00 m in front of it. How far away from
Nagar is the image of the rose?
Solution: u=0.250 m

2.00 m
x
From the properties of the
image formed by the plane
mirror, thus

u v
Therefore, the distance between Nagar and the image of the rose is
given by

SF027 7
 9.2 Reflection at a Spherical surface
9.2.1 Spherical mirror

Definition – is defined as a reflecting surface that is part of a sphere.

There are two types of spherical mirror. It is convex (curving
outwards) and concave (curving inwards) mirror.

Figures below show the shape of concave and convex mirrors.
(a) Concave (Converging)
Converging mirror (b) Convex (Diverging)
Diverging mirror
imaginary sphere

A
silver layer A

C P P C
r r
B B

reflecting surface
 Some terms of spherical mirror

Centre of curvature (point C)
 is defined as the centre of the sphere of which a curved
SF027 mirror forms a part. 8

Radius of curvature, r
 is defined as the radius of the sphere of which a curved
mirror forms a part.

Pole or vertex (point P)
 is defined as the point at the centre of the mirror.

Principal axis
 is defined as the straight line through the centre of
curvature C and pole P of the mirror.

AB is called the aperture of the mirror.
9.2.2 Focal point and focal length, f

Consider the ray diagram for concave and convex mirror as shown in
figures below.
Incident Incident
rays rays

C P P C
F
f f F

SF027 9

From the figures,
 Point F represents the focal point or focus of the mirrors.
 Distance f represents the focal length of the mirrors.
 The parallel incident rays represent the object infinitely far away
from the spherical mirror e.g. the sun.

Focal point or focus, F
 for concave mirror – is defined as a point where the incident
parallel rays converge after reflection on the mirror.

Its focal point is real (principal).
 for convex mirror – is defined as a point where the incident parallel
rays seem to diverge from a point behind the mirror after
reflection.

Its focal point is virtual.

Focal length, f
 Definition – is defined as the distance between the focal point
(focus) F and pole P of the spherical mirror.

The paraxial rays is defined as the rays that are near to and almost
parallel to the principal axis.

SF027 10
 9.2.3 Relationship between focal length, f and radius of curvature, r

Consider a ray AB parallel to the principal axis of concave mirror as
shown in figure below. incident ray
A B
i
i
θ
C i
F D P

f
r

From the figure,

BD

BCD tan i = ≈i Taken the angles are <<
CD
small by considering the ray
BD

BFD tan θ = ≈θ AB is paraxial ray.
FD

By using an isosceles triangle CBF, thus the angle θ is given by

SF027
θ = 2i 11
 then
BD  BD 
= 2 
FD  CD 
CD = 2 FD

Because of AB is paraxial ray, thus point B is too close with pole P
then
CD ≈ CP = r
FD ≈ FP = f

Therefore
r=2f
or This relationship also valid
r for convex mirror.
f =
2

SF027 12
 9.2.4 Ray Diagrams for Spherical Mirrors

Definition – is defined as the simple graphical method to indicate the
positions of the object and image in a system of mirrors or lenses.

Ray diagrams below showing the graphical method of locating an
image formed by concave and convex mirror.
(a) Concave mirror (b) Convex mirror
1 1
1
2 3
2
3 C 2
I P P C
O 2
F
O I F
3
1

 Ray 1 - Parallel to principal axis, after reflection, passes through

At least any
the focal point (focus) F of a concave mirror or appears
two rays to come from the focal point F of a convex mirror.
for drawing
 Ray 2 - Passes or directed towards focal point F reflected
the ray
parallel to principal axis.
diagram.
 Ray 3 - Passes or directed towards centre of curvature C,
SF027 reflected back along the same path. 13
 9.2.5 Images formed by a convex mirror

Ray diagrams below showing the graphical method of locating an
image formed by a convex mirror.

P C

O I F

u v
Front back

Properties of image formed are
 virtual
 upright
 diminished (smaller than the object)
 formed at the back of the mirror

Object position → any position in front of the convex mirror.

SF027 14
 9.2.6 Images formed by a concave mirror

Table below shows the ray diagrams of locating an image formed by a
concave mirror for various object distance, u.
Object
Ray diagram Image property
distance, u

Real

Inverted
C I P
Diminished
u>r O F
Formed between
point C and F.
Front back

O

Real
F
Inverted
u=r C P
Same size

Formed at point C.

I
SF027 Front back 15
 Object
Ray diagram Image property
distance, u

Real

Inverted
C
Magnified
f<u<r I P
O
Formed at a
F distance greater
than CP.

Front back

O
Real

Formed at infinity.

u=f F P
C

SF027 Front back 16

 Object
Ray diagram Image property
distance, u

Virtual

Upright

Magnified
u<f
Formed at the
back of the
mirror
F
C O P I

Front back

Linear (lateral) magnification of the spherical mirror, M is defined as the ratio

between image height, hi and object height, ho
h v where
Simulation M= i
= v : image distance from pole
ho u u : object distance from pole
Negative sign indicates that the object and image are on opposite sides of the
SF027 principal axis (refer to the real image), If ho is positive, hi is negative. 17
 9.2.7 Derivation of Spherical mirror equation

Figure below shows an object O at a distance u and on the principal
axis of a concave mirror. A ray from the object O is incident at a point
B which is close to the pole P of the mirror.

From the figure,
B
BOC φ = α +θ (1)
β = φ +θ
θ
BCI (2)
θ then, eq. (1)-(2) :
α φ β φ − β = α −φ
O C I D P α + β = 2φ (3)
v By using
BOD,
BCD and
BID
thus
u
BD BD BD
tan α = ; tan φ = ; tanβ =
OD CD ID

By considering point B very close to the pole P, hence
tan α ≈ α ; tan φ ≈ φ ; tanβ ≈ β
OD ≈ OP = u ; CD ≈ CP = r ; ID ≈ IP = v
then
BD BD BD Substituting this
SF027
α= ;φ= ; β= value in eq. (3) 18
u r v
 therefore
BD BD  BD 
+ = 2 
u v  r 
1 1 2
+ = where r = 2 f
u v r
1 1 1 Equation (formula)
= + of spherical mirror
f u v

Table below shows the sign convention for equation of spherical
mirror .

Physical Quantity Positive sign (+) Negative sign (-)

Object distance, u Real object Virtual object

(in front of the mirror) (at the back of the mirror)
Image distance, v Real image Virtual image
(same side of the object) (opposite side of the object)
Focal length, f Concave mirror Convex mirror
Linear Upright (erect) Inverted image
magnification,
SF027
M image 19

Example 7 :
An object is placed 10 cm in front of a concave mirror whose focal
length is 15 cm. Determine
a. the position of the image. v = −30 cm
b. the linear magnification and state the properties of the image.
M =3
Solution: u=+10 cm, f=+15 cm
a. By applying the equation of spherical mirror, thus

The image is 30 cm from the mirror on the opposite side of the

object (or 30 cm at the back of the mirror).
b. The linear magnification is given by

SF027 20

Example 8 :
An upright image is formed 30 cm from the real object by using the
spherical mirror. The height of image is twice the height of object.
a. Where should the mirror be placed relative to the object?
b. Calculate the radius of curvature of the mirror and describe the type
of mirror required.

Solution: hi=2ho Spherical

mirror
u v

O 30 cm I
a. From the figure above,

By using the equation of linear magnification, thus

SF027 21
 By substituting eq. (2) into eq. (1), hence

b. By using the equation of spherical mirror,

and therefore

The type of spherical mirror is concave because the positive value

of focal length.

SF027 22

Example 9 :
A mirror on the passenger side of your car is convex and has a radius
of curvature 20.0 cm. Another car is seen in this side mirror and is
11.0 m behind the mirror. If this car is 1.5 m tall, calculate the height of
the car image . (Similar to No. 34.66, pg. 1333, University Physics with
hi = 1.35 cm
Modern Physics,11th edition, Young & Freedman.)

Solution: ho=1.5x102 cm, r=-20.0 cm, u=+11.0x102 cm

By applying the equation of spherical mirror,

and

From equation of linear magnification,

SF027 23

Example 10 :
A concave mirror forms an image on a wall 3.20 m from the mirror of
the filament of a headlight lamp. If the height of the filament is 5.0 mm
and the height of its image is 35.0 cm, calculate
a. the position of the filament from the pole of the mirror.u = 4.57 cm
b. the radius of curvature of the mirror. r = 9.01 cm

Solution: hi=-35.0 cm, v=3.20x102 cm, ho=0.5 cm

O
I 5.0 mm P
C F u
35.0 cm

3.20 m
a. By applying the equation of linear magnification,

SF027 24
 b. By applying the equation of spherical mirror, thus

and

Example 11 : (exercise)
a. A concave mirror forms an inverted image four times larger than
the object. Find the focal length of the mirror, assuming the
distance between object and image is 0.600 m.
b. A convex mirror forms a virtual image half the size of the object.
Assuming the distance between image and object is 20.0 cm,
determine the radius of curvature of the mirror.
No. 14, pg. 1169,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics,
Serway & Jewett,6th edition.
Ans. : 160 mm, -267 mm

SF027 25
 9.3 Refraction on plane surface

Definition – is defined as the changing of direction of a light ray and its
speed of propagation as it passes from one medium into
another.

Laws of refraction state :
 The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal all lie in the
same plane.
 For two given media,
sin i n2
= = constant
sin r n1
Snell’s law
Or

n1 sin i = n2 sin r
where
i : angle of incidence
r : angle of refraction
n1 : refractive index of the medium 1
(Medium containing the incident ray)
n2 : refractive index of the medium 2
SF027 26
(Medium containing the refracted ray)

Examples for refraction of light ray travels from one medium to
another medium can be shown in figures below.
(a) n1 < n2 (b) n1 > n2
(Medium 1 is less (Medium 1 is denser
dense than medium 2) than medium 2)

Incident ray
Incident ray
i i
n1 n1
n2 n2
r r
Refracted ray
Refracted ray
The light ray is bent toward the The light ray is bent away from the
normal, thus normal, thus
r <i r >i
SF027 Simulation-1 Simulation-2 27

Refractive index (index of refraction)
refraction
sin i
 Definition – is defined as the constant ratio for the two
given media. sin r
 The value of refractive index depends on the type of medium and
the colour of the light.
 It is dimensionless and its value greater than 1.
 Consider the light ray travels from medium 1 into medium 2, the
refractive index can be denoted by
velocity of light in medium 1 v1
1 n2 = =
velocity of light in medium 2 v2

(Medium containing (Medium containing

the incident ray) the refracted ray)

 Absolute refractive index, n (for the incident ray is travelling in

vacuum or air and is then refracted into the medium concerned)
concerned
is given by
velocity of light in vacuum c
n= =
velocity of light in medium v
SF027 28
  Table below shows the indices of refraction for yellow sodium light
having a wavelength of 589 nm in vacuum.

(If the density of medium is greater hence the refractive index is also greater)

SF027 29

The relationship between refractive index and the wavelength of light.
 As light travels from one medium to another, its wavelength, λ
changes but its frequency, f remains constant.
constant
 The wavelength changes because of different material.
material The
frequency remains constant because the number of wave cycles
arriving per unit time must equal the number leaving per unit time
so that the boundary surface cannot create or destroy waves.
waves
 By considering a light travels from medium 1 (n1) into medium 2
(n2), the velocity of light in each medium is given by
v1 = fλ1 and v2 = fλ2
then
v1 fλ1 c c
= where v1 = and v2 =
v 2 f λ2 n1 n2
c
 
 n1  = λ1 n1λ1 = n2 λ2
 c  λ2
  (Refractive index is inversely
 n2  proportional to the wavelength)
SF027 30
  If medium 1 is vacuum or air, then n1 = 1. Hence the refractive
index for any medium, n can be expressed as
where
λ0 λ0 : wavelength of light in vacuum
n=
λ λ : wavelength of light in medium

Example 3 :
A fifty cent coin is at the bottom of a swimming pool of depth 2.00 m.
The refractive index of air and water are 1.00 and 1.33 respectively.
What is the apparent depth of the coin?
Solution: na=1.00, nw=1.33
r
Air (na) A
Water (nw) r D
B i
2.00 m i

where
C
AB : apparent depth
SF027
AC : actual depth = 2.00 m 31
 From the diagram, AD

ABD tan r =
AB
AD

ACD tan i =
AC
By considering only small angles of r and i , hence
tan r ≈ sin r andtan i ≈ sin i
 AD 
then
 
tan i sin i  AC  AB
= = =
tan r sin r  AD  AC
 
From the Snell’s law,  AB 
Note : (Important)
sin i n2 na
= = Other equation for absolute
sin r n1 nw refractive index in term of
AB na depth is given by
= real depth
AC nw n=
AB = 1.50 m apparent depth
SF027 32

Example 4 :
A light beam travels at 1.94 x 108 m s-1 in quartz. The wavelength of
the light in quartz is 355 nm.
a. Find the index of refraction of quartz at this wavelength. n = 1.55
b. If this same light travels through air, what is its wavelength there?
(Given the speed of light in vacuum, c = 3.00 x 108 m s-1)

λ0 = 5.50 x10 −7 m @ 550 nm

No. 33.3, pg. 1278, University Physics with Modern Physics,11th edition, Young &
Freedman.

Solution: v=1.94 x 108 m s-1, λ=355 x 10-9 m

a. By applying the equation of absolute refractive index, hence

b. By using the equation below, thus

SF027 33

Example 5 : (exercise)
We wish to determine the depth of a swimming pool filled with water
by measuring the width (x = 5.50 m) and then noting that the bottom
edge of the pool is just visible at an angle of 14.0° above the
horizontal as shown in figure below. (Gc.835.60)

Calculate the depth of the pool. (Given nwater = 1.33 and nair = 1.00)
Ans. : 5.16 m

Example 6 : (exercise)
A person whose eyes are 1.54 m above the floor stands 2.30 m in
front of a vertical plane mirror whose bottom edge is 40 cm above the
floor as shown in figure below. (Gc.832.10)

Find x.
SF027 Ans. : 0.81 m 34
 9.4 Thin Lenses

Definition – is defined as a transparent material with two spherical
refracting surfaces whose thickness is thin compared to
the radii of curvature of the two refracting surfaces.

There are two types of thin lens. It is converging and diverging lens.

Figures below show the various types of thin lenses, both converging
and diverging.
(a) Converging (Convex) lenses

Biconvex Plano-convex Convex meniscus

(b) Diverging (Concave) lenses

SF027 Biconcave Plano-concave Concave meniscus 35

 9.4.1 Terms of lens

Figures below show the shape of converging (convex) and diverging
(concave) lenses.
(a) Converging lens (b) Diverging lens

r1 r1

C1 O C2 C1 O C2
r2 r2

Centre of curvature (point C1 and C2)

is defined as the centre of the sphere of which the surface of
the lens is a part.

Radius of curvature (r1 and r2)

is defined as the radius of the sphere of which the surface of
the lens is a part.

Principal (Optical) axis

is defined as the line joining the two centre's of curvature of a
lens.

Optical centre (point O)

is defined as the point at which any rays entering the lens
SF027 pass without deviation. 36
 9.4.2 Focus (Focal point) and focal length

Consider the ray diagrams for converging and diverging lens as
shown in figures below.

F1 O F2 F1 O F2

f f

From the figures, f f
 Point F1 and F2 represent the focus of the lens.
 Distance f represents the focal length of the lens.

Focus (point F1 and F2)
 For converging (convex) lens – is defined as the point on the
principal axis where rays which are parallel and close to the
principal axis converges after passing through the lens.

Its focus is real (principal).
 For diverging (concave) lens – is defined as the point on the
principal axis where rays which are parallel to the principal axis
seem to diverge from after passing through the lens.

Its focus is virtual.
SF027 37

Focal length ( f )
 Definition – is defined as the distance between the focus F and the
optical centre O of the lens.
9.4.3 Ray Diagrams for Lenses

Ray diagrams below showing the graphical method of locating an
image formed by converging (convex) and diverging (concave) lenses.
(a) Converging (convex) lens

1
2
3
F2 I
O F1
2 1
3

u v

SF027 38
 (b) Diverging (concave) lens
1

1
3
2
3
O F2 I F1
v
u 2

 Ray 1 - Parallel to the principal axis, after refraction by the lens,

At least any passes through the focal point (focus) F2 of a
two rays converging lens or appears to come from the focal point
for drawing F2 of a diverging lens.
the ray  Ray 2 - Passes through the optical centre of the lens is
diagram. not deviated.
 Ray 3 - Passes through the focus point F1 of a converging lens
or appears to converge towards the focus F1 of a
diverging lens, after refraction by the lens the ray parallel
to the principal axis.
SF027 39
 9.4.4 Images formed by a diverging (concave) lens

Ray diagrams below showing the graphical method of locating an
image formed by a diverging lens.

O F2 I F1

Front back

Properties of image formed are
 virtual
 upright
 diminished (smaller than the object)
 formed in front of the lens.

Object position → any position in front of the diverging lens.

SF027 40
 9.4.5 Images formed by a converging lens

Table below shows the ray diagrams of locating an image formed by a
converging lens for various object distance, u.
Object
Ray diagram Image property
distance, u

Real

Inverted
I

Diminished
u > 2f O 2F1 F1 F2 2F2

Formed between
point F2 and 2F2.
Front back (at the back of
the lens)

Real
O 2F2
Inverted
u = 2f 2F1 F1 F2
Same size
I
Formed at point
2F2. (at the back
Front back of the lens)
SF027 41
 Object
Ray diagram Image property
distance, u

Real

Inverted

Magnified
f < u < 2f I

Formed at a
2F1O F1 F2 2F2
distance greater
than 2f at the
Front back back of the lens.

Real

Formed at infinity.
O
u=f 2F1 F1 F2 2F2

Front back
SF027 42
 Object
Ray diagram Image property
distance, u

Virtual

Upright

Magnified
u<f
Formed in front
of the lens.

I 2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
Front back

Linear (lateral) magnification of the thin lenses, M is defined as the ratio

between image height, hi and object height, ho
h v where
Simulation M= i
=− v : image distance from optical centre
ho u u : object distance from optical centre
Negative sign indicates that when u and v are both positive, the image is
SF027 43
inverted and ho and hi have opposite signs.
 Thin Lenses Formula and Lens maker’s
Equation
n2 second surface
first surface

n1

O I Io
v

u vo
A ray from an object O in medium of refractive index n1 passes
through the first surface of thin lens with refractive index n2. An
image is formed (Io).
Io acts as the virtual object for the second surface of the lens and
finally form a final image

SF027 44

By using the equation of spherical refracting surface, the refraction by
first surface and second surface are given by
 Convex surface (r = +r1)
n1 n2 ( n2 − n1 )
+ = (1)
u vo r1
 Concave surface (r = -r2)
n2 n1 ( n1 − n2 )
+ = (2)
− vo v − r2
adding up eq. (1) and eq. (2):

n1 n2 n2 n1 n2 − n1 ( n1 − n2 )
+ + + = +
u vo − vo v r1 − r2
n1 n1 n2 − n1 n2 − n1
+ = +
u v r1 r2

SF027 45
  1 1 1 1
n1  +  = ( n2 − n1 ) + 
u v  r1 r2 
1 1  n2 − n1  1 1 
+ =   +  (3)
u v  n1  r1 r2 

If u at infinity then v = f, hence eq. (3) becomes

1  n2  1 1 
=  − 1   +  Lens maker’s
f equation
 n1   r1 r2 
where
f : focal length
r1 : radius of curvature of first refracting surface
r2 : radius of curvature of second refracting surface
n1 : refractive index of the medium
SF027 n2 : refractive index of the lens material 46

By equating eq. (3) with lens maker’s equation, hence
1 1 1
+ =
u v f
therefore in general,
1 1 1
= + Thin lens formula
f u v

Note :
 If the medium is air (n1= nair=1) thus the lens maker’s equation
will be

1 1 1
= (n − 1) + 
f  r1 r2 
where n : refractive index of the lens material
 For thin lens formula and lens maker’s equation, Use the sign
convention for refraction.
refraction Very Important
 The radius of curvature of flat refracting surface is infinity, r = ∞.

SF027 47

Example 16 :
A biconvex lens is made of glass with refractive index 1.52 having the
radii of curvature of 20 cm respectively. Calculate the focal length of
the lens in
a. water,
b. carbon disulfide.
(Given nw = 1.33 and nc=1.63)
Solution: r1=+20 cm, r2=+20 cm, ng=n2=1.52
a. Given the refractive index of water, nw = n1
By using the lens maker’s equation, thus
1  ng  1 1 
=  − 1  + 
f  nw  r1 r2 
f = +70 cm
b. Given the refractive index of carbon disulfide, nc = n1
By using the lens maker’s equation, thus
1  ng  1 1 
=  − 1  + 
f  nc  r1 r2 
SF027
f = −148.18 cm 48

Example 17 :
A converging lens with a focal length of 90.0 cm forms an image of a
3.20 cm tall real object that is to the left of the lens. The image is 4.50
cm tall and inverted. Find
a. the object position from the lens.
b. the image position from the lens. Is the image real or virtual?
No. 34.26, pg. 1331, University Physics with Modern Physics,11th edition,
Young & Freedman.
Solution: f=+90.0 cm, ho=3.20 cm, hi=-4.50 cm
a. By using the linear magnification equation, hence
hi v
M = =−
ho u
v = 1.41u (1)
By applying the thin lens formula,
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= + (2)
90.0 u v
SF027 49
 By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2),hence
u = 154 cm
The object is placed 154 cm in front of the lens.
b. By substituting u = 154 cm into eq. (1),therefore
v = 217 cm
The image forms 217 cm at the back of the lens (at the
opposite side of the object placed) and the image is real.

Example 18 :
An object is placed 90.0 cm from a glass lens (n=1.56) with one
concave surface of radius 22.0 cm and one convex surface of radius
18.5 cm. Determine
a. the image position.
b. the linear magnification. (Gc.862.28)
Solution: u=+90.0 cm, n=1.56, r1=-22.0 cm, r2=+18.5 cm
a. By applying the lens maker’s equation in air,
1 1 1
= (n − 1) + 
f  r1 r2 
SF027
f = +208 cm 50
 By applying the thin lens formula, thus
1 1 1
= +
f u v
v = −159 cm
The image forms 159 cm in front of the lens (at the same side
of the object placed)
b. By applying equation of linear magnification for thin lens, thus
v
M =− M = 1.77
u

Example 19 : (exercise)
A glass (n=1.50) plano-concave lens has a focal length of 21.5 cm.
Calculate the radius of the concave surface. (Gc.862.26)
Ans. : -10.8 cm

Example 20 : (exercise)
An object is 16.0 cm to the left of a lens. The lens forms an image
36.0 cm to the right of the lens.
a. Calculate the focal length of the lens and state the type of the
lens.
b. If the object is 8.00 mm tall, find the height of the image.
c. Sketch the ray diagram for the case above. (UP. 1332.34.34)
SF027 Ans. : +11.1 cm, -1.8 cm 51