U gX\ D - U lX{q!

H~M mkSLXM

cL F
mk XG }nq 2002: S[}q B....: gX\-D mkmkF ]M
}cl} LIkV} Do} Bq AX ]} Kmk k[ D mkF
D; mkl s U MFo mk spq K}]o chSkD odh{
Irpq'} KF[ AkDM D; KF]po X| } MSq D} mk
{}II |I}' }'MkX [D]o K[Sp} {Vq } mkXB D
; }\o} mkMs ]mk chXl F&

. K}]o }}e} \k}} }mk AX [{ sD cl} LIkV} aVq

mkk {} D ]DsD: pI XkDM MF (centralized)
} M] qkX V M{&
. { }MMlF mkki Dq K}]o oH} D[ mk| a
AX { oKLs: ]eq Bk M soD}: }| U }M]Hmk}
}Mqmkl} ooDK D['} M soSn} MII Amko AX M
s]mk}&
. }lX mk D cl} LIkV} FMp} Klo} }po} q
M {kS}: mksHq aVq MBEM} } }lX mkKD iK mk clg
Bq AX \o sMD M{ mkF;
mkHT U gX\-D mk D clg Epq AX {o s[XG ({
) }: {o VBg Bk sK]S (N~D | B) LkF: cl
AX }MIg} }MMlF} oH} ogAA (integrated) Kmk mkD|
sD;
mkF lABE: mk HD 11 | |{q Kpq { M | clg
MlD mk aX ]D ich|: mk K'} [XI ]D sF: o kD
LV AX cF D}o|g MlD qmkX: MF clg } AF:
rq mkK mkq: Amko mkK U: o S Amkq} rq} mkK
mk oED KEpq F} mk KE ImkSo-[mk KdhVI}: K}]o
M] ]~ {q} ]{q} Fq LIkV} cl} aVq} o}
KA{q XnM mkD| sD;
]Ds mkK[Sq U gX\-D mkS LY-~L: mk XqV }p}:
]DM}p}: mkK} rq MX}: o Xq mk M}p M F}
M KdhVI} sLD} ]~} K}]o ; B.... ; Ss}q
;

(K}]o: B....: Ss}q M oED Eq D'

o} }o{: o } } Ms | ]E[ H { [D]o
{ lBUrM; ]Ds K}]o } B.... lAF D
Ss}q LDq ;)
|mko e} MD]; }p rq} Amkq} U: o S mkK
KdhVI mkED mk [{D {q: o ]k K mk KE AX
Xmk Fkq K} k| ]VI Kmk ; mk qIo D ]F}
K}]o {mkX Fc s K}]o Mn; ]Ds K}]o |
DM mk qIo Xk spo Amk ]VI ]VH ; mkMs
lmk o[X oKk [VHopq {o ogBnM ]VI o
F: NM NM ]VI | MiX K[F mkDM}; LNM {o
mkED K | ]VI q MM ; mk Ms {pq: mk N}
o ]VI} o [VIo} X M| M mk N} H pV pAX}
HDi} '} mk N} [Vgq} sq} sD M| }; }KE
ImkSo-[mk pAVg lmk M]V} MMmk} }KE Bk }lX{q
MV ; ]Ds U gX\-D lX{q ; U lX{q ;
okXo U lX{q
mkK[Sq KD Ss}q B.... }U lX{q somkX Bk XqV ;
Bk mk [D]o Mlq oD D; }\rM &
@.

mk a AX sD Bk:

D.

mk {mkX Bk:

G.

[Vgq;

@- mk a AX sD Bk
mkL\g KD c} V Fkq mk H ImkSo-[mk mk 18 \mk 40
Kq LM M; mk AX| mk D's K's Xk spq
mk [Vgq M sD; o Hc Ms ]D{ : mk D pq [mk
NqM }KX E } mk cmkU W\ ]M Fkq ]~M M
K | M]X ;
rM mk oUM sD S}} qIo K} <mkchkD> osM
k] mks ooDK sD U mk]M Lrq M T kX F
; }p M N X? mkKKX mk V K D}: mkch}
mki]k} ]VI ]VI mk K[k \X M : oNY|} oNY
Fq kqo (Dokz]q) ]Xpq eL I mkpU K]YM M; mk
oNY| aDq SMpg Lrq oLAY B M]X ;
]Ds }Y}g AF }os{: mk Vq XqV Fkq ]D
sD U lX{q L{q BF {};

mk oL {mkX Bk'} mks Kmk o F }; Mo mk

Kmk KX IX` mkF \o {kS; mk HD Kpq mkok^
K}]o KX IX` lAF Kmk ok[ {T; mkl ]{q o
Kmk mkL{]qU IX` i} oL KDpq ]D {kS: Bk
mk {q }EF oo] {o Kmk H} D ochkF; mk mkU
M] S |: o Kmk Fdg ok^ i: Fdg |{q | Fc
HS]p mk Mq so (o HS]p Vo }[ F {q D sX
se): BXq} A} HS]p sD M{ M] o}sk {o Kmk
}i; Bk o]{o ]Ds mk MX| MBXo M } LT;
rp{q }fFchD;
{s aX }MpI olAD F lo Kmk ; s DM
[VIopq K}]o} oLAY} (}E qIo K) k] mk M
gT oT; D mkrM mks Lrpg ]VI ogT [lq: a} |
M Dq {mkYM {p L } mk]D XL sF M
{YM; ]} ]VI sMF} olDjM { HE K sn
F | MBXo MmkF` {T; MsM} Fq ochL oL k]
mko Kmk M q kX F }; {o ImkSo-[mk }Mch\F
}os{ rp{q Xn F MI\mk }{q XqV sME ;
Fq mks Kmk q oHM sD mk [} MD[ sD }[Xopq
Kpq mk K]Vq ]opq {mkT {kT M; Kmk MME]
]opq F} mkK|o} eL qao Kq kX mk {kS:
I mk XqV Fkq M] o}cch: Kop }MXmk olAD
mkomkomk sD Kmk ; }o{ | s } }U lX{q q
mkY K]F} D; mkchM{q KmkIq mk ]q oKE\ mk qIo
D V K Xmk } F} ; M}o K\oM <]Xq
\g> DM }[} }AK }D mk V K sD ]opq mk
[} oKD^M <] H> q sK]F ; M } M oMD^M
sD F] qS ]o L mkk soDDM: mk K}]o M{q
IYM K}]o s Kmk omkT M F MI\mk {pg
{}; ]Ds mkoKD]o ]opq X| a-lX mk DMDM }eV |
F mk [L|Vq MX }KE Bk XqV mkH`: {rM oKD]o
mkE }MqEF ;
mkdhED mk X iK qIo K} X}}: mk oL {mkX
Bk: oKD]o k] mk U lX{q ]X F }o{ V{q
BFM F Ml | {mk[ Mqa` V };
D- mk {mkX Bk

mk o[ {mkX Bk XqV [V }Mgq mk oED pUg

KSq s kXr T ; mks mkM]M] | mk M]IHmk: M]
q oD | BFcq }: }} }smk V AnM s{
mk l} oHUM } D Gq {}; I Bk mk U
lX{q }\o Ss}q B.... Kgp T D; mk |mk

oKD[ M] K\o lE} V} oT K} X oD mk

iK K}[ sD K]D{}; }smk mkM} X[LD mk AX
mkMX} }M]p } mksI [mk Fq} Dq} sD K]F}; M
]k M}pq c[ F&
1. o mkK} IV q F {kS Bk | } | T} {
mk HD Xlo Kpq ]D D: mk K{lmkX clg MMlF ]
kD D; rM eL I sD {kT I }slg M mkT
D M F Kq F {};
2. mk \F\ VX mksI Bk mk K}lmkX} } oLkD ko ;
mk ]q {mkT oDo |s mk oB} {} lkpq ]XM}
LM} MI XqVg lBD ]D M ]MmkVq o mk ]XM
U sD clg LB[o mk ]q D } }HM};
3. [Xopq aHq K}[q mk XqV ANM mk AVq Ud}
]} osXM D; {sM |mkM sD L mk LX}: Y}
AVq LE MmkVi} {mkT sD ko-[nM} LM} M; s
Ha} Bk sok} | ]q oX } o\ X mk clg
K{lmkY |o Bk { D;
4. mk AX X[LDM }o sT'} k }T; s'} }
K]F}; M}o }[mk oa F }: X[LF } mkchDD
pDF} ; X[LF }Vq lBXq D; mk [EM} qG} oI} sDg AX {mkX} S} D; X[LF mkD}: BVg ; mk
I kS sDg AX }} }{mkX }kI'} } ; | K}]o
o ~M EF} pIq} mkD} S sE} D: KlIqM mks
sK} XV M] B.... oM D SmkH }oSk {mk^M} BnM}
_ M; ]Ds Amko s{] [o M;
mksI [mk mk AT mkE L mk ]KV [XI qM{ ; mksHq
} KWq sM M; o ]Mo A} M}lT mksHq ]o
DMD D; M}o B.... KWq Bk K}s mkEX _ D {o
|{ KWq Bk An I\ D}; mko\'} oE } mk XqV
{mkX mk]{q }o_S }D }[mk EX V KWq MBmk lI }C
Ks MsD mksI [mk }]oDD ]DsD ;
5. mkk } mk {mkX Bk mk U lX{q \oD sF
M}q: [mk} NV[} olVq K}]o B.... mk LFo
|mk LFo }kX@ ]DsD ; ]Ds K}]o sk^ Kmk mkI
o[L{o} ochlF{q} BF F MI\mk F {};
]Ds MmkX o BF g }{q {s mk D oF ]DK]F mk
{mkX Bk mk U lX{q [p Tq };

U gX\ D - U lX{q!

H~M mkSLXM

F F
cL F }MMlmk mks ch

G- [Vgq
mk D mk <@>} <D>} M oF: mk U lX{q mk a } mk
{mkX Bk XqV o\q Tq} Mo }Y}g AF }V
BSKD sD} } MsF X| {X|; o \F\ olU F
mkK[Sq KD Ss}q B.... [Vgq ; ]M o U M ImkY
[Vgq mk Fo oD X l; }\rM oE} lEq AVg
FDq} M; }p M K]D mkXB q} ;
1. oE&
mks g}s sD {pq | oE} kXr mks oH[k sD U}
}MX cTmk }IUq MF] D <mk e~] mkF> pU q};
D oE mkH` mk [V }kX D | Aq K]go D AT
mk Ko { }M ; EL oE B..H.} s {T; H
[mk mk B.. o[DD Dq D oLD K }mkSq (MX }o{T
} | dF} cDko oS) BX; ]T } }kX DM
mkoHo S }mkX D K[Sp} | K{lmkY Dlq ko mk
LFD; LDq D }K{lmkY H oE sD K[Spg {Vq (D
s LE }os{) mk LE Ks} |mk D} Apq F}
KdhVI}; HX mkqMr sM S mkKmkIqM HDo oG[
MkX o K{lmkY }HD Kpq LX{pg {T; M] L K{lmkY
| M HDo} {mk[ qq} {mk[ Mdmk} lAF oXpq K;
oE B.. }X E M V {kS} LK; M] E M
E chqD qeqD kX MM o chDD ; o
kXo oFo mk {}IIM mkX {kT cD ME] ;
Xlg dF[ olAD g; Xlg dF[ }M Do
{ oH\]lpq} llq}: LEpq} (qF }MlX: { {q lmk
ocM): mk H MF F K; o E EDg F lAF;
M] E mk kX M: oE mk K|o: DE: Kmk M
\o ; Xr } Bmk ; mk EDg F F lmk Xlg
dF[ } qHoD Xr qBkD F} ; mkX o{ oE
mkS-[Vg lq []; I EDg F ; V} EDg

F ; ]D { }B| [] mks] EDg F D D D

}o L{ Ao } I F; ioF ; ]Ds mko kmk |
[V ImkSo[mk H Ha [mk oT; EDg F kD} H[kD}
M: | X[ H\mk F K[F smkD; oE B.. olAD
g;
mk H | sD ImkSo[mk K[F} k} Fo q | H eX_
M; o H mko H }o mk ImkSo[mk MMlF X;
mk}X I }cch} }} oHI FM; mk B.. | p eX_
mkFo p k V oGg; Xlg dF[ k V ]D
D; s {pqs {s sD| ]Xq T; o ]Xq Ms
{q {pq TF| sD;
oE {o mk s EL mk KMp }MmkI H}o MX
{Vr; D K[Eo [g mk kmk {pq MF; Mo mk ED kF
M}o qM{D EL qIo KWq M]X mkX} Sq} ; }oE
Blg }lX HEF ; o kXq K]go }D M sD:
}S M sS: } H[mk M sqH]mk }{mk] Mi; mk FD
KWq D DM Fdg K[Eq M]g ; ]Ds s I D
sD oE K[Eo ]g : {{q M; }[} ] ;
mkX} N]} }: ]D mk;
IU {{q o mk K}]o {; M| o mk} o oE}
Mo | eL {{q cD; s M| M] {{q Y {pq \{
D}; M}o oE mk kmk | [V ImkSo[mk mk I
ImkSo[mk oHg[; ]D { }kX K{lmkkY F; s }mkX
o M|pq mkHa lmk gchX Dk; mk [V M}o {{q AX
D [gM {kS Fdg K[Eo MD]D Dk;
mks KSs ]F} |o mk mk KD McX | g| H ]D
{kS: g| H o M| Mo | eL {{q }} KU; oE
IU {{q I] {kS} V s{] mk eFE } q; oE
K{ olAD mk g| H KDpq Hs; X SL mk
K} oE} EDg F} o[o; o SL mk M} K[Eo
MD]D D oE} K[Eq { ]Xo MMIX} ]D { pI
MkX Si} F {}; o pI {o mk [V {kS ]Xq
mkFdg {{q se ]Xq Mq V } mk {T; s ]D
somkS D oE }E EDq HDo mk ILp} MMM}
}X ]Xq g| H qM; mksHq Lpq | oFo oEDM:
mk| Kpq | Ddh FM {kY ]Xq oXch^M oUM; o
K[Spg : K[F | MBE} sMBE} ]D { o SL
cD; | I sD cFE } [T} K[So} s;
| oE Dlq} HF} mk cX g| H M}lT X ]D
{kS }oE mkq~ [{; M] mkmkF ]M mk iEE mkG
oE ]pq 52%: mk iEE mkG c }]q ]pq 87% mko
mk} K}]o} M { oT;

o Ha K}]o }D oE ]XJ M sF mkTB ]D {kS:

mkK|q} kmkKS}: M] oFo kX M l | D oE
KSp {T; Mo mk D oi[ D oE lF [Vgq ]D {:
mko g}o L{]oX MFF {kS Y] [DN}: }{gI g} Ko}:
o\ mkmkU {D}: mk K Ao I K{lmkY M]XoD}:
K|o M mkX {T; o K|o X mk KMMq
kG ]D {kS: mk KFo AVq} qEq} mksI } Kmkpq}
SkD {T; s Kmk s }oE M HD sIF MkX sM
Ms{ g| H ]D o}sk : oE mko{D | X[ Kmk
}: okX}; Y] [DN} odhN iUk; k N kI;
mko g}o: AD F}] (T) L{]oX |}]} clg MqI}
]D {kS: Kmk M] MFr mkM}lT: mksHq AVq} qEq} sVUk}
Kmkpq q|D ]D {kV: o A}kpg \{ | g| H [}k;
MT} odhN} }| KgF X} KFo}: K\XIo}: HE} {
g| H }oiSk} o{; }[ } mk kJ {kS}; Kmk
M] _o ch; ] H chE mkrM koq mk a o ImkSo[mk
{; o aX } mko} c }]o {T; D} }M| }AVq
Vmk MUG}: M] | LE sK} L\[F E{q M}; Iq
} mk sIX ]VI ogS} lAF; o oS }p HV oSo
chF;

\F\ F
F F }MMlmk mks ch
cL F }MMlmk mks ch

mk F F G& mkl oE mkH`: mkE L Kmk M]

K K]F M {kS mkXB o{ {S; I L mkl so[
oE cTmk Smk;
o oS oE: D lF [Vgq } MkX: mk [Vgq} mk
[kzEg FDq M Mmk oT; rM o[ mk ILi
K{lmkY ]D ch: mksHq mkrM so[ mkrM kJM [
LYM; | odhN K}] } mk K} F LT; mk{: mk
[Vgq } mk [kzEg FDq oKmk oE N oTD;
]VH | D oE K}]o {;
[Vgq& HX lEq AVg FDq o[ MkX: mkoFo jK
HD {T; o [kzEg FDq } mkoFq} [kzF spq}
oH| ; X mkMD | HE{q npqq mkoFo M lHq
oT; KMs{ }S HE{q: mkiq mks]: }oE mk FD [kzF
schM ; o chL {k: mk N} mkH}\mk [XI oE}: [kzF}:
| EF} pIq} ]Lq S olX {T; mk [kzEg FDq

}LS ]VI LS N D}; oE SmkG N D; ]D oD;

M k FDq oE mkF K M H] oT }LS ]VI
LS N kX {X; s olX s: {o oE} lX} mkF: }G
lBUg FF I;
oE mk| chS L} Mso HD oTD; s F a}
M] [XG [kzF Sk: rM \mk qLD mkLS NM {kT
o[ oFo } o{M ; s olX s}: {o mk N}
oE} [kzF [VIo} {kS }MG Hs; o
F mk MF o | K}]o ; mk oLpq| k aX |
K}kU o D; o pE: cM{q }HDo Bmk } MkX:
mk [kzF [VIopq oFo o | K}]o }Sk F
DM; <M K{> oFo N: L [YM qM: K} }
mkDM mkDM};
]Ds mkD Kc{pq mk [kzEg FDq [XI sD oE: mko
K\XIo [kzF mksI HDpq D; s HDpq }D oE mkFF
gAn LDq } {}; o KMs{ S HE{q {: mk N} EDg
HE} pIog} sD | HDpq FF I ; }mk{q mk
SoX {VF }ED mkU sD: mk FD NM mkiDD gAnM
o\ qgq DM; mksHq { MkX: ks HD s [
} o\{};
mk [Vgq sD oFo: Apq [Vgq mkmkG lEq AVg FDq
sikk} ]DsDg: mkS HE{q M o[UM sD; mkK[Sq LXM
N DM;
pIoq HDo [Vgq: D aX} sq} mko K`X | AM& mk
kS ]D {mkT HM } }o \Io |mk ]XM ]D smkG} ]D
[}: krM AVg FDq IK M; }o{ }: M]rM AVg
FDq mk : mk T[} Hg k[ }^M M; mk ]V krM
oFM }{gI g} }G} M] |jrM ]} }^M M; ]V
krM mk]{q K}kU lo o_YM: Kog ]~MDM: mk iD kq
{mkT }^M M; opq sD aapg pAVg ]{ MlX: }pIoq
HDo mks MM qq EDq HDo F F ]D sBmk:
o F Mo { KF qq | EDq HDo M;
mkoSKS EDq HDo: mkHDpq kT MsDM mkKmk ]VHD
}: }kX Bq | H pAX DM lAF F};
EDq HDo }: mkpU } o[L sF: |mk mk} k
HDpq DM; DM KWq HX[} [mk V}} }^M M; AmkoK
{ }^M M; oKXq K| }M ; KS} K}[q
FFM; mk[Xopq aHq F; <{VF D qLD ]V aI
okD> M }kX DDD; o E }mkGo M_q o MX; M
q Aq iF; }rM mk pAVg Xp | E Xp M}lmk
KX} E}; oDM }mkl lBXg ; SXM L X N
; XY; }] | mkH] X kD X; SY} oDN
okT;

s D HDpq kSDM sD: [Vgq KUJM }E [MmkT s{:

k }] ag odhN M] EF: }MEi: Msq }{ ; eL
I DM NN M; mk mkF_| \mk K}k]k]qM ]D HD}:
{o AVg FDq mks {: iX} HFq} ]DsX} L M]
[VgrM sDM M| L | L} sq} Bq ; sM M
FD I ]F} ogAmkM D kq X KXG; sM M mk
mkFa| { {q AX }MX [XG; mkAq sD mksI X
lAF sVXl He{q D; s }}X mk K]go mkoMX MD|;
}o{ |: oE (EDg HE } pIog) mk [Vgq AD mk
[kzEg FDq: s mkSpq ED HDpq AF: K[F }
mkD}; oE K[Spg clg {{q o} X ; M ]k
M}pq }KFq&
1.

DM oFo mk qIo K}]o ojU~M [XG mksoI I

q M; FkrM }: FrM }K]o V M _
D; {s {pq mk sX oE [X; { } [mk
HoD } kchD F} ; mk Ms sK[D {pq }MBM
M L aHq K}[q oFo: o[E}: KE} AX
VIUJM mk ]q }Voo sD; mk AS LU V FD H
aI: X DM K}[q oFo: osXM Xk;

2.

]VG K}]o: }{ } oE ]F F; H No
K}]o }Bk ]DsFD }smk Bk mkKF KA gAn; ]Xq
B } DM }D N F; s olX s dF }dhD
]Xc ; ]Xc mkI si k} ; ]F }{mkX F LV
]D smkD }smk ]Xc kF ; }qG} {{q} NV[} D
odhD[ [mk mk Ms {gU {pq i KXM ; q[XI
}F oXL MF } mk FD KWq D Nq ;

3.

]VG mk D chi }{ oE mk ]VI lXY F; mk

]VI olSS oE o[ lAF; KlSU M}q DD}:
U } [M mkD};

4.

{ } oE mkFo ]VI
}Ks} [kzF gAmk K[F }
D{ q K[F D; HM
|{q mkD}; F Dq} N}
ITLq M;

5.

{q kFo kq k }] HE{q sD oE: }g }q

o cE}; o mk ]L M}q: mkFa| (corruption)
}MFF ; s } M }H ^ HKK [mk mk } [ ^
qBn [ S]{ Amk oI Mp} ; E mkFa| D}
I} [VXH ; ppr Momk; KFD M}q |o}

K}]o
mkD}; }mk{q
oE } s
sDM oFq

F} V s{
H [kzF HM |o
K[Spg clg
} mkoK\\D

}]o } mkF_| MegM s{: p FLgq clg A (]Vkq)

clg |{q AFg mk cX K}]o Kp} q ;
6.

{ } oE Do: N: Fo} mkio} mks] mk

K}]o Kn ]VI V D; mksHq [lq mk
sKM}: mk sDrM}: mk ski } Mk; ]XJM
{o iKD np ]D ]~ }: k| X| | XqV {mkT
K}]o ]{DM; oVSk MA] K[F ;

]Ds oE mk qIo B[q K[Spg clg |{o {mkX sD; mk

qIo H ]VG ojU{ clg |{o oB[ [mk ]VG sq
olVq mkX L ; ]VG sq sSl } Smk L ;
]VG sq G I L ; ]VG sq l mkX
L ; soS; {mkX ]DsD ]VG [XJ HX }[ {
_Y;
]Ds oE mkG } mksSl Xo F: ok mkl
q} K[Eo mkosggU K} oK}sM M; ]Ds lX ; lX |
H [mk ; lX | Ss}q ; s | lX{q ]Xq: Ss}q
B.... { D {rM eL I mkKF Xlg dF[ o] K[Eq
oE |mk g}M }MD[ sopo}: oE mk qIo M
MISo} McT} }o mkKmk [UID ; MD } MkX
D } oMD ;
mk K} K[F o{} K[F {} SL BD lBUg ; mksHq
[lq s mkEDq HDo mk K}]o {kT lEq lr (I mk kq
L[Xq} ]q} Xk) oED Ir NV[ M | ]F} cXc]} |
Fc[lq aX} YM X D M; Hc } {}; M E
Dq HDo HD {TM MkX M { mk qIoM {kS oE
K[F {kYM}; ]Ds egM sSDM K[Eq M clg |{q: |
S] |{q: LIkX | MchM |{q: | M}e]dh] |{q: | IF|}
M{q} |{q Fk }D mk lX{q |o lDM mk MB| oV
{kYM ]Xq | ]DD ; o | [V kmk mk}kX
Fdg |{q e iX MEnM}: mkM]D{q {mk^M p
`aM K}]o mklSDM HDpq }sFDM sMiDM M]} olX
K]D{;
K[F smkD [mk D s I[X }: M EDq HDo lDq Dog
kq Iq { L{]oVq S [L|} X|}; mk oED KSq
\] siXnM} s]YM} kmkiX {YM} D}; mks cSl Kpq
H mkrM \] A A mkDM: MHU l a lX ; H g}
| mk qIo sD HDo l T }KS D: }DM L{]qVq
mkM}`: <mk ]KV sE L{]oX E H\gq ; mkI D
K] Ms D D mkI F > D lAF; \] S D
(}D HDo [YM K[SrM ch[ XM) {mk] qGq} pDF}:
<LDa> FL F ID ; K] Ms D S D }
| lBUq |o ]Xq KD ]D {: cTmk M sD L{]oX |mk

10

K] oS mkU [mk emk}: }kX}: I} ]Xq BF| D

mkF }D ekF K]D{;
| D oE Dmk }kX {o mk [V oS} IU |{q |mk
KD ImkSo[mk DHK} Fdg {{q se ]Xq mkFdg {{q
se ]Xq Mq ; ]D { mk K]SM 2000 .M. omkS |
Kp Ig l AVg lr mks Fo mk mkA (\M) K lEq
LE lr dk {kYM: rM oS mkMFM egM qkX: mkG
[Fpq Hj ]Xq qF o[LLM: I MX} I [Fpq}
{ Lopq Kss;
]Ds o Dmk | oE mkK M 15 olADM lEq lr
oF; mk poVg ]Xq |mk NV[g ]Xq }M]X {T;
o Dmk {o ]Xq }M} s{ {pg D }MM ; o Dmk
mkH [mk oko sD ]F} |mk Bk }M]X ; o Dmk mk H
[Fg ]Xq: |mk mkG [Fg ]Xq }M]X ; o Dmk mk
K}]o fY ]Xo cl: KXJ ]Xo cl }M]X ; o
Dmk Ss}q FD I ]D {: I FD Ss}q } ; M
Dlq srM mk| Sch s{: qG V {XM;
p pI oM kmk H}o D oE B.. M}; mkIg}
[ELg} NV[} K egM mk mkU M F MlX; s dF[
s Mo D D mkF |g s{: {pg D }MM ;
cDF dF[ {}; Y k]o k K]go D D; } : mk
L ML} II} gH \V sM LE olAD ]D
oKo ;
Mo mk D oi[ oE B.. mk qIo lX{q B.... M sD
]D F} M]o ]Xq mk SL ]D sD}: mk ]VI T
M D}; <K}]o lE q sE> mkF oV EF q[M D:
o mk K}]o mkHE{q oKss sD oE [XI D} LDq ;
mkHc } }{mkX mkED K qq M D MkX ok^ [
mkHFq MM D [XI D};
o g }{q mk N} B....} oE} sD M| Ms M{
mksEF }HkS }D: I }U lX{q omkX oE Ioq
D; oE B.. MX ; pU } F ; | ]pD}
<}]qUEg> Kmk mk ImkSq ^mkzq: | L so} <k E
}iLq> mk ph|: | F q <Kmk mk X oMAT> mk Mn:
| K}]o <| [V YVM> mk q: so mk Bmkpq o}
AVq }p }q} BFcq} M s]k kch F ;
mk XqV mk]M U gX\-D oK\\D BFcq} }q} M
oE e} ; mkqIr U gX\-D mk D}o|g U
cI mk (c mk @Dmk sKph) }Bk XqV FF mkD}; A}]o
| Fo Xpq V M oED Fc [lq; FoM | lX{q
U M; oE M LM} KS Fn lmk dF]} mks
}I] gM;

11

Vmk F
\F\ F }MMlmk mks ch
F F }MMlmk mks ch
cL F }MMlmk mks ch

mk \F\ F G: oE }U lX{q M sekD mkXB o{

{S; mk | DL G : AVg FDq mks oH[k sD U
o\p{rM }p M K]F}: o\p{rM mk cl}: LIkV} MlD
AX }p Dpg ]MmkVq M BF} mkXB q} ;
AVg FDq:

mkK[Sq g AVg FDq: Kmk AVg FDq: AT mk Eo

EF}: V} K}[ D }M]] ; s o EL {:
o c} H\mk} IKSq |o Kmk} }: oE M}o {{q AT
[gM {kS Fdg K[Eo {KF] }X Ss}q B.... mkX}
mk]X} lmk mk cD SL ]D o: mkEF Ss}q }
<oE K{ > ]D olBD: olBD V M: KlFo
oE H Ha D }MX ;
]D { : mk 1990-91 mkFrM |mk mkSpg dF[ o[D: mk
X[|q} KSXq} q mkHg oo~M mkirM sS}: mk olA |
qBX| K {kT}: mk | MFF iM| ]n F Dpg \
k} X {[: mkKF M] M lST oT; Kmk \g (] H)
oLT; KmkIqM mkM o[ oFo mkK K\o rM
}chL sX AVg FDq ok[ oDMo M {YM;
mkK[Sq g AVg Fq: olU F |o Kmk M{]qU MFF
; M}]qU MFF }: mk Kmk ] H: e}mk {kY};
I } mkD}; { } | K}[q } mkE{q kqIq
Ss}q ; ]D s:Kmk \g | \] ; | lD ;
mkIpg g{{}: | X[ ko-MXMX} (laboratory) ; o MXMX
D X [mk ; XqVg K}[ ; M { mkX ]E[
oT lAF [mk M] K[Eo oF {[ Ko{ ; \] }X
[mk} ImkSo[mk} mkM mk \g ko-MXMX o mkK}[q o{
(experiment) s;
q |s o{ s: mkoUX pAVg Kio {o K}[ AF ko
H }: | Bk XqV | dF[} K]gq} q} pU: M |
\] mkIpg g}{q X MAX ko F _{: M mkl Fdg
{{q sH]mk olBD V M: }\] M KDq sMF: Ynq
K[F [mk }MV DK ;

12

{s Kmk s somkT DMq} KLAV} } mkcp mkSs}q oKX

M; Ss}q } HKch}; <{o pDM }MqpF mk mk
kq Io q |mk \g kI> mkF oV EF mk L{]qVq
M]L FK ; Ss}q mk HD [Xo H | |{q Kpq
<mk kq qMBXo s oLAY olk: mk C]pF s
IKLq |{> olAD osUk F} ; M ph}]DX | {kzX[o
]KV } }qMBXrM oLAY KUch} Schq M]X Ak}
F} ; o mk oDMo oUX pAVg Kio mk|o
KMXI} MqpF} kX }: mk {[ MLX pDM}
KKSip} oSk }[L sIX |} aI}} mkl AVg FDq
mkX; mko KKU g|q } M] mk oDMo {kS oX AVg
iU oLT: _H KSpo mk D lEq AVg FDq <M
M K} D> mkDM LT {T;
FFo pDM M |mk [Vgq M Mk; mk [Vgq M] mk
qIo oUX pAVg [D} FFq} Mq} | EDq HDo
[Vgq { oUM; EL |mk \g KM: AX mk H mk qqD
oEF }MH}}: mk s [EM AX }MB|} :: {s e] EL
mko [} | FDq sM M } mkFF AVg { M
K}]q| ok^KD:: }o{ eL MmkX: mks ipg mk
DX ~M X} mk A ogT} | FMq } | B}
AX ]XHq }; <sM | FMq} | B}} ]XHq oM> D
Smk [mk }oF }Bk XqV pFF oc V ; | aHq
K}[q Fkq l{ oU; o AT }A} oA} {kS K}[
NVD lp sk;
AVg FDq sok oHI} }X o EL} { olVq
M] {M {o Kmk DN; Kmk \g M mk c KSch L Ml
{; o o{ _D; mkE c }]o ]IG}; lBXq p
mk mkSpg dF[ qMXo | }{q {q F }]oo mks}
FFo o}lSch}; KEME o} cNq} o} ISq} K
sVmk ]D {; ]D { : KKDch Sk lEq AVg FDq mk
AX ANM |mk ]q MMVI | KWq [EM D oV;
mk }nq 1998 .M. M] q olU; FFo FE{q
AX ]D ~M: }aapg oHI} ]}F} | oFK} oEF }
ogYM: o[gM FE{q AX cnM; }D D }Ik{D pU |
}{q U^M|;
Kmk AVg FDq mk1994 .M. oLT; qao Kq T D;
a oF fF |mk \F\ D Gq |mk Vmk D HDM
D; rM FFo ks mk{q s K} mk ArM MMlF
YM D; o^M |mkXM KXG F; s } k} :
mkK}]o; M] I DM DM fM mk [Vgq sD npq
Iq {}; n} } kL Vk }D oHcchM k;
s oX s mks {rM EDq HDo [Vgq }D IF| sD ok
Kq sch} ; eL 4-5 Kpq 40 Kq LM {kT I
44-45 ~M D; mkI c X }o~M npq 5-6 fF

13

M; D mkrM } lHpq M; | mksHq So D }

mksM |l mkDM}; DM FFo 150 |i }XG AnM;
mk| DMe{ M{ _X M] EX $8.00 } kI} ; N |
H [q |o oHo [VIo mk KU ; I |mk U lX{q
\o Ioo D; s mk} s mk FD ImkSo[mk XqV pUg k}
MM ; FFo mksDM iL g;
]Vkq p FLgq clg A ; H [mk mk a H ImkSo[mk
{mk[} ]X} D D mko AX} ImkSo[mk} Amko U; mko
Bk mkKF cS} mkX} mkok }smk T K}]o }Bk
FDq Bmk; {o V Fkq mk H mk mk | K}]o Yqpq M [XI MlX } {p FLgq clg A mkcl M|
; p ]Vkq mkcl { clg FMq} MlD} M F
MAX mkch} Fk flg ]{ Nq : mkoS mk}cq {o Bk
MqEF ; FFo ]XM X\ i} V s{ mksDM
iL mks}I] g;
Mo mk cL F I D mk a H ImkSo[mk V
Fkq mk D K 18-40 Xmk ; mk AX| mk D s K
s Xmk s mk [Vgq sD; s D K s mk {
ImkSo[mk {rM qIo K} S}} I}X} }F}; {s V
F |o ImkSo[mk mkpAVg Ipq c mk L]Vq o}mkY
MV }KE ImkSo[mk |mk ko MFg ; s lmk s {q
M MkX Amko X} ; mk s mkSpg dF[ MTq |q
q Kpq M [XG oT ; mk M MISq LSrM
]D{mkT mkmkSq }oHD [UJN; I KE K}[ XqV mk
AVg FDq sD Do o[ |mkX KXI V } MX
}D: M MT mkmkSq oHF mk sLD ]VI [XI M\} k}
; DM pU ;
ks | lX{q X mkI mk XqV }p cl} LIkV} ]{
MV} {pq }k?
D oDpq X q}:
1. Xc AD AD: o V K mk [Vgq ofU{ k]
mk K}pq} IX`pq | so [Vgq} B...} [XI ]D
{: o oS Bk ol BVg Sq } ; Mo D
Sq }o soSk |mk Slmko AVq ] ;
2. o K}]o {o sD HD (FD Xmk LF}) Mn ]D
sF: mko }Bk D K Sq [Vgo Mmk ; o
AVg FDq: o of{} mkmkSq oHF {mkX} [X ]D {:
mk{ [Vgq Kq mkD}; mk{ [X oV }[Vq sD
Sq mk ; ]Ds K}]o }Bk olAD oD[ Sq
}[Vgo D D MlF ; mk FDq sD V
Bmk| [X ]D { } l;M { X }{mkX kF ]D
mk;

14

3. mk fM sDM ]Vkpq mkDDM }smk H_

K{lmkY BFM ]D{: mk I[M} Xq} FK|} mkSq K
Kk }Sk mk A o[I mk MF I{ M;
4. mk [mk sD} F} { } K}[: AX
H ] ;
5. mk U lX{q }MXHi }qMBXo } }]VI mk AX
K}[q MD[} M;
6. M mk s mkSpg dF[ o K]go mk i
{kS: I } o {s U lX{q omkX ;
o I[M} KV} | lX{q o[L }[ };
7. lEq AVg FDq mk K}]o sDM F Sq HD
]D sD: mk lX{q D lmk lEHo M;
8. ]Vkpq FDq mk]{q o o\iM mk sqM
M }D: mk ]KV mk [}kF} L oK|}: mk l
o[XG | X o mkEX mk }{mkT o_;
mkLIkVq onM KWq ogAmkM o [XG } [mk EX
M; oFo mkLIkX onM KWq gAnM HorM oDM
o} jL LIkVq M mko|} oT; I} KWq n |
mksHq lEq BVg FDq oK}s }[mk EX a D;
K}]o EX }U { D mkY sD olX {[ mk
FFo mkM [mk EX X LT sD F } ;
K} mkg K} SmkI mkD Irpq DD ]D sD;
F H oD } mk Mq o l; mk 1997 .M.
{ FEg KWq XqV YM Bmk| }k\k[ }D:
Ss}q {o mk Bmk|} L}]oVq} Fq EDq HDq}
k: IU 9 gXI }DM AVg FDq }Lrpg FMq
D k mk | BFcq {chqM; I } Bmk|
mkI[M K{lmkY |o\ch }D mks cSl g} ] lAE
sk|} | {Xo s D; ID oNY mk Mq M]
{o M] [} } M] F AX mk o F ;
I } mkchp } mk| F| S} sD;
}MiEF MlX: mkEq AVg FDq clg} Dog}
K[ErM o Vq M; mkMFM H}o MXM;
M]; o^M M [mk {mkT; }kX Aq BFM; DM
mk; SM} MXc} E BFM; mk H] } mk Hs}
mk a ImkSo[nM g]; mk D [q e[} q]};
| So sM lDM ]{; KS ]VI [XG so;
DrM s mk D oi[ {[: mkHD mkSq oM mk

15

K]Vq M {mkT kX D; o K}]o }M] AVg

FDq XI sD: mk M M] oKF[ sI K[ErM
M Fk ]D F ; ]F{ }|I D ; \mk K]
N: KE K}[ mk K]Vq { {mkX; s o{ s }
mk c KSch L Ml ;
Dq S[}q B} Dmk lEq AVg FDq} Fo }Vq
M; pI Xmk Dmk lEq AVg FDq M] M V
; S[}q B mkro Dpq AVg FDq LF}
; lBXo ]DseD; o pI K lEq AVg FDq
}k }lX{q M] mkD V ; D MmkD MlF K[DM
]D {; mk V {} K[DM; ]F} |mk K}[ D
oHED BF Dog {pq XqV ]D s: kqS ]F}
K}]o mk dhD[ } K[DM} kM} ; mk]M U
gX\ D oLT sD | lX{q U }lEq AVg
FDq K EM ;

Flmk ochD
HK` F
mkK[Sq LY clg D[ K}]o XqV: AX| qoD clg
D[ LIkVg qG [So { KXJ} mkIpg F mkFF
S g]D} | MlD M qoF ; mkK[Sq o [{:
K}]o o mkIpg F mk]{{q
iL kJ sD FMpg }pq } kVlU
oV BF M { mk}X ImkX; s ekF { LY elg
D[: Bk XqV} DM} }MqEF Y} }HD {T
MkX: o Hc clg D[ K}]o }X
KXJ clg MlD} }X mkIp} Xo} {T;
}KKX s o Hc D[ ks | lX{q U |mk dF
D D D;
mk 1994 \F\ l Blg }lX mk dVSkD {kS g}: mkl
|mk l chXmk }-phXoX }Mp H aI { Spq |o
}lX mk omkD: mkl K Dog} clg} D[ | AX
FM q oED; s { KXJ cl} DkVF Dog
]Xq} }mkX Ha mkF ; S[}q {s oH\]l odhgM:
V s{: KMXG } Ak; o KMXG mkM s chXmk
16

F:- Dog ]F}: | p Eq} HFpq [Vgq} mk

| D; cl AX {o mkIpg F }o | } ]F}
M\| D: M\| }I F I[mk ]D sF: ]F}|
X cF{q BF: }lX clg M}{q | s AX fY
D mkF {T;
]oF:- KMXG S[}q: }lX clg M}pq AX ofT:
mk cl M] {: cF clg MlD oSk: Bmk| mk
ILM: Lq: ]q: }cX| so EF {} mkF sD;
}lX mk cl {D M}q: Fq Eq mko ImkSo[mk
clg HD AFM: mk Dog ]F} Kp} So mk
}MM ; | Blg }lX Dog ]F} }MH] ; ]D
s }lX mk clg Aq AX { sD: }clg M}pq
s{: MmkHq Dog ]F} |o }lX cF{q }BF ;
l oT:- lpq K[Sq |o mk D oi[ LY clg
D[ { phXoX jM; S[}q {o mk a Spq
V EL sokT [lq HX HDo |o }lX XM;
o F o gBnM ]VI mkT M { oE
q M;
mkK[Sq o Ik KMXG mks mko mk |mk {
Vg cl: }lX} |o X {o cl AX mk HX g}
ojYN: mkIpg cl} { } ochoDM; AX mk
M poVg ]Xq (Totalitarian System) cFcF o{cp;
IU KE HX{q AX mk ch X| | DM {mkX {kS
XqVg: mk q k }] U T mk[EM {mkX} AT
A}} sD XqVg {T mkAF L ; mksHq {o mkX
F U FM smkDM mk]Mq} mk{I} oUM }c\ch[}
{: mksHq F} mkX} F mko {D
F FM} Fq} {kYM {YM M; {s oX Dq
XqVg mk } I} ]Hk} | U AgB X D}
B}: mkg o mkIpg F | }lX clg qEq mk M
D[ ]D opIs: o cL KD o F mkD
]Mqpq mkmkU oV; mk{pq e]:1.

o mk MXmk:- mk oLpq XqV mkE mk ]KV:

mkXq sD B}pq eL sk{ X | opq {kT: I
mk g}{q K}]o XqV M sD; Xo S }MXmk
|mk o {M o | K}]o sKHX qF KFo; rM
kG} FF eU AX} mkU {mk^M} sDM aI s KED[
} Sk} M; rM Gq Sk mk KM M |mk
S[}q eXkq sDM EDq HDo mkMME ;

17

{ } Ha kfD | }lX l} } | aX mkD};

mkchDD LU ];
2.

kYV[:- qEq K}]o ]Dq {}; | rM HDo

ISq iL} mkeq} } aX | sK|g K\Dpq
D}; s g} M] s pI} aX lAF F; o
c} X Gs} sD aX } rM HDo | M\}
]F} ]D smkDM ; H U mk kD U mkX M]
sKFq: kq Iq LF U XqV } L}]qU }}
}]qU}( M MFrM Eq) eD D} M; kq
Iq S[}q | F} i} D; S[}q
gE }oD }D kmkX} K q ]D KF[ Bmk
F} ; o U }kq Iq U } Fq
MFrM Eq K mk M}p M kH Hqq;
kq Iq U K ]D F K }S[}q Hqq
F} ; XI;U mkD L } mk|o U [mk
Sk |mk S[}q }o chUk [F [F F; s
K s s[ U } {mk[} AT} SK |mk Skq AX
q }sk ]] mk]; }mkSo sUM: qIo Fk mkSq
AnM { [; XqVg mkU} K}{q} S[}
ogU};
| }lX l} } mkF} mkDq} S[}p ]D qchM
mk s HE K]XI s { V s{: rM MFrM
K}]pg Eq } M [nM H}o H] qF oH M sE
M mkS S ]M;

3.

dhq:- H U DM K[|Eq HD }sk }X M]

oiD ][ eXpq | L{]qU }: MMIX oL
M {q o U M] Fq K}]pg qEq LFM
sDM epq [Fo M; }mk{q mk B} { mk
L}]qU mkD X]: mk IX` { mk L}]qU IX`
oKED[ sLFM epq D; {} D| }olBD s
HF; mk XqV s }smk M{ F D}; DF
mkD; LXT ;
| }lX l} } o F epq qS Doh}\
}( lD }o sF) Ioq} ; }H U gXI
]D { } : H | }lX qF F {X
}mkX mk| oD} Xmk mkdhe \D;

4.

Fkq [mk: AVg FDq mk 1994 LT; mkIp} Xo

} mk 1995 M [VIoprM |mk FDq ]M LYM; o ]dh mkISq Fkq a LT; olU D

18

V |mk }lX |q M] oo M oNM; |

}lX l}pq } s aX s mkD}};
5.

KWq:- KWq | K}]o g}{q ; H U mk KKX

mk ]KV VI: I X mk D} ko oLpq: ]M
F [mk }o smkD mk }lX oL}{o }o sS:
}U } KWq Smk sIDM ;
| }lX l} F ch} mk { X| | XqV [
]; cEF mk{q mk K} H K}]pg qF} | }lX
l}} sK e]; mk ]KV |mk mk } }D|
kq X] }L| oX; F }[L} kq X]: LDq
}M X: }X sMM | l} [} H k Ks~
o[UG D; s np s (o Amk} E} H [mk MkX)
{kzX[o mk }]VI MMIX {kzX[o ]D oiDM mk
]XHq } }D: mk HX s l} [} Ks~
[UJKD; o MMIX {kzX[o UM; }{kzX[o I]
}Ks~? | }lX l} I}ci E F| V }HF;

6.

| lV:- | }lX l}pq | mkIp} Xo

mk _Kp M] F | lV mk AVg
l} Ho M; eL o l} H} Ek |
lV ]D {kY: cM{q {o} | }lX l}pq Bmk M
sD M X [|: }mkIp} Xo } M} pI
mkX {T ; mksI KSS ]L} {T; oLT
qIr | lV | o l} M] }fFfD }: Mo
F }os{ | }lX l}pq qI Sl };
mkIp} Xo } mk aX qM;

7.

D kq X:- D kq X k{pq mkDM X D

k|g I } k|g ]Xq ]} ; I mkD}; []
kdh chD} ; [] | l K[F mkD}: mk
S; ]D s I: \U: V H F ; Ms
K[D kq X mkpU } o[L F} ; H
omk U [[ } o[[ mkI} mk kq X} { V
D; omk U mks kdh o}] D Eq mkX}
; }o M] ]] [] mkkdh VX; }kdh
}smk F sD o kdh mkI }VSD ; {Xo |mk
{X qM F oXpq mksI ; M] [VIoprM
VT D: aX ~M KT l[ D; mkU K}]o
mk MF |T D; M] }_V}] o[HGnM mk XX
kG D; mks Ig K Amko }Fk mk M}FHi
qM [[ D; K}]o mks I] }mkSrM ]D [r

19

 mko Amk I] ]D so[LM [ D so ;

oi[ DM mkk} DM mk[kzF [[ F ; } I
}X[ o \[ ]D {: DM mk D kq X X F
; ]D s H omk U mk I sD AX X
D; I }mkF D| o I LDq V ; mk
AX| ]Xq D kq X M] opr DM olq Xo
o AX o] M smkD MNM M; H mko c}
}Xo sBK oX D kq X ooD AX I
Fn M] {q ; }K} MrM cTlq M] B o`UM
s}EIch sD [lq Fq } q D; }AX iM}
]VI X} omk U K F MI\mk } }chX|
; mk sk}| X[LF mk o I sDg AX V :
{mkX} S} F} KX} ;
mk F|:mkIpg F K D M oK} | }lX
qEq mkkSD} HDpq M Fkp} X|; Fko} V
} {} {o cl X ofY} };
} E | }lX l}pq Dg? mksI [mk cI lIU
XSa} V M{ F; F s XSa} Xkaa
clg qF ; eL I [mk SkDM} Xq} Lq
}o {kX \mk I mk AX| mkX[LF Y | MM}
MF} qF D}; }lX } mk mkMF clg Epq |o
AX }; | }lX l}pq mk 1999 FD 30 {S} :-

}lX mk ]XHq M{kS} V|q} { D:

}lX mk }]qU mkED oV D:

}lX mk IX` { :

| B} }]qU mkDF :

mk CoEq} oUM} K k :

mk a AX kX | mkIU K X mkN~D
ofX

| KWq K |o :

mk MM} MF}: Y mkD}

La} }q { [XI

20

mk M}} q L}} {:

| HgE ]XHq X ofX :

mk ]XHq H}} }q} {:

| l} k{]

mk uXphY q D {q | DqU} DqY{]}

cG _:

IM|g FDq {o EDg cE |o ImkSo[mk mkFF

g Bmk:

D HDg Smk L}]qU IX` mk HS]rq IM HM}

}q} }lX XnM; mkuXphY _M:

mk [mk oSk mksI {o }mkSq }lX oSk D}

_}:

mk DM q | lV _} }

| XqV ]Xq }opq _ soX;

| }lX X:}lX mk Bk | Do} ]D} ]XHq mkK AV}

LIkVq } ; M M X }lX ~M [XG
LIkVq:- AVg LIkX c }]q XqV: AVg LIkX oKAY}
K}[q}: AVg LIkX [VIopq XqV M; mk cl L
{ M;
mk AX sD ]{Lpq {M LIkVq ogAk ; AVg LIkX
[VIqpq mk lk rMk [I KWq | IX` [ qMl
mk MV ogT {T; o HD LIkX mk cl } LIkX
oKAY} K}[q} ; s LIkX s Dq mkg}{o sM
clg }pq M ]k c[ D:DrU:- | DrU
mkq l
o ]VI ogAk;
: mkmk T }

M` ]XHq mkL}]qU |}] o qSU AX

o{: mkN~F }LIkX K}[q} oKAY}
FF K[mk M Xn { [mk Mr o{
}Bk D F} ;

21

}M:- k [EL olBD KE D

mkLIkX K}[q} oKAY} U;
mkk D } FF
K [mk M sD }X; s LIkX
mkl oHI }M} K}[q} mk Fo
{X IK;
1.

mk } H }H}o o kD KED mk mkpg Xmk

KHED ILLq M{ MBX }M }aD: }M
MdM kX M smkD mkM]qMAX }lBD} ]{MlX} aa
M mkF:

2.

{rM K}[q mk ch Dlq mk [mk sX np

}M chL M ]} M DLK} IU MlX:
M] DK o mkXG Amk qU sM M cK
mkX N FF K[mk mk K_ }M M mkX
}X;

kq LIoM:- qXp} Fq | D Gq HqKD sk|g kq

LIoM D;
Amko-\:- mk M} M`} \ s U D;
MM} MF}:- LIkX oKAY} K}[q}: ]k{ mkD
chG mk M mk AX }; mk uXphY U cGo
_D g|q } D;
[D]oM AV} MikVq M mk K}]q} }lX} { M {
YM
{mk^M M] | LIkVq} K}]qpq} ]D sF mks o
mk} sq }smk mkH Smk }smk G ]D s{ }lX
BnM Dog} ]Dg} LLq mk MM M mkDM};
pgprM} prM} }Bk DM F} M;
F M U | }lX { mk cl { F AVg I{q(
]D} p}) ; F} }oX|a|F olBD l} D; l}
F} }oX|a|F o [mk X clg }po M ]k
M:-

22

mk MM} MF}

| Ma} }q ]XHq

mk K KWq

M mk DM oi[ mk}lX} T} }pq M;

aI K}]q} }lX} H {: K}]o }~M ]o clg
qEq} M}pq} } Gq {}; mk{pq X }q}:-

DM |}\g qEq (l}pq} }_V}]}) | K}]o

M:

K}]o mk }]qU {: mkUpq }}:

K}]o [Io IX`pq }}:

KWq | K}]o ]D }: | aHq Kpq g|pq {chD

}[mk EX KWq _:

oDM{a} | K}]o : mk DM kS g F
lAF:

mkK D nX MM} M`} D mkN~F G

Xmk:

K}]o lo }}

ko CoEq }}::

Ha oX:-

Ha oX mks cSl Kpq ochFcD: HDo [Vgq mk|

K}]o L mkoAnM chG |mk { MiYM ; DMDK
KWq K}sM HX[} V} mkT}:Xq IXaM mkuXphY
_} mk MT HD q HD D; Uq ]kJM }
_ M;
I U gX\ D (U lX{q) }Mgq olAD {mk[
D [Vgq mk M ]k }pq qgX oKs E:-

23

1. mk IX`: o U K}]o mkK cKD mk K

}X |;Y } mk a lX [I KWq oDM
D;
2. mk B}} MV | B} K\XI}: DM | B} qMBXo
oLBT K}[q mk qIoM ]D sD aDo }M}l
sM os{ mkX M; | MD AX La{U mk
H oX{ ]D sD | K\XG M }s mkDM};
3. | H}} }q} ]XHq K]UrM eX q{
M;
4. HD lIU DM mk qIo L}]qU Amko-\ sD
l}pq (mks o aUM }MV o{pq s sD
l}) SmkM M~M M o[{ }X;
ks mk ED chSk mkpq K[Sq }lX M] T} K}]o}
{o cl X ofYM D; o McX MD }}
mkK U lX{q [Vgq mk cl } ; o mkIpg F
cl} { } ikT M; K}]o {o cl of
}mkF D|; } }p {q clg ]Xq ?
{s Ir s eL MME[: o K}]o }mkD sD| }p {q
eX} MF | ]VI} M sD F q} ; mk XqV
sD K}]pg ]Xq kM ]k { fK :
1.

}lX

2.

K}]o

3.

[Vgq

4.

]Xq \g

1.

}lX: }lX HF clg} Dog} ]Eg} KHVq D;

]o M mkDM spq ]X:

2.

K}]o: K}]o D} L}]qVq sdhDD { o K}

mksI o[L{q smkD} F |o K}]o ; }mk{q D]
mk qIo K}]o KHX { mk}lX D ]XHq }o
sogAmk mk oV k|q oHT V k{pq lAD
i; o mk g}{q K}]o sD clg M}pq} mk
qIo mksHq K}]pg qEq ]D sD {rM Fc HDo
L}]qVq HD sBmk {};

3.

[Vgq: HF} ]F}} so [Vgq mk s KS \mk

I }k sD ; mk lX AMnF omkAD g

24

np aHq AoVq mk{ Fkq }FM LYM ]D sD: clg

HDM }MFF IM ; {mk[- D [Vgq
}Dr [mk q]X qF; o XM | HD X A|
mkK }ar ; ]XG {s Ha A c] D M k
mkX Momk; } XVq [lq ([kzF) ]SD mko
L[Xopq mk FD KWq} qIo KWq} D; XYM
[kzF ]X;
4.

]Xq \g:- ]Xq \g }D mk AX sD | B}}

IX`}(qVoVq}: La{Upq})K\XGpq LF; s : mkBk
: mkK}]o:mk}lX {} dhFF; mk D X sD K}]pg
IX` } mk A}nF sD | [Vgq IX`pq LF;
}L}]oVq IX`} B}} ME sN:: q} mk
Kpq oT} K}[q ; | X[ mko
L[Xopq D;

M ch]|M XloM K}]pg Eq mkchp mkS[}q

s; mknM |mk S[}q [ ( mk):: }[ sF
e}mk {X mkT}; { } ks} ch]|} Eq clg
}pq mk qIo M F} cX} S[}q ;
]Ds | XqV cl MF L} ~L ; |
XqV L} ~L } M M mk KIo {}mknM BFgq
{ {YM S[ | L} ~L ]Xpq {}; H
K[Spg SchG ]D D mkM D; }: M} kAF D};
]D s | XqV clg ]Xq MF } s}
olAD D F; M M{ mksHq mk{pq c[} [Xopq
q H} F; mk \g osmk} D} iXmk;
1.

mk \g mkq S[}q mk }[ KS np H X Xq
]VI ]}; o X Xq o[UG ; }klg _{ |o
X Xq H n D; s n s {Xo }Fl} }kV}
Lq M X o ]VI M] o E; p n qX]
X[}q ; n MV] cDF ]D s{: D} {pq
La{Upq gYM }^M Mo D o ]VI [DM} {T;
K|o} }} {T }o }: Ms KK}; s}
}smk} Mofk;

2.

mk \g H k IX` | Y}} D} D; Mo kAF

{Xo mk -F} |mk \g } kSV } {o Xq mk
F} a ]; L \g M: o KWq H[
gE { XM {T; I } o L mk ch} }E
D ]D oIH gM { D; Epq MYM AnMD }o
{ L \g} KWq \g} |mk s sI} {pq MochT};

25

3.

mk \g mksHq c }]q AVg FDq qVoVq} sVq}

KAV

osk; {o M\ {kS HE <]L ]: eL I mk s

mkSpg dF[ mksHq c }]q: mk MMVI K| mk Vq:
oED ]XHq oKmk} {S}; mk} {o ]VI chD }
kmk chV }; I oMBX} sDM o lBXg Lo}
mk ImkSo[mk oHg[} HX} E} mkV }o {}: c}
FD KgD B|q F}: mk {s} L oKmkD {o} chK}
oKkE mk ch X} E sDg K}[q o\
sqMBT> mkD; o mk KD[D M s ]mk {T:- <mk
[Vgq Mo qkq omkSD} |}; }o {|} mk ch
}D M] }o s{ F LV mkD}}; ]D s \mk {
} KqHs }> D{;
KAV Dg mkkz LV o\D} mk oDkz} ]D S } mksI
[mk K}]o mkKmk c }]q }LmkF mkY mk} oKXH
Kmk T X;
}MiEF: mk XqV }{gI g} o mkIpg F} { }
}MipF o[UG:: o D q } M ; S[}q
B } {o }MipD o] ]Mqpq mkMH: o {
mkAF M s[XG Smk sD}: }Mg] }lX Kop
{ [XI M l s]oMBX sD; ]k } [Vgq} ]X
q \g} M] }lX o`UM [XG M~M F sD; o ]VI
pg } D V K | o AX mk qIo M
oAVg c o: Ko smkD lD fY clg Kmk
M{ FF| sD; lX{q ; U lX{q ;

`` F
}X {
H mko ELpq U gX\ D ADo chG mkXqg g |mk
odL Bk MiVmk M{ S[}q D D; s EL s
qkX KKU }X ][q { mkMeE] M{ } mkscF
DM ; mkF sVXl H F U lX{q }X {
M ; {T } <qkF D mkMlI V> kD ;
mk S M poX{q k ]Xq: {o sIg ]F{ cF{q
}BF: | Bk dhFn ]Imk} }o oD Fk ]Fmk} {X
MB lBXg K]D{; H mko oH\]l Bk D kmk

26

AX mk| a { | Eo ]D okq: }AVg I{q}

SmkHpq Bk }MIE} }Eo mks}I]} mkqmkq} g M{
mkM]]: AVg ]Mq | Bk MFF ; { XqV
AX mk }X | {pq o_LL }E }Eg SmkHM Bk
mkMML gpq ADo chG M s}AT ^M sD; ]D s
{M Eo Bk: K}]o mk } Bk { qDM D
mkD| sD;
s Ha }lX }X {: KchFp | o HD Kq
}X Aq} BE} | o AX r ; L: }X |
KgF KFo mko}
{ M oFo < AYM DNM M] { q DK: |
o[X{q} o}kX{q} K}] [DM: q o ; L
< {rM mk| ME }c\ch[ {kT: p} I{q AX mk
H so> spq qDM ; L M] rM <
q} o}kXo}> M} DM kDM Spq} M oFq}
o ; L: S[}q LIkX oKAY {kzX]o ]KV [T
<{rM mk oM }c\ch[ }kT> oKAY {kzX]o mk g
cM ; L }S[}q} {rM K\XIo} mk| DL sk}
g <pq}> Xc }ok[ npq: <K} mkIUq {
s}c\i[M sD?> mkmkF M]M] lBD} ]{MlX} AYM seDM}
sM} olX ]D K oDM ;
DL sk}: mkg U gX\ D: }X lEq AVg FDq
o |mk mkmkSq ID MXpq cXM D; DL sk}:
}K}[ mk ILi olVq }E]}: mk c ILM ]
}ci} s]oMBV }E} koX]q|q o D; o
}X Fq Eq | o ImkSo[mk } iF ; I
}X { }lX o D; ]DM}p I |mk {
oT? M ]k M}pq c[ F;
1.

]VG | KE V} } Bk XqV K}]o { ]D

sD }KE Bk ofX ; KWq | K}]o ]D {: {VEo KWq Bk K}sM HX[}: }[mk EX _} D
D; l}pq K}]o} }lX} | }lX X} X }D
clg Epq ofS} }; rM mk cX K}]o
mk} aX }c\ch[ sD mk MM} MF} ogT {
M; ]D s M oXo M ko K}]o Ko; ]D
{ }prM AD} K} o }lX} T}
}fX ;

27

2.

mk AX ]D }c\ch[: M] odhMo lq Vk D
mkF XS ]D sD M}e]dh^M }Mq} <ILi S> M
sKFc }MlX} ;

3.

mk { AX o LE Xk (middle class) o I}: D}

NV[g} [VXH ]D Fmk: mk XqV } sIg
| o K}]o mk{ ]D: mk }MXc^M
;

4.

]] { Y mk Va} D| }X} | lAF ]D sD:

Va} mkD kq X ]D S: I}: \U} V}
H F ]D {: mkVa} [[ }snM sMrM ]D D ;

mks g} s mk AX| K}]o XqV Y Dog: LIkVg}

clg}
aVq D; ] {s { [[D sD M}AX gpq} clg
aVq} mk{q }X }q}; rM c} ScGpq {s
clg aX T M ]k c[ F K]D{;
1.

M] q

2.

V Fkq mk [Vgq ofU{ MBE

3.

M{ _X |i M] Fq lVpq M}AT

4.

}lX {o cl MmkED

1.

M] q:
mk K} XqV} q} M] oF mk K} Fo}
AVq {kS | } MFg D; mkpU cl
XqV M] cl q ocV} mkM}G M]
oF o LB[o cF FI D; o mk [M}
q mkE mk qV |mk XqV o {kS ADo {Vq
rM c} ]k c[ F:D:- :K_E: \: so
Spq:- oX: }oX: lF}: so
cKLq:- kXkS: k[: kXkS DM: cIaXo aXo:
}mkF: so

28

| emk F:- }A: }: ]M]M

}[\} o}: mko: D k: XC} }ccJ}: ]L: KX:
fXkq
M mk F| ch]|M AFo {Vq mk a ImkSo[mk|
oE{rM
s ]D {: mk XqV V X {o mk D}
M; mk q mkK \F\ AX M] K gprM
mkX lBXg ; ]D s o mk K} cSmk} Dmk}
MlF mkMBE: o Dmk ]D k mkU BD {q ; o
aX |mk { M Fo k} MM ; o cL {rM
{ qmkYM Mp} o F mk}iHq Bk
mkMgq: mk K} Igq F qF Hg MIpX ]D {;
mk XqV |mk q {kS cG } G
{kS}; mk{pq }Md]:}o: s}} K]LX}: ohK}r: : ~: ]p: Lpq:
so; sM} Fq | mkU Xq} mk[} o
q M] oM: mk cl XqV Dpg ]MmkVq
{q ;
mko\ mk[} o q lq XqV ]D oH[Kq}:
mk lq o {kS pgpq mkM}cFcD mk cl XqV A]
D; M} M] oF mksHq Xo mk XqV
]D AK: {o cl M TD ;
2.

V Fkq mk [Vgq mkMcV{:-

V Fkq Bk XqV mk [Vgq ofU{ mk Kko lpq

EDq so [Vgq} K`XrM} ogT ]D sD o oS Bk
XqV ol Sq { mk I[M K{lmkY Xmk D; o
_cD: HU[: {: so: 4-5
l{ } Xmkq D Gs |mk ]X o {kS c} V
|p ]Vkq D}; p FLgq clgq A ]Vkq U\;
mk DL{q ochV; p ]V pgq ]D smkE | M
iL mkE}; s aX s ][q { M YN Bk
XqV kAD sD? K\} { }^M } M kIM V
F| }ID; }a} LS} }p { kT?

29

sX ]D \{ V ; mk[} ISq [mk

HUT? cM aY | pq Mk {T; DL
XqV oX oU ]D sqF ? {};
; ]D { g Xmkq oX gE pIog
q} sF S kG;
3.

} V}
| AmkpLq ;
o V ]D sD
LE Xk

M{ _X |i M] Fq lVpq mkM}AT:H mko mk osM K cG gprM [L

[chFM sD |i M] Fq lVpq sD L} ]D s}fFfD
; eL mk H
EX 7.20 |i aS {T; mk DM \mk 7.60
kI {T; I mk (mk l}pq) H EX 14 |i aS
D; mk DM |mk ]V |i LM D; o |
DM | |mk o g M{ _X {Bmk; |e mk
eL \mk I X Lo mk Lo }AV E; K}]o
o M{ _X [}; s D s mkX D } |
N MqXV kS}; o No {o mkkX q
cG F} D; mk s Hc s ok]|: { M
[Seo gE o K}]o; mks FF o K}]o [Vch}
KpFD};

4.

}lX {o cl MmkED:-

l}pq }lX: ]{MlX } mkD lmk KgXo} }{

{ chqFM mk}| X| |; H { mk o }lX
{D HE cG: mk M] sM: s~N {kT cGrM
mkI[X g |mk X; o { Fo MX V Gs
oX; mk\V M` mk mkX }lX o mkMFL} {o
}mkSo mkg mkG \V M D MlX ; o
{ mk M] o{ gpq mk o {kX mkU MD[;
mko\ }lX mk DM q EX ]D M{ _X |
|i M }BX mkX D; (o mk EX k M F
ME V F)!!! { mk AVg l} | lV
]D sSk iG mkV} lzDp }M | lV mk DM
; }EX mkmkX ]D sD mkEX
cG mk|i _ D }BX lBXg ; S[}q
B } M}AX gpq X sD ]] { MkX | M{
_X M}AX {} smkF sD; Fk clg ]{-Kq ;
D { ]] mkDM} mkAF M ; } mk]] [[ }E |
}lX { { Momk;mkl}pq }lX mk ]LV |mk lpq

30

F ~} aX} oKD^M mk ]KV _ | }lX {

{}? | }lX mk s {o {pq KLM FF
K[mk I F} q{} { BF ML} ekF K]D{;
H mko c} KDD lq | s olX s iG Hk
M} (Hoarding) mk M] o\{ mkFF g M` ;
Hc }MVmk mkIp} { XqV mk s {kS : M
BnM mkAVg eX} ]Mq} {M ]D {kT mk s {gU ]VI
s o}; Hc }MVmk } rM cG mkU sDM
MkX: mk r } D iH Xmk ; I }
Hc }MVmk Mo mk ED oi[ | }lX l}pq } mk
s {gU ]VI q} sKmkE sDg MkX mkIp} {
{};
s D }E }mkIp} { }p }cD }mkF Ir mk
ED MFb o{ {S; HX KF[ } o K}]o }lX
cl AX mkK~F I ]D D ; }s o }lX \mk
_d D s smkAF X[LF ]D sD: mk D cG | g
M} mkX F ; M] kHr } gpq mk {kT
M MD[; M}o } fY ; X ; X
}oF {o cSmk} Dmk} lD sKVX; ]Xq N~F
}oF } Bk
mk MISq rM mkN~F H ]D i: rM | M
iL sDM mks H MX ko o mkN~F a }
} _} ; gpq }BT lBXg ; k
mk{pq D [mk X F ] }X }q}:1.

MFgF L: mk 1991-1993 L }oFF mk 40-50 \}oM

kI {T; mkM]M] Wq oLpq: MFgF L mkK~F
kmklk M oH oT; o F M]D lBXq |o \{
| mkchlg { }X D| o ]VI mkN~F M] opIs
g MFgF L mkikq |mk 75 \}oM k; mk s s
s | M{ _X |BU {kS} } {kS}; cD |mk
H |i k; cD |mk H |i} Xmk} \mk XG eMo
2000 .M. k; M k rM FFo Gq ]D { D
[mk |mkM ]D K pgprM ki ]D { g F
{X; mkmkU g V {} {o A] {YM; o
oFD LV ]D smkD } cDM GD mkF F}
; o cTmk clg Ipq F [mk o aX X
mkN~F Mq M{ ]olBF }D: KmkIq [mk } M
FFo olEaM D HF {T;

2.

kV KDo:- mkU kV ]KV mkK}]o {}; XK

kV mk

31

1991-93 mkFo eX_ mk lVq q]o {V; kmkchTmk

}kq I mk
D lVq 6-7 (mk lX |mk lX ED) |i qa;
]DM}p s D [ g? M{ _X H SchG M{
Lq}; o c} ScG } o mkN~F ko mkU ]D
olIo mk F s gpq ]D ] ;
3.

IU |{q mksHq [lq mk oDL{a} U mkT HorM

K}]o }M kUM ; {o Eq mkN~F G
Xmk; |mk XqV MgF } mk XqV MgF mk MDq
AVq DM (gE mk ^LF) mkX; ]DM}p kT? ][q {
]D qfX? o aX o K}]o X mk\ H{ch
coD lD mkN~F ]D H ; mkU | s Eq s mk
s sD DM {rM Fq Epq \mk } M FM
MLq sM K]D}};
]D { }lT} T} {o cl mkN~F M] ofX
mkU K }kX gpq cG H]X} ; ]D s kX
S[}q mkK gX\ D { og oMX X :
gpq ADo I]YM mkF D K ]F{ }M}gI Bk
}MqEF }o s{ k q M D L{
K]D}}; }o L{ mk} D};

32