Professional Documents
Culture Documents
V V
HdV dA G F WdV
t
. (1)
Where the vectors W, F and G are defined as:
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
E
w
v
u
W
,
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+
+
=
Pv vE
k P vw
j P vv
i P vu
u
F
+
=
q v
G
j ij
Zi
yi
xi
0
Vector H contains source terms such as body forces and
energy sources.
Here , v, E, and p are the density, velocity, total energy
per unit mass, and pressure of the fluid, respectively. is
the viscous stress tensor, and q is the heat flux.
Total energy E is related to the total enthalpy H by
E=H-p/
Where
H=h+v
2
/2
IV. NUMERICAL METHODS
4.1 Advection Upstream Splitting Method
The Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM)
scheme was introduced and applied by Liou and Steffen
in1991
[1-3]
.The AUSM scheme defines a cell interface Mach
number based on characteristic speeds from the neighboring
cells. The interface Mach number is used to determine the
upwind extrapolation for the convective part of the inviscid
fluxes. A separate splitting is used for the pressure terms.
Generalized Mach number and pressure splitting functions are
described by Liou
[1,2,4]
and the new scheme was termed
ASUM+. The AUSM+ scheme was shown to have several
desirable properties:
1. It gives exact resolution of 1-D contact and shock
discontinuities,
2. It preserves positivity of scalar quantities,
3. It is free of oscillations at stationary and moving shocks.
The AUSM+ scheme avoids an explicit artificial dissipation,
and differences the fluxes directly using:
2 / 1 2 / 1 +
=
i i
E E E
The algebraic method is used to generate three-dimensional
boundary-fitted grids for a cone. The height of the first grid
next to the body is controlled, and the grids near to the body
are normalized. The C-type mesh is generated on the tip of the
cone. The grid size is 70x50x36 is used for this geometry.
V. TURBULENCE MODEL
The K- SST model
[19,20]
(Menter, 1993) is a two equation
model that solves the transport of specific dissipation rate of
turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent kinetic energy. This
model is a combination of the k- and k- models.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 73 2011
243
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
+ =
j
t k
j
j
j
x
k
x
k C p k u
x
k
t
(2)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
j j j
t
j
t
j
j
x x
k
F
x x
p u
x t
+
(
(
+ =
1
2 1
2
1
2
(3)
A. 3.4 Steady-State Flow Solution Methods
The coupled set of governing equations is discretized in
time for steady calculations. In the steady case, it is assumed
that time marching proceeds until a steady-state solution is
reached. Temporal Discretization of the coupled equations is
accomplished by an explicit time-marching algorithm.
3.5 Explicit Formulation
A density based explicit formulation is used for these
computations. In the explicit scheme a multi-stage, time-
stepping algorithm
[21]
is used to discritize the time derivative
in Equation 1. The solution is advanced from iteration n to
iteration n+1 with an m-stage Runge-Kutta scheme given by
Q
0
=Q
n
1 1
=
i
i
i
R t Q
(4)
m n
Q Q =
+1
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4 Results and Discussion
In the figures 2-5 airfoil GLC305 pressure, density and
velocity distributions contours are shown. The comparison of
different aerodynamics characteristics against angle of attack
for different Mach number is graphed.
Fig. 2 (a) Pressure and density distribution on clean GLC305 at
AoA = 8
M = 0.12, Re = 3x10
6
Fig. 2 (b)Velocity distribution on clean GLC305 at AoA = 8
M =
0.12, Re = 3x10
6
Fig. 3 Lift coefficient vs AoA for clean GLC305 airfoil
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cd
(deg)
Numerical M=0.12
Experimental M=0.12
Numerical M=0.21
Experimental M=0.21
Numerical M=0.28
Experimental M=0.28
Re = 3x10
6
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 73 2011
244
Fig. 4 Drag coefficient vs AoA for clean GLC305 airfoil
From figures 6 to 9 cone cylinder and cone cylinder with
fins contours and graphs are plotted. The cone cylinder body
configurations are simulated and mach 4 other test conditions
are given in ref.16 and the finned missile [17] is simulated at
different Mach number as shown in the graph. The results for
AUSM scheme have a satisfactory agreement with the
experimental and Roe scheme and other available data.
Fig. 5 Pitching moment coefficient vs AoA for clean GLC305 airfoil
at different Mach number
Fig. 6 Mach number contours for cone cylinder at mach 4 angle of
attack 4
o
Fig. 7 Contours of Mach number and pressure for AUSM scheme at
angle of attack 1
o
.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cl
(deg)
Numerical M=0.12
Experimental M=0.12
Numerical M=0.21
Experimental M=0.21
Numerical M=0.28
Experimental M=0.28
Re = 3x10
6
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cm
(deg)
M=0.12
M=0.21
M=0.28
Numerical
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 73 2011
245
Fig. 8 Drag coefficient of fined missile at zero and 1
Fig. 9 Drag, lift and pitching moment coefficient of cone cylinder
body against angle of attack.
From figure 10 to 15 contours of temperature, pressure,
Drag coefficient of fined missile at zero and 1
o
angle of attack.
Drag, lift and pitching moment coefficient of cone cylinder
body against angle of attack.
From figure 10 to 15 contours of temperature, pressure,
Mach number and density are shown for
configurations. Shock waves are
accurately as shown in figure.
pitching moment coefficients
with the experimental results.
waves is captured by the AUSM scheme and the soluble is
stable and got higher order accuracy by using limiters.
Fig. 10 Contours of temperature, pressure, mach no., and density at
Mach 5.9,r
n
/r
b
= 0.5 and angle
Fig. 11 Contours of Temperature, pressure, Mach no. and density at
=30
o
,r
n
/r
b
=0.25 and angle of attack
number and density are shown for different cone probe
waves are captured by this scheme very
as shown in figure. The results for drag lift and
coefficients have a very good agreement
esults. For this hypersonic flow shock
waves is captured by the AUSM scheme and the soluble is
stable and got higher order accuracy by using limiters.
Contours of temperature, pressure, mach no., and density at
= 0.5 and angle of attack 12
o
Contours of Temperature, pressure, Mach no. and density at
=0.25 and angle of attack -4
o
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 73 2011
246
Fig. 13 Graph for Drag coeff. , lift and Pitching moment
Coefficient for r
n
/r
b
=0 and =30
o
Fig. 14 Graph for Drag coeff. , lift and Pitching moment
Coefficient for r
n
/r
b
=0.25 and =30
o
Fig. 15 Graph for Drag coeff. , lift and Pitching moment Coefficient
for r
n
/r
b
=0.50 and =30
o
VII. CONCLUSION
The paper describes in details the applications of AUSM
scheme for different geometries and different flow regimes.
AUSM scheme is suitable for lower subsonic to supersonic
and even for hypersonic flows. It also captures the
discontinuities and shock without oscillations. It achieves
higher order accuracy by appropriate use of limiters. So this
scheme work for all types of flows from lower subsonic to
hypersonic flows.
REFERENCES
[1] Liou, M.-S. and Steffen, C., A New Flux Splitting Scheme, J. Comput.
Phys., Vol. 107, 23-39, 1993.
[2] Liou, M.-S., A Sequel to AUSM: AUSM+ J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 129,
364-382, 1996.
[3] Wada, Y. and Liou, M.-S., An Accurate and Robust Flux Splitting
Scheme for Shock and Contact Discontinuities, SIAM J. Scientific
Computing, Vol. 18, 633-657, 1997.
[4] Liou, M.-S., A Sequel to AUSM, Part II: AUSM+-up J. Comput.
Phys., Vol. 214, 137- 170, 2006.
[5] Edwards, J. R., Franklin, R., and Liou, M.-S., Low-Diffusion Flux-
Splitting Methods for Real Fluid Flows with Phase Transitions, AIAA
J., Vol. 38, 1624-1633, 2000.
[6] Chang, C.-H. and Liou, M.-S., A New Approach to the Simulation of
Compressible Multifluid Flows with AUSM+ Scheme, AIAA Paper
2003-4107, 16th AIAA CFD Conference, Orlando, FL, June 23-26,
2003.
[7] Edwards, J. R. and Liou, M.-S., Low-Diffusion Flux-Splitting Methods
for Flows at All Speeds, AIAA J., Vol. 36, 1610-1617, 1998.
[8] Kim, K. H., Kim, C., and Rho, O., Methods for the Accurate
Computations of Hypersonic Flows I. AUSMPW+ Scheme, J. Comput.
Phys., Vol. 174, 38-80, 2001.
[9] Mary, I. and Sagaut, P., Large Eddy Simulation of Flow Around an
Airfoil Near Stall, AIAA J., Vol. 40, 1139-1145, 2002.
[10] Manoha, E., Redonnet, S., Terracol, M., and Guenanff, G., Numerical
Simulation of Aerodynamics Noise, ECCOMAS 24-28 July 2004.
[11] Billet, G. and Louedin, O., Adaptive Limiters for Improving the
Accuracy of the MUSCL Approach for Unsteady Flows, J. Comput.
Phys., Vol. 170, 161-183, 2001.
[12] Wada, K. and Koda, J., Instabilities of Spiral Shock I. Onset of
Wiggle Instability and its Mechanism, Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society, Vol. 349, 270-280 (11), 2004.
[13] R. V. Chima and M. S. Liou.Comparison of the AUSM+ and H-CUSP
schemes for turbo machinery applications. NASA TM-2003-212457,
2003.
[14] M. S. Liou and C. J. Steffen, Jr. A new flux splitting scheme. Journal of
Computational Physics, 107(1):23-39, 1993.
[15] Herald E. Addy Jr. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio Ice
accretions and icing effect for modern airfoil NASA/TP-2000-310021
[16] Bertrand Girard wind tunnel test of DERV-ISL reference models at
supersonic speed(Series ISLFPWT-1) August 1997 DERV-TM-
9704.(Report)
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 73 2011
247
[17] Jubaraj Sahu Numerical computations of dynamic derivatives of finned
projectile using time accurate CFD method. AIAA 2007-6581(
Conference paper)
[18] Robert L. Calloway, Nancy H. White. Measured and Predicted Shock
Shapes and Aerodynamic Coefficients for Blunted Cones at Incidence in
Air at Mach 5.9. NASA Technical Paper 1652, 1980.
[19] Menter, F.R. Zonal Two Equation k
Turbulence Models for
Aerodynamic Flows. AIAA 24th Fluid Dynamics conference,6-9 July
1993: 93- 2906.
[20] Turbulence Modeling for CFD by David C. Wilcox ( book on
turbulence)
[21] A. Jameson, W. Schmidt, and E. Turkel. Numerical Solution of the Euler
Equations by Finite Volume Methods Using Runge-Kutta Time-
Stepping Schemes. Technical Report AIAA-81-1259, AIAA 14th Fluid
and Plasma Dynamics Conference, Palo Alto, California, June
1981.(conference paper).
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 73 2011
248