YEAR 2012

CHEMISTR Y FOLIO

5.1 | SOAP

AND DETERGENT

KHAIRUL MUIZ BIN KHAIRU NASIR | 5 ILMU | TEACHER : CIK NOR ZAIMARWATI OMAR

5.1 : Soap and Detergent

Soap

Salt that are formed by neutralization between a fatty acid and an alkali. One example of soap is sodium palmitate, CH(CH)COONa. It is formed when palmatic acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

CH(CH)COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH(CH)COONa(aq) + HO(l) Detergent

Salt that are formed by neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulphate with an alkali. One example of detergent is sodium lauryl sulphate Detergents may contain many other substances in addition to the substances that does the cleaning and also to make it more effective. These substances are called additives

Biological enzymes are catalyst that increase the detergency or cleaning power of a detergent. Whitening agents include bleaches such as sodium perborate. They
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release chlorine and oxygen that remove stains and make clothes become whiter and cleaner.

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Preparation of detergent
Detergents

are made using raw material obtained from petroleum

Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH(CH)CHOH + HSO CH(CH)CHOSOH + HO

Lauryl alcohol hydrogen sulphate Lauryl

2.

neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate

CH(CH)CHOSOH + NaOH CH(CH)CHOSONa + HO

Lauryl hydrogen sulphate lauryl sulphate Sodium

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Preparation of soap Oils and fats are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids. It made up through heating oils or fats with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, NaOH. The oil or fat molecules are broken up or hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids. This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication) The fatty acids formed then react with sodium Saponication of oils or fats hydroxide,ONaOH to form a salt (soap).

ll RCOCH O ll + RCOOH + RCOOH R COCH + 3HO O

fatty acids

HOCH
OH

l HOCH + RCOOH l HOCH

ll RCOCH
Ester

glycerol

Neutralization of fatty acids

RCOOH + RCOOH + RCOOH + 3NaOH + 3HO RCOONa + RCOONa + RCOONa

Salt or fatty acids or soap

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The cleansing action of soap and detergent One part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged (polar end). -It dissolves in water. It is hydrophilic or likes water. The other part has no charge (non-polar end) -It dissolves in oil or grease. It is hydrophobic or hates water. These two parts work together to remove grease.

hydrophobic part (non-polar end)

hydrophilic part (polar end)

When soap or detergent is added to the dirty surface of a piece of cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease, (a) The negatively charged heads (hydrophilic) of soap ions or detergents ions dissolves in water (b) The hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent ions dissolves in the layer of grease. If the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to lifted off the surface.

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 When the cloth is rinsed with water, the droplets will be carried away Heating and stirring may help to loosen the dirt particles from the material being washed. The effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent Property Soap Cleaning Less powerfull power Ease of rinsing It is difficult to wash away all soap on clothes. The soap that remains leave and odour and spoils the fabric pH Slightly alkaline Detergent More powerfull Rinse out well from clothes

Molecular structure

Formation of scum

Can be controlled to suit the cleaning task Determined by Can be modified the fatty acids to suit the found in the oil cleaning task. or fat used to For example, a produce soap detergent can be made specially for cleaning toilet bowls. Forms scum with Does not form hard water scum with hard
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water

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