No.

09

How the Landscape supports Biodiversity

Bagaimana Landskap Menyokong Biodiversiti
Habitat versus species

There are five critical roles in which the landscape supports biodiversity and ecosystem services: 1 Supporting populations of species The matrix can be managed to support broadly distributed populations of many species able to thrive or at least partly incorporate the matrix into their range. This is important since more than half of all wild species exist principally outside Protected Areas (PAs), mostly in agricultural landscapes. Such populations significantly supplement populations in the combined PAs, Permanent Forest Reserve, and forest on state land. 2 Facilitating movement of species Facilitating connectivity and movement of species in the landscape matrix may prevent populations of species in forest habitat from becoming isolated and fragmented. For plants, connectivity allows for movement of spores, pollen and seeds, and thus species and populations. For animals connectivity is controlled by conditions such as appropriate vegetation cover or key structures (e.g. logs and dead trees). A matrix that provides a high degree of connectivity is critical since habitat loss, fragmentation of remnant vegetation, and increased isolation of patches are major reasons for the ongoing depletion of biodiversity.

Many species

Terdapat lima peranan kritikal di mana landskap menyokong biodiversiti dan perkhidmatan ekosistem: 1 Menyokong populasi-populasi spesies Matriks ini boleh diuruskan untuk menyokong populasi pelbagai spesies yang tersebar meluas untuk maju atau sekurang-kurangnya menggabungkan sebahagian matriks itu ke dalam kawasan mereka. Ini penting kerana lebih dari separuh semua spesies liar wujud di luar Kawasan Perlindungan (PA), kebanyakannya dalam landskap pertanian. Populasi sebegini menambah populasi dengan banyak di PA gabungan, Rizab Hutan Kekal, dan hutan tanah kerajaan. 2 Memudahkan pergerakan spesies Memudahkan hubungan dan pergerakan spesies dalam matriks landskap boleh mengelakkan populasi spesies di habitat hutan dari menjadi terpencil dan berpecah.Untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan, hubungan membolehkan pergerakan spora, debunga dan biji benih, dan seterusnya, spesies dan populasi. Untuk haiwan, hubungan itu dikawal oleh keadaan seperti vegetasi yang bersesuaian atau struktur utama (spt kayu balak dan pokok mati). Satu matriks yang menyediakan kadar hubungan yang tinggi adalah kritikal memandangkan kehilangan habitat, pemecahan vegetasi yang tinggal, dan pemencilan tompokan adalah sebab-sebab utama kemerosotan biodiversiti yang berterusan.

Few species
Figures redrawn from Hunter, ML Jr. 1996. Fundamentals of conservation biology. Blackwell Science.

Restoration of riparian vegetation and connectivity

Notes: For more information on the subjects dealt with see A Common Vision on Biodiversity in Government and the Development Process and supporting guidelines which can be downloaded from www.nre.gov.my Untuk maklumat tambahan berkenaan tajuk-tajuk yang dibincangkan, lihat A Common Vision on Biodiversity in Government and the Development Process dan garis panduan sokongan yang boleh dimuat turun dari www.nre.gov.my 1 FISRWG, 2001. Stream corridor restoration: principles, processes, and practices. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group. USDA. October 1998 revised August 2001.

3 Menimbal kawasan-kawasan sensitif 3 Buffering sensitive areas Jarang jika ada PA yang menyelimuti seluruh Rarely if ever will a PA encompass an entire ekosistem. Oleh itu, pembentukan strategiecosystem. Consequently, the development of Riparian vegetation and river ecology strategi yang menyeluruh untuk memelihara comprehensive strategies to preserve biodibiodiversiti memerlukan identifikasi dan perlinWildlife in riparian corridor versity require the identification and protecprovide biological pest dungan habitat yang sensitif dan penting dari segi control in adjacent farmland tion of sensitive ecologically important habiInsects and fruits are food ekologi di dalam matriks (spt sungai dan tumbuhan source for birds and tats within the matrix (e.g. streams and their mammals riparian yang berkaitan; bukit batu kapur; singkaassociated riparian vegetation; limestone hills; pan batuan dan gua). Pengurusan matriks yang baik Removal of vegerock out-crops and caves). Proper matrix tation increases boleh meningkatkan sumbangan mereka kepada erosion and risk of management may significantly increase their bank collapse pemuliharaan biodiverisiti keseluruhan. contributions to overall biodiversity conserUnderstory vegetation filters contaminants protection freshvation. 4. Mengekalkan integriti sistem akuatik water and marine systems Light shade provides shelter for Ciri akuatik landskap seperti anak sungai, sungai, 4 Maintaining integrity of the aquatic system birds, reptiles and frogs tanah lembab dan tasik sangat penting kepada Aquatic features of landscapes such as streams, proses-proses biodiversiti dan ekosistem. Bagaimanapun, rivers, wetlands and lakes are critically important status sistem-sistem akuatik sangat dipengaruhi oleh to biodiversity and ecosystem processes. However, the status amalan guna tanah bersebelahan. Habitat of aquatic systems is significantly influenced by neighbouring daratan yang bersebelahan seperti land use practices. Adjacent terrestrial habitats such as zon-zon riparia dan pantai adalah riparian and coastal zones are integral components komponen penting sistem-sistem of aquatic systems. When degraded there is a signifiakuatik. Apabila merosot, terdapat cant negative impact on freshwater and marine kesan negatif yang signifikan ke atas biodiversity and ecosystem services. biodiversiti air tawar dan marin serta fungsi-fungsi ekosistem. 5 Supporting ecosystem services Landscape matrix management 5 Perkhidmatan ekosistem sokongan. supports ecosystem processes by Pengurusan matriks landskap menyokong emphasising biodiversity in the matrix. proses-proses ekosistem dengan menekankan Losses of elements of biodiversity may biodiversiti di dalam matriks. Kehilangan elemen impair essential ecosystem functions. biodiversiti mungkin menjejaskan fungsi-fungsi Examples include organisms that play key roles utama ekosistem. Contohnya termasuk organisma in the decomposition of organic matter, Riparian vegetation is an integral part of river ecology yang memainkan peranan utama dalam pereputan pollination, seed dispersal, biological pest and may provide connectivity for some species in the bahan organik, pendebungaan, penyebaran biji landscape. It also protects downstream habitats such control, and the formation of associations as freshwater and marine ecosystems (drawing from benih, kawalan perosak biologi, dan pembentukan 1 between fungi and plants. FISRWG, 2001 ). persatuan di antara fungus dan tumbuhan.
USDA/NRCS. 2004. National Biology Handbook. Subpart B Conservation Planning. Part 613: Conservation Corridor Planning at the Landscape Level Managing for wildlife habitat. 190-VINBH, Nov 2004. Drawing by Yew Kiang Teh

Published by the Conservation & Environmental Management Division (CEMD) of the Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment. Copyright NRE 2008. NRE would like to thank agencies and individuals who have offered their comments and support. Design, layout and text by Micael Junkov. Translation to Bahasa Malaysia by Peregrine Services. This poster is published as part of the Biodiversity Component implemented by the Governments of Malaysia and Denmark under the Environmental Cooperation Programme. The Component took off in November 2006 and runs until December 2009. Funding for this publication has been provided by the Danish International Development Assistance Danida.