CHAPTER 6: Structural Analysis

Forces in members of a truss Method of joints Method of sections Forces on the members of: Frames Machines
1

Assumption for Design.

All loading are applied at joints

Members are joined together by smooth pins

Zero-Force Members
D F

y FAF x A + F = 0: F = 0 x AB + Fy = 0: FAF = 0 FAB

A B

C P

D FDE x FDC y

+ Fy = 0: FDC sin = 0; + F = 0: F + 0 = 0; DE

FDC = 0, sin 0 FDE = 0

FDB D D FDA C x B + F = 0: F = 0 x DA + Fy = 0: FDC = FDE y FDC

FCD C FCB y + F = 0: F sin = 0 CA + Fy = 0: FCB = FCD FCA = 0, sin 0

FCA

Ay Ax

B C H FHB H FHF

y FHA D

Gx G FDC FDE

F y x P

x + F = 0: F = 0 y HB FDC = 0 FDE = 0 FGA Gx + FGF

+ Fy = 0: FDCsin = 0, + F = 0: F + 0 = 0, x DE FEC FEF P + F = 0: F = 0 x EF E 0

Fy = 0: FGA = 0

6.4 Method of Joints

Assumed the unknown member force to be tension Correct sense of direction can be determined by inspection
T C

Tension T

Compression C

D P C FCA FCA PCB PCB FDC

FAC Ax A FDA Ay FAD

FCD FBD D P FDB

FBC

B RB

6.5 Method of Section

B a C Dy D Dx 2m A 100 N 2m G a 2m F 2m E Ex

FBC

FGC A P 2m
45o

+ MG = 0: can find FBC + Fy = 0: can find FGC

FGF

+ MC = 0: can find FGF

Example 6.1 Determine all the members of the truss shown in the figure below.
B

500 N

2m A 45o 2m C

Guide : Assuming that truss ABC can be treated as a rigid body.Draw FBD of truss, there are 3 unknown, 2 at pin A and one at roller C. Use equilibrium equations take MA = 0, Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 for truss ABC and use method of joint at joint B and A.

 Define the state of the problem

B 500 N

Construct physical model

B 500 N

2m A 45o 2m C

2m A Ay B 45o FBA FAB Ax A Ay FAC 45o 2m 500 N C Cy

Ax

Assuming that truss ABC can be treated as a rigid body.Draw FBD of truss in next stept, there are 3 unknown, 2 at pin A and one at roller C.

FBC

10

 Construct mathematical model and solve equations

Truss ABC B B 500 N

Joint B y 45o FBA 500 N x

+ F = 0: x 500 - FBCcos45o = 0 FBC = 707.11 N (C) + Fy = 0: - FBA + FBCsin45o = 0 FBA = 500 N (T) FBA = 500 N

FBC

2m Joint C Ax A Ay 45o 2m C Cy Ax= 500 N A

FAC

+ F = 0: -A + 500 = 0 x x Ax = 500 N + MA = 0: Cy(2) - 500(2) = 0 Cy = 500 N + 500 N Fy = 0: Ay + Cy = 0 Ay = -500 N + F = 0: x

Ay = 500 N

-500 + FAC = 0 FAC = 500 N (T)

11

 Conclusion
FBC = 707.11 N (C) FBA = 500 N (T) FAC = 500 N (T)

500 N B

707 N B 707 N

500 N

500 N A

500 N C

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The Method of Sections

B a C D

Dy Dx 2m

A 100 N 2m

a 2m

F 2m

Ex

FBC

FGC A 100 N 2m
45o

FGF

13

Example 6.2 Determine the force in member BC, CG and GF of the truss shown in the
figure below. B C D 2m A 100 N 2m G 2m F 2m E

Guide : Assuming that truss ABDE can be treated as a rigid body.Draw FBD of truss, there are 3 unknown, 2 at pin D and one at roller E. Use method of section through member BC, CG and GF consider the left hand side, take MG = 0, Fx = 0 and Fy = 0.

14

 Define the state of the problem

B C D

A 100 N 2m

G 2m

F 2m

Assuming that truss ABDE can be treated as a rigid body. 2 m Draw FBD of truss, there are 3 unknown, 2 at pin D and one at roller E.

Construct physical model

B a C Dy D Dx 2m A 100 N 2m G a 2m F 2m E Ex A 100 N 2m
45o

FBC

FGC G FGF

15

FBC

Conclusion
100 N B C 100 N 141 N

FGC A 100 N 2m
45o

FGF C

Construct mathematical model and solve equations

+ MG = 0: 100(2) - FBC(2) = 0 FBC = 100 N (T) + Fy = 0: -100 + FGCsin45o = 0 FGC = 141.42 N (T)

G 141 N 200 N 200 N

+ MC = 0: 100(4) - FGF(2) = 0 FGF = 200 N (C)

16

Example 6.3
Identify zero-force members Determine member force CD, ID, and IH 5@3m = 15 m 1 kN K 5m A B 2 kN J I H D 2 kN E G F

C 2 kN

17

SOLUTION 7.6 kN K 0 5m A 7.6 kN Use method of joint Joint F y FFG

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN J I H D 2 kN E G
0 0

B 2 kN

C 2 kN

7 kN

+ x

F y = 0:

FFE sin = 0

FFE = 0 + F = 0: x FFG = 0

FFE

FFE cos

18

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K 0 5m A 7.6 kN 7 kN Joint E + F = 0: x FEG

H D 2 kN
0

G E
0

B 2 kN

C 2 kN

-FED = 0
FEG cos = 0

F y = 0:

FED

FEG = 0

19

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K 0 5m A 7.6 kN 7 kN Joint G y 1 kN FHG FDG

33.69o

G
0

B 2 kN

C 2 kN

D 2 kN

F
2 = tan 1 ( ) = 33.69 o 3

F y = 0:

FDG sin 33.69 o 1 = 0

FDG = 1.803 kN (C) + F = 0: x

FHG + 1.803 cos 33.69 = 0

FHG = 1.5 kN (T) 0

20

5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K 0 5m A 7.6 kN 7 kN Joint H + y FHI H 1.5 kN F y = 0: FHD = 0 B 2 kN C 2 kN J I H

0

G E F

D 2 kN

+ F = 0: x

FHI + 1.5 = 0

FHI = 1.5 kN (T) FHD

21

Use method of sections

3m 33.69o H

3m

3m G E F 18.44o

1 kN

FHI I FDI

FDC + MD = 0:

D 2 kN

FHI (2) 1(3) = 0

FHI = 1.5 kN (T) + MF = 0:

FDI sin 33.69(9) + 1(3) + 2(6) = 0

FDI = 3 kN (T) + MI = 0:
FDC sin 18.44(9) 1(6) 2(3) = 0

Check : +

F y = 0:

FDC = -4.25 kN (C) 3 -4.25 FDI sin 33.69 FDC sin 18.44 2 1 = 0

O.K.

22

Example 6.4
Determine the force in members GF and GD of the truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. G H A B C 8 kN 3m 3m D 2 kN 3m Ey = 7 kN F E 3m 4.5 m

Ax = 0

Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 3m

23

SOLUTION H A B C

a F E a D 2 kN 3m 3m Ey = 7 kN 3m 4.5 m

Ax = 0

Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 3m Section a-a FFG FDG FDC

56.3o 26.6o

8 kN 3m

F
26.6o

+ MD = 0: FFGsin26.6o(3.6) + 7(3) = 0, FFG = -17.83 kN (C) + MO = 0: - 7(3) + 2(6) + FDGsin56.3o(6) = 0, FDG = 1.80 kN (C)

D 2 kN

E 3m 3m

Ey = 7 kN

24

6.7 Analysis of a Frame

D E C B W G A D T C B Ax A Ay W E F Ax A Ay B FBE T C B F D Cy Cx FEB Cx C Cy

E FBE W E FEB

25

Cy C P Q P Cx C

Cy Cx C Q

Ax A Ay P C Q B By

Bx

A Ay

Ax

B By

Bx

26

Example 6.5 In the frame shown, members ACE and BCD are connected by a pin at C and by the link DE. For the loading shown, determine the force in link DE and the components of the force exerted at C on member BCD.

A 160 mm B 60 mm 80 mm E 60 mm 100 mm 150 mm C 480 N D

27

 Define the state of the problem

A 160 mm B 60 mm 80 mm E 60 mm 100 mm 150 mm C 480 N D

Assuming that Frame can be treated as a rigid body. The external reactions involve only three unknowns, compute the reactions by considering the free-body diagram of the entire frame.

28

 Construct physical model (FBD)

Ax 160 mm B 60 mm 80 mm E B Ay A 80 B = tan 1 ( ) = 28.07 o 150 60 mm 480 N C Ax 220 mm Ay A B Cx 80 mm FDE 100 mm Cy C E FDE = 28.07o D B Cy 480 N

= 28.07o D

Cx

FDE

60 mm 100 mm 150 mm

60 mm 100 mm 150 mm FDE

D E

29

 Construct mathematical model and solve equations

Ax 160 mm B 60 mm 80 mm E B Ay A 80 = tan 1 ( ) = 28.07 o 150 480 N C D 480 N 300 N 160 mm 300 N B 60 mm 80 mm E 60 mm 100 mm 150 mm C A 480 N D

60 mm 100 mm 150 mm + Fy = 0: Ay - 480 = 0 Ay = 480 N,

+ MA = 0: -480(100) + B(160) = 0 B = 300 N 300 N + F = 0: B + A = 0 x x Ax = -300 N Ax = 300 N

30

Member BCD
300 N B 60 mm C Cx FDE Cy 480 N = 28.07o D 480 N B 216 N = 28.07o 300 N 60 mm C 795 N 561 N D

60 mm 100 mm 150 mm + MC = 0: FDE sin 28.07o(250) - 480(100) - 300(60) = 0 FDE = 561 N (C) 561 N + F = 0: 300 + C + F cos 28.07o = 0 x x DE Cx = -795 N Cx = 795 N + 561 N Fy = 0: Cy - 480 + FDE sin 28.07o = 0 Cy = 216 N

60 mm 100 mm 150 mm

31

Member BCD

Member ACE (Check)

300 N 480 N A

480 N B 216 N = 28.07o 300 N 60 mm C 795 N 561 N D

220 mm

B 795 N 216 N C E 561 N = 28.07o

80 mm

60 mm 100 mm 150 mm

100 mm + ME = 0: 216(100) - 795(80) + 300(300) - 480(100) = 0

OK.

32

480 N

Conclusion
480 N B 216 N = 28.07o 300 N D 60 mm C 795 N 561 N 160 mm

300 N

A 480 N C D

B 60 mm 80 mm

60 mm 100 mm 150 mm 300 N 480 N A E 216 N C E 561 N = 28.07o 561 N 561 N

E 60 mm 100 mm 150 mm D

220 mm

B 795 N

80 mm

100 mm

33

Example 6.5
A 600 N horizontal force applied to pin. A of the frame shown. Determine the force acting on the two vertical members of the frame. 600 N A B D C E 6m F 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m

Guide : Assuming that the frame can be treated as a rigid body. The entire frame is chosen as a free body. Ey and Fy may be determine by using ME = 0 and Fy = 0. AB and CD are two-force members, consider member ACE ME = 0, and member ACE ME = 0. Solve for FAB and FAB find FCD.

34

 Define the state of the problem

600 N A B D C E 6m F 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m

Assuming that Frame can be treated as a rigid body. Draw FBD of entire frame and each members in next step.

35

 Construct physical model (FBD)

600 N A B D C E Ey Ex 6m F Fy Fx 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m (1) 600 N A 22.62o FAB 7.5 m C 2.5 m E Ey C FCD (2) FAB 22.62o (1): + MB = 0: (2): + MF = 0: Solve for FAB & FCD FCD 22.62o Ex 22.62o FCD F Fy Fx B D 2.5 m 5m D FCD FAB A B FAB

6m

36

 Conclusion
600 N A B D C E Ey = 1000 N F Ex=1080 N 6m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m Fx= 480 N C D FCD = 1560 N FAB = 1040 N A B FAB = 1040 N

FCD = 1560 N Fy = 1000 N 600 N A 22.62o FAB = 1040 N FAB = 1040 N B 22.62o 7.5 m C 2.5 m E FCD = 1560 N 22.62o Ex=1080 N 6m 22.62o D 2.5 m 5m Fx= 480 N

FCD = 1560 N F Fy = 1000 N

Ey = 1000 N

37

6.8 Machines
P A Q P a A -P a b Q Ax Ay P A Q Ax A -P Q P Q Ay b Q

38

39

Free-Body Diagrams
H FHI Fy C D Dy Dy Dx W G W D A FBA FBC B FBA FBE FBC F Fx E FBE FHI Dx

40

Example 6.6
Two hydraulic cylinders control the position of the robotic arm ABC. Knowing that in the position shown the cylinders are parallel, determine the force exerted by each cylinder and determine all reactions. 300 mm 150 mm A 400 mm E F G B D 600 mm 160 N C 800 N

150 mm 200 mm

Guide : Assuming that machine can be treated as a rigid body. Member AE and DG are two forces system. Consider the robotic arm ABC, there are 160kN and 800 N at C; and the 3 unknowns are FAE, Bx and By. Use equilibrium equation MB = 0 to get FAE, and Fx = 0 to get Bx and Fy = 0 to get By. Consider hydraulic BDF, there are 2 known Bx and By and 3 unknowns Fx, Fy and FDG. Use equilibrium equation MF = 0 to get FDG, Fx = 0 to get Fx and Fy = 0 to get Fy.

41

 Define problem
300 mm 150 mm A 400 mm E F G B D 600 mm 160 N C 800 N

150 mm 200 mm

Assuming that machine can be treated as a rigid body. Member AE and DG are two forces system. Consider the robotic arm ABC, there are 160kN and 800 N at end C and there 3 unknowns are FAE, Bx and By. Consider hydraulic BDF, there 2 known Bx and By and there are 3 unknowns Fx, Fy and FDG.

42

 Construct physical model (FBD)

300 mm 150 mm A 400 mm E E F Fy Fx G G B D
1

600 mm

160 N C 800 N 160 N C 800 N

150 mm 400 tan ( ) = 53.13o 300 A B FAE By 300 mm By B 400 mm Fx Fy F

600 mm Bx

150 mm 200 mm

Bx 36.87o D FDG

200 cos 36.87o = 160 mm

43

 Construct mathematical model and solves equations

150 mm A
53.13o

600 mm Bx

160 N C 800 N 400 mm Fx Fy

300 mm By = 800 N B Bx = 560 N D F FDG

36.87o

B By

FAE

160 mm

+ MB = 0: FAE sin 53.13o(150) - 160(600) = 0 FAE = 800 N (T) + F = 0: x - 800 cos 53.13o + Bx - 80 = 0 Bx = 560 N, + Fy = 0: - 800 sin 53.13o + By - 160 = 0 By = 800 N,

+ MF = 0: FDG(160) + 560(400) - 80(300) = 0 FDG = 100 N (C) + F = 0: x Fx + 100 sin 36.87o -560 = 0 Fx = 500 N + Fy = 0: Fy + 100 cos 36.87o - 800 = 0 Fy = 720 N

44

 Conclusion
150 mm A
53.13o

600 mm

160 N C 800 N 400 mm

300 mm By = 800 N B Bx = 560 N D F FDG = 100 N

Bx = 560 N By = 800 N

FAE = 800 N

Fx= 500 N

Fy= 720 N 300 mm 150 mm A 400 mm E E = 800 N F 500 N 720 N G B D 600 mm 160 N C 800 N

G = 100 N

45