Respiratory System disease

Introduction

by
Dr. Ali H. Sadiek
Prof. of Internal Veterinary Medicine
and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University
E-mail: Sadiek59@yahoo.com

1 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.

 Respiratory system diseases (RSD)
Most of the RSD are of infectious
origin caused by:
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- parasites and fungi.
Some of the RSD caused by:
- Allergy,
- Air pollution,
- Other systemic illness.
2 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.
 Defense mechanisms of
the respiratory tract
• Aerodynamic filtration by the nasal cavities,
sneezing, local nasal antibody, the laryngeal
mechanism, the alveolar macrophages and
the systemic and local antibody systems.

• The cough reflex :Help to remove excess

secretions and inflammatory exudates from
the lungs and major airway

• The lung clearance mechanism may be

affected by a concurrent viral infection.
3 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.
4 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.
 Respiratory system diseases
Diagnosis by examination:
• Well explained death better than a misunderstood
recovery
• Critical component of health data base
Examination
• Establishes
– Pathogens of importance
– Accuracy of diagnosis
– Case fatality rates
– Efficacy of treatment
– Efficacy of control measures
– Approximate duration of disease
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 RESPIRATORY FAILURE:
• Respiratory movements are regulated by
resp. center in the medulla oblongata

• This center is controlled by afferent impulses

from cerebral cortex, heat regulatory center
in the hypothalamus, stretch receptors in
lungs via the vagus n. & from chemoreceptor
in the carotid body

• R. Centers also regulated by: pH, oxygen &

carbon dioxide tensions of the cranial
arterial supply.

6 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.

 Respiratory failure
• It is the terminal stage of respiratory
insufficiency, in which the activity of R.
centers is diminished to the point where
the movement of respiratory muscles is
completely stopped.
• It may be tachypeneic, dyspneic,
asphyxial or paralytic depending on the
primary disease.

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 Asphyxial respiratory failure:
Causes:
1. Pneumonia.
2. Pulmonary odema.
3. Upper respiratory tract obstruction.
Clinical signs:
1. Hypercapnia → stimulate R,Cs →
stimulation respiration
2. Anoxia.
3. Gasping.
4. Apnea → death
8 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.
 B-Paralytic respiratory failure:
Causes:
1- Poisoning with R.Cs depressants.
2- Nervous shock.
3-Acute heart failure.
4-Hemorrhage.
Clinical signs:
1- Variable degree of dyspnea & gasping.
2- Paralysis of the R.Cs →shallow
respiration & less frequent then complete
stop of respiration
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C- Tachypneic respiratory failure:
Causes:
1-Increased pulmonary ventilation
"hypoxia " but no carbon dioxide
retention "acapnia".
Clinical signs:
Because of the lack of carbon
dioxide to stimulate the respiratory
movement; Rapid & shallow
respiratory & shallow tachypnea are
evident.

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 • Pathogens Stressors

Viruses Mycoplasma Bacteria Physical Environmental

Upper respiratory disease Immune System

Damage

Bacterial pneumonia

11 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.

 Stress factors predisposing
respiratory tract diseases

• Stress factors with or without viral infection,

interacting to suppress host defense
mechanisms, which allows the proliferation
of commensal bacteria in the upper
respiratory tract.

• Subsequently, these bacteria colonize the

lower respiratory tract and cause a
bronchopneumonia with a cranioventral
distribution in the lung.

12 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.

 Stress factors predisposing
respiratory tract diseases
• Transportation over long distances; associated
with exhaustion, starvation, dehydration, chilling
and overheating depending on weather conditions,
and exposure to vehicle exhaust fumes.

• Passage through auction markets; commingling,

processing, and surgical procedures on arrival at
the feedlot; dusty environmental conditions;

• Nutritional stress associated with a change to high-

energy rations in the feedlot.

• Exposure to viral infection.

13 Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.
• Millions of cattle are
weaned, sold in markets
and transported varying
distances annually.
• The % of shipped cattle
that become clinically ill
with shipping fever may
reach
14 50 % Ali Sadiek, Vet. Med. Assiut Univ.
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Sources of Pathogens contributing for RSD
• Reactivation of “normal flora” “Swap” pathogens
• Mechanical

Respiratory Pathogens
• Bacterial agents normally inhabit URT
• Begin proliferation with proper stimuli Respiratory “Swap” Pathogens
• Aerosol, secretions, excretions
– Trucks
– Sales barns
– Hospital pens

Respiratory Pathogens
• Mechanical transmission
– Handling facilities
– Hospital crew

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 Bacterial Pathogens
Mannheimia hemolytica
Pasturella multocida
Hemophilus somnus
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Mycoplasma bovis
Mycoplasma dispar

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 Viral Pathogens

IBR
BRSV
BVD
PI3
Corona?

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 Signs of Respiratory Sysytem
Diseases:
It is mostly referred to hypoxia and respiratory
failure.
1- Hyperpnea,
2- Dyspnea.
3- Abnormal respiratory sounds.
4- Chest pain.
5- Cough.
6- Nasal discharge.
7- Epistaxis.
8- Cyanosis.
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