Voltage Profile Evaluation of Power Systems with Coordinated SVC Devices

Jizhong Zhu, Kwok Cheung, Davis Hwang, Ali Sadjadpour

Abstract-- Voltage security analysis is an important content in power systems operation and control. With the developments of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices, power system performance can be improved. This paper presents an application of one of the FACTS devices new static VAR compensator (SVC) in power systems, and analyzes its impact on system voltage profile. The new SVC model controls local, remote, internal and external devices simultaneously. It has two modes of operation: (1) Voltage control mode; and (2) Q control mode. This paper describes the functions of the new SVC, and implements them in the practical power systems. The impact of voltage profile with new SVC model is also discussed by comparing it with general SVC model as well as without SVC model.
Index TermsPower systems, VAR optimization, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), static VAR compensators (SVC), performance index, power system control

I. INTRODUCTION

ower system is now in a more stressful condition due to many factors such as over exploitation of existing transmission system, limited number of new power station projects, and new regulations, etc. This leads to security and reliable problems of system operation [1-4]. The voltage stability is one of the concerns. Voltage stability is the ability of a power system to maintain adequate voltage magnitude so that when the system nominal load is increased, the actual power transferred to that load will increase. The main cause of voltage instability is the inability of the power
J. Z. Zhu is with AREVA T&D Inc., 10865 Willows Road. NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA (e-mail: jizhong.zhu@areva-td.com) K. Cheung Zhu is with AREVA T&D Inc., 10865 Willows Road. NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA D. Hwang is with AREVA T&D Inc., 10865 Willows Road. NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA A. Sadjadpour is with AREVA T&D Inc., 10865 Willows Road. NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA

system to meet the demand for reactive power. Voltage stability problem consists of two aspects: a large disturbance aspect and a small disturbance one. The former is called dynamic stability, and the latter is called static stability. The large disturbance involves short circuit and addresses postcontingency system response. The small disturbance investigates the stability of an operating point and applies a linearized model. This paper focuses on the static voltage stability or abnormal voltage analysis. Static voltage instability or abnormal voltage problem is mainly associated with reactive power imbalance. This imbalance is mainly occurred on local network or a specified bus in a system. If the reactive power on a local network is shortage, the voltage in the network will decline and may be lower than the minimum threshold of normal voltage range. For the worst situation, it will lead to voltage collapse. If the reactive power on a local network exceeds the necessary level, the voltage in the network will increase and may be higher than the maximum threshold of normal voltage range. Either situation of abnormal voltages needs to be avoided in power systems operation to prevent the system from the disaster. Therefore, the reactive power supports have to be provided [1-18]. The Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers, such as Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) can be used for this purpose, which can increase or reduce reactive power according to the demand of reactive power in the network to improve the voltage profile, reduces system loss and also improves the loadability of the system. In this paper, voltage profile in power systems has been paid attention and improvement of voltage profile by use of the SVC has been depicted. The existing SVC model only consists of internal devices, which are part of the SVC, and local devices, which are installed at the same substation as the SVC. The general operation mode of the existing SVC is voltage control mode. This paper presents a new SVC model and application in VAR optimization. The new SVC model controls local, remote, internal and external devices simultaneously. It has two modes of operation: 1. Voltage control mode. The SVC monitors a voltage and adjusts the reactive power output to maintain a voltage set-point by switching external devices.

978-1-4244-3811-2/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

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2.

Q control mode. The SVC maintains a constant reactive power output according to a Q set-point as long as the regulated voltage remains within a predefined voltage range. If the regulated voltage goes outside the predefined range, then the SVC automatically switches to voltage control mode and controls the regulated voltage using the maximum or minimum threshold limit of the voltage range as a voltage set-point. This paper analyzes the functions of the new SVC, and implements them in the practical power systems. The impacts of VAR optimization with new SVC model on loss minimization and voltage enhancement are also discussed by comparing it with VAR optimization with general SVC model as well as VAR optimization without SVC model. The paper is organized as follows: Section II introduces the new SVC model. The implementation of the new SVC model is discussed in Section III. In section IV, simulation results for a practical system are presented and discussed. Finally, the major contributions of this paper are summarized in Section V. II. NEW SVC MODEL 2.1 Control Devices of New SVC Generally, SVC is a shunt connected static VAR generator/load whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific power system variable. Typically, the power system control variable is the terminal bus voltage. There are two popular configurations of SVC. One is a fixed capacitor (FC) and thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) configuration and the other one is a thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) and TCR configuration. The new model controls local, remote, internal and external devices simultaneously. The definitions of internal, external, local and remote devices are as follows. Internal device is part of the SVC (at the same voltage level under the same station as the SVC) and consists of any combination of thyristor controlled reactor, fixed shunt capacitor or breaker switched shunt capacitor. External device is a device outside of the SVC that could be installed either at the local substation or a remote substation. These devices are breaker switched and could be shunt capacitors or shunt reactors. Local device is a device installed at the same substation as the SVC. Remote device is a device installed at a different substation from the SVC. Figure 1 shows these devices in the new SVC model. As shown in Figure 1, the number labels (1-6) represent respectively the following SVC control devices: 1. Internal fixed capacitor. 2. Internal switched capacitor

3. 4. 5. 6.

Local, external breaker switched capacitors Local, external breaker switched reactor Remote, external breaker switched capacitors Remote, external breaker switched reactor

Local substation

SVC
3 1 3

Remote substation

Figure 1. Internal, External, Local and Remote SVC Control Devices

2.2 Characteristic of New SVC When switching external devices, the SVC uses a reactive power threshold or voltage threshold that is within the SVC maximum and minimum limits. The following Figure 2 illustrates this.

SVC characteristic
Voltage SVC control range

Inductive limit

Capacitive0 Capacitive limit

External device switching threshold

Capacitive

Inductive

MVAr

Figure 2. SVC Characteristic . The reason for the external device switching is to preserve reactive reserve at the SVC in order to keep the SVC within its control range. In other words, a SVC may be required to absorb or produce reactive power following a contingency and it is desirable to keep it at a small MVAr output to cater for a number of contingency possibilities. This can be

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achieved by switching external (or internal) devices when the SVC exceeds a given amount of MVAr inductive or capacitive. Assuming that the device that is switched does not cause the SVC output to change by more than 80 MVAr, then the SVC will remain within the MVAr thresholds and will retain voltage control with sufficient reactive reserve. In this example, the actual SVC limits are 250 MVAr inductive and 250 MVAr capacitive. If all external and internal devices have been switched and the SVC reaches its actual limit, it will lose voltage control and become a fixed admittance. III. IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW SVC 3.1 Power Flow Model with SVC Power flow model with SVC can be expressed as below.

3.2 Performance Index The installation of the FACTS devices will not only improve the system voltage profile, but also reduce system losses. This paper focus on the improvement of voltage profile with FACTS devices. The performance index voltage benefit factors (VBF) is used here.

VBFi =

(Vi (Q si ) Vi 0 ) Qsi

100% i ND (8)

i = 1,2,..., N B 1

i = 1,2,..., N B 1

The constraints related the reactive power variables are as follows. QGi min QGi QGi max , i NG (3)

QSVCw min QSVCw QSVCw max , w NSVC

VGi min VGi VGi max ,

V Dk min V Dk V Dk max , k ND T j min T j T j max , j NT

where PGi: real power generation of generator i; PDi: real power load at load bus i; QDi: reactive power load at load bus i; VGi: the voltage magnitude at generator bus i; VDk: voltage magnitude at load bus k; QGi: VAR generation of generator i; QSVCw: VAR output of the SVC w; T: Transformers tap position; : voltage angle; NG: set of generation buses; NT: set of transformer branches; ND: set of load buses; NB: set of total network buses; NSVC: set of total SVCs; The subscripts min and max stand for the lower and upper bounds of a constraint, respectively.

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QGi + QSVCi QDi = Vi

j =1

PGi PDi = Vi

NB

V j (Gij cos ij + Bij sin ij )

NB j =1

(1)

V j (Gij sin ij Bij cos ij )

(2)

where, the amount of the SVC VAR support at the load bus Qsi: i. VBFi: the voltage benefit factor from the SVC VAR compensation Qsi , the voltage magnitude at load bus i without Vi0: installation of SVC. Vi(Qsi): the voltage magnitude at load bus i with installation of SVC for compensation Qsi. ND: the number of load buses that have either low or high voltage. The reason that we use the absolute value in equation (8) is that the voltage may be very low or high. It is necessary to improve the voltage profile for both cases. That is to bring the abnormal voltage into the permitted voltage regions. If the local voltage is too low, it needs to raise the voltage through the VAR support. Thus

(4) (5) (6) (7)

i NG

Vi (Q si ) Vi 0 > 0

i ND

(9)

If the local voltage is too high, it needs to reduce the voltage through the VAR support. Thus

Vi (Q si ) Vi 0 < 0

i ND

(10)

In order to use VBF effectively, the normalization of the performance index is conducted as follows.

PI Vi =

VBFi VBFi
i

i ND

(11)

where, the normalized voltage benefit factor. PIVi: According to the values of PIVi, we can obtain a rank of the sites of installing SVC. 3.3 Location of Remote External Devices Unlike the general SVC, the new SVC contains additional remote external devices, which will be installed at a different substation from the SVC. Section 3.2 indicated that the site of SVC can be determined by performance index PI. In this section we will decide the location of the remote external devices of the new SVC. Since the remote external devices are also part of new SVC but they are at the different substation from the SVC,

some special requirements are needed for selecting the location of remote external devices. According to the practical operation experiences, and also considering the system performance, we use the following rules to determine the location of remote external devices. (1) The remote external devices should be installed at a substation electrically close to the SVC. (2) There will be a significant change in reactive power output at the SVC if the remote external devices are switched at that location. Let Qsi(0) be the VAR output of SVC at the load bus i but without installing remote external devices and Qsji be the VAR output of SVC at the load bus i and with installing remote external devices at location j. The increased VAR output of the SVC due to the installation of remote external devices is computed as below. Qsij = Qsij Qsi (0), j i (12) The best location of the remote external devices should be at j with QsijM = max Qsij , j ND' (13)

CP S Ri =

V R , i = 1,2,..., m QiCP V R , k = 1,2,..., n QkID

(16)

ID S Rk =

(17)

where, the magnitude of voltage at the regulated bus of the VR: SVC.
CP S Ri :

the sensitivity value of the regulated bus voltage with respect to the capacitive VAR output. the sensitivity value of the regulated bus voltage

ID Rk :

where ND is the number of potential locations of the remote devices. (3) The remote external devices are also typically installed at the substations so that the effect on the voltage at the substation is negligible when the devices are switched. Let Vj(0) be the magnitude of voltage at the load bus j before the remote external devices are installed and Vj be the magnitude of voltage at the load bus j if the remote external devices are installed. The voltage change at the bus j due to the installation of remote external devices is computed as below.

with respect to the inductive VAR output. Thus, the priority order of switching devices can be made according to the sensitivity values. If the regulated bus voltage is too low, it is needed to switch out the reactors of the SVC according to the priority of inductive devices, and then switch in the capacitors of the SVC according to the priority of capacitive devices until the regulated bus voltage is within permitted voltage range. If the regulated bus voltage is too high, it is needed to switch out the capacitors of the SVC according to the priority of capacitive devices, and then switch in the reactors of the SVC according to the priority of inductive devices until the regulated bus voltage is within permitted voltage range. 3.5 Operation Mode of the SVC The existing SVC model has only voltage control mode, but the new SVC has two modes of operation: 1. Voltage control mode. The SVC monitors a voltage and adjusts the reactive power output to maintain a voltage set-point by switching external devices. 2. Q control mode. The SVC maintains a constant reactive power output according to a Q set-point as long as the regulated voltage remains within a predefined voltage range. If the regulated voltage goes outside the predefined range, then the SVC automatically switches to voltage control mode and controls the regulated voltage using the maximum or minimum threshold limit of the voltage range as a voltage set-point. If one substation has two new SVCs installed, we use the concept of master and follower to deal with. In this case, the extra coordination between master and follower will be needed. A follower of TEMSE SVC will share MVAr output with its master proportionally according to the SVC size and will not control reactive devices. If its master is out of service, then the follower will take over as the master and control the reactive devices. Regarding the mode coordination, the follower will follow its master if the automatic mode change from Q to voltage

V j = V j' V j (0),

j ND'

(14)

The best location of the remote external devices should also be at j with V jm = min V j , j ND' (15)

3.4 Priority Order of Switching Devices The new SVC consists of a set of capacitive and inductive devices. But it is no need to switch all devices under the control of the SVC for most of cases. Since the new SVC will switch devices connected to multiple busses/locations, which is different from the existing SVC model, the switching of the devices of the SVC is related to system operation conditions and the locations of the devices. We can use sensitivity analysis to determine the priority order of the switched devices. Suppose there are m capacitor devices and n reactor devices under the control of the SVC.

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control mode happens in its master. The voltage set-point from the master is always used under the voltage control mode though its follower may have different voltage setpoint. However, the Q set-point will be separate and can be different between the master and its follower.

respectively. The control model for new SVC is voltage control mode. Set V=1.02 that control bus 376. The results are shown in Table III, where all capacitors of SVC are switched out, and all reactors are switched in. TABLE III Results with new SVC (voltage control mode) V-setting V376 V379 V380 Qsvc1 Qsvc2 (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) 1.020 1.020 1.015 1.003 -128 -128 V (p.u.)
1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 V376 V379 V380 no SVC normal SVC new SVC

IV. TEST EXAMPLE The presented new SVC model has been implemented and installed in a practical system. In the paper, the simplified example based on the system is used to show the effectiveness of the new SVC. The test system consists of 568 buses, and 920 branches including lines and transformers. According to the analysis, the best site to install SVC can be determined. Two new SVCs are installed in the system, operating with one as a master. The regulated bus is at 400KV and the monitoring bus voltage will be at Bus 376, Bus 379, and Bus 380. The SVCs Control 7 devices: 3 shunt reactors, which are external devices and 4 internal shunt capacitors, which are internal devices. They are RX_1, RX_2, RX_3, C1_CX2, C1_CX3, C2_CX2, and C2_CX3, respectively. For the test cases 1~3, the initial conditions are: total system loads are 21386.08MW; Total generations are 21781.18MW; The reactors RX_1, RX_2, RX_3 are open, the capacitor CX_2 is open, and the capacitors C1_CX2, C1_CX3, C2_CX3 are closed. Case 1: Without installing any SVC in the system. The voltage values of the monitoring buses are computed and shown in Table I. Table I Results without SVC V376 V379 V380 Qsvc1 (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) 1.127 1.146 1.138 /

Vmax=1.05p.u.

Monitored buses

Figure 3. Voltage change with / without SVC for low load situation Figure 3 shows the difference of the voltage values on monitored buses without SVC, with general SVC, and with new SVC control, respectively. Since the load level is very low for the test scenarios 1~3, the voltages on the monitored buses exceed the high limit of the voltage if without SVC installation in this system. The bus voltages can be reduced by installing the general SVC, but are still a little higher than the high limit of the voltage. This problem is disappeared if the new SVC model is installed at the same location. Case 4: Similar to cases 1 ~ 3, but the total system loads are 29816.45MW, which is peak load. The corresponding results of the voltage values of the monitoring buses are shown in Figure 4. For the new SVC case, all reactors of SVC are switched out, and the capacitors SVC1_CX_2, SVC1_CX_3, SVC2_CX_2 in operation. It can be observed from Figure 4 that the voltage values on the monitored buses are lower than the low limit of the voltage if without SVC installation in this system. The voltages can be improved by installing the SVC, where the voltage profile is much better if the new SVC model is used in this system compared with the general SVC model. Case 5a: Fix Q control mode and the system load is at low level. The voltage ranges are between 0.95 and 1.05 p.u. A series results are obtained based on different Q-setting values, which are shown in Table IV. The voltage changes at bus 376 with the changes of Q-setting are shown in figure 5(a). The voltage changes at bus 379 and 380 are the same

Setting point /

Qsvc2 /

Case 2: Install two general SVCs in the test system (not new SVCs). The SVCs capacities are: 337 Q svc1 0 ; 332 Q svc 2 0 The corresponding results of the voltage values of the monitoring buses are shown in Table II. TABLE II Results with general SVC V376 V379 V380 Qsvc1 (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) (Mvar ) 1.062 1.058 1.051 -337

Setting point /

Qsvc2 (Mvar ) -332

Case 3: Install two new SVCs in the test system. The ' ' thresholds of both SVCs are Qmin = 300 , and Qmax = 40 ,

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under the fix Q control mode, which are shown in Figure 5(b). Case 5b: Fix Q control mode and the system loads are at low level, but the voltage ranges are changed from 1.01 to 1.05 p.u. If Q-setting point is -290 MVAr, the calculation results show that the regulated bus voltage will violated the voltage range, the new SVC will convert from Q control mode to voltage control mode. V (p.u.)
1.04 1.02 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0.88 V376 V379 V380 no SVC normal SVC new SVC

load level, the voltage changes at bus 379 and 380 are the same under the fix Q control mode at peak load. It can be observed from Table V that the system power loss will reduce as the increase of the reactive power setting value on the Q setting mode while the system voltages are still within the required range.

V(p.u.) Vmin=0.95p.u.
1.05 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97

Monitored buses

0.95 -180 -170 -160 -150 -140

Figure 4. Voltage change with / without SVC for peak load situation TABLE IV Results with new SVC (Q control mode) Q-setting V376 V379 V380 Qsvc1 (Mvar) (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) (Mvar ) -110 1.0409 1.037 1.037 -110 -120 1.0390 1.035 1.035 -120 -130 1.0371 1.032 1.032 -130 -140 1.0351 1.029 1.029 -140 -150 1.0331 1.027 1.027 -150 -160 1.0313 1.024 1.024 -160 -170 1.0292 1.021 1.021 -170 -180 1.0273 1.019 1.019 -180 V(p.u.) Qsvc2 (Mvar ) -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -160 -170 -180
1.05 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.95 -180

Q-Setting (MVAr)

(a) Voltage at bus 376

-130

-120

-110

-170

-160

-150

-140

-130

-120

Q-Setting

-110

TABLE V Results with new SVC at Peak load (Fix Q control and Voltage range 0.95-1.05) Q-setting V376 V379 V380 System loss -50 MVAr 0.964 0.963 0.963 883.91MW -60 MVAr 0.962 0.961 0.961 885.77MW -70 MVAr 0.960 0.958 0.958 887.63MW -80 MVAr 0.958 0.955 0.955 889.54MW -90 MVAr 0.956 0.953 0.953 891.51MW -100MVAr 0.954 0.950 0.950 893.50MW Case 5c: Fix Q control mode. The total system loads are 29816.45MW. The calculation results are shown in Table V. Same as cases 5a and 5b that are fix Q control mode at low

(b) Voltage at bus 379 or bus 280 Figure 5. Voltage change as Q setting change

V. CONCLUSION This paper reports an application of the FACTS devices as additional control in power systems operation and analyzes the impact on system loss minimization and voltage improvement. Unlike the general SVC, the new SVC model controls local, remote, internal and external devices simultaneously. It has two modes of operation: (1) Voltage control mode; and (2) Q control mode. This paper analyzes the functions of the new SVC, and implements them in the

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practical power systems. A performance index for evaluating the impact of new SVC model on voltage improvement was also presented. The proposed new SVC model is tested on a system with 568 buses and 920 branches. All kinds of cases are simulated and discussed in the paper. The new SVC model has notable benefit through comparing it with general SVC model as well as without SVC model.

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[13] J.Z. Zhu and X.F. Xiong, Optimal Reactive Power Control using Modified Interior Point Method, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 66, 2003, Pages 187192 [14] M.O. Mansour, and T.M. Abdel-Rahman, Non-linear VAR Optimization Using Decomposition and Coordination, IEEE Trans. PAS, Vol. 103, 1984, pp. 246-255. [15] N.H. Dandachi, M.J. Rawlins, O. Alsac, and B. Stott, OPF for Reactive Pricing Studies on the NGC System, IEEE Power Industry Computer Applications Conference, PICA95, Utah, May 1995, pp. 11-17. [16] K. Iba, Reactive Power Optimization by Genetic Algorithm, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 9, No.2, pp. 685-692, May 1994. [17] I. P. Abril, J. A. Gonzlez, VAR Compensation by Sequential Quadratic Programming, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 18, No.1 , February 2003, pp 36-41 [18] N. Martins, Coordinated Voltage Control in Transmission Networks, CIGRE TF C4.602, Feb. 2007
BIOGRAPHIES Jizhong Zhu (SM98) received the Ph.D. from Chongqing University, P.R. China, in Feb. 1990. Dr. Zhu was a professor in Chongqing University. His work experience includes Chongqing University in China, Brunel University in UK, National University of Singapore, Howard University in USA, and AREVA T&D Inc. (since 2000). His research interest is in the analysis, operation, planning and control of power systems. Kwok Cheung (S87-M91-SM98) received his B.S. from National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, in 1986, his M.S. from University of Texas at Arlington, in 1988, and his Ph.D. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY in 1991, all in Electrical Engineering. He joined AREVA T&D Inc in 1991. He is currently the Group Manager of the Advanced Applications Group at AREVA. His interests include deregulation applications and power system stability. Dr. Cheung is a registered Professional Engineer of the State of Washington since 1994. Davis Hwang received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Texas, Austin in 1985. Since then he has been with AREVA T&D Corporation (used to be ESCA) and involved in Network Analysis Applications for many EMS projects and more recently for deregulation market projects. Ali Sadjadpour received his BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa in 1981 and 1983. Since then he has been with Harris Corporation (Power Systems Applications), Central and South West Corporation (Systems Operations), and AREVA T&D Corporation (since 1997)

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