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3.12

DC MOTOR AND GENERATOR THEORY ...............................1

SIMPLE SINGLE LOOP GENERATOR .............................................................1

Induced emf................................................................................2
Output frequency ........................................................................2
COMMUTATION .........................................................................................3
RING WOUND GENERATOR ........................................................................3
PRACTICAL DC GENERATOR ......................................................................5
Construction ...............................................................................5
Lap wound generator ..................................................................7
Wave wound generator...............................................................8
Internal resistance ......................................................................8
Armature reaction .......................................................................9
Reactive sparking .......................................................................10
GENERATOR CLASSIFICATIONS ..................................................................11
Series generator .........................................................................12
Shunt generator ..........................................................................12
Self excitation .............................................................................12
Compound generator ..................................................................13
DC MOTORS .............................................................................................1
SIMPLE SINGLE LOOP MOTOR ....................................................................1
COMMUTATION .........................................................................................2
PRACTICAL DC MOTORS ............................................................................2
Construction ...............................................................................2
Back emf.....................................................................................3
Starting d.c. motors.....................................................................3
Torque ......................................................................................3
Armature reaction .......................................................................3
Reactive sparking .......................................................................3
Speed control .............................................................................4
Changing the direction of rotation ...............................................4
MOTOR CLASSIFICATIONS .........................................................................4
Series motor ...............................................................................5
Shunt motor ................................................................................5
Compound motor ........................................................................7
Split field motor ...........................................................................7
RATING ...................................................................................................8
STARTER GENERATORS ............................................................................1
3.13

AC THEORY .............................................................................2

PRODUCTION OF A SINEWAVE....................................................................2
THE SINEWAVE .........................................................................................3

Peak and Peak-to-Peak values...................................................3

Average values ...........................................................................4
RMS values ................................................................................4
Periodic time...............................................................................4
Frequency...................................................................................4
Angular Velocity..........................................................................5
Phase Difference (Angular Difference)........................................5
PHASOR OR VECTOR DIAGRAMS ................................................................5
Addition of phasors .....................................................................6
ADDITION OF AC & DC ...............................................................................7
OTHER TYPES OF WAVEFORMS ..................................................................7
Square waves .............................................................................7
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Triangular or sawtooth waves..................................................... 8
3.14

RESISTIVE, CAPACITVE AND INDUCTIVE CCTS .................. 10

Resistive loads ........................................................................... 10
Capacitive loads ......................................................................... 10
Inductive loads ........................................................................... 11
Impedance ................................................................................. 12
AC POWER............................................................................................... 13
Resistive loads ........................................................................... 13
Inductive loads ........................................................................... 14
Capacitive loads ......................................................................... 14
The total load on a generator...................................................... 15
Apparent Power & actual current ................................................ 15
True power & Real Current......................................................... 16
Reactive power & reactive current .............................................. 16
Power Factor .............................................................................. 17
SERIES L/C/R CIRCUITS ............................................................................. 17
Inductance and resistance in series............................................ 17
Capacitance and resistance in series ......................................... 18
Inductance, capacitance and resistance in series ....................... 18
Series resonance........................................................................ 19
Voltage magnification ................................................................. 20
Selectivity ................................................................................... 20
Bandwidth .................................................................................. 21
PARALLEL L/C/R CIRCUITS ......................................................................... 22
inductance and capacitance in parallel ....................................... 22
parallel resonance ...................................................................... 23
impedance.................................................................................. 24
current MAGNIFICATION ........................................................... 24
Bandwidth .................................................................................. 24
Selectivity ................................................................................... 25

3.15

TRANSFORMERS .................................................................... 1

POWER TRANSFORMERS .......................................................................... 1

CIRCUIT SYMBOLS & DOT CODES ............................................................... 2
LOSSES ................................................................................................... 2

Iron losses .................................................................................. 3

Copper losses ............................................................................ 3
Flux leakage losses .................................................................... 3
Skin Effect .................................................................................. 3
TURNS RATIO ........................................................................................... 4
POWER TRANSFERENCE ........................................................................... 4
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY ...................................................................... 4
TRANSFORMER REGULATION .................................................................... 5
LOADING A TRANSFORMER ....................................................................... 5
No load conditions ...................................................................... 5
Resistive load ............................................................................. 6
Inductive load ............................................................................. 6
Capacitive load........................................................................... 7
Combination loads...................................................................... 7
REFLECTED IMPEDANCE ........................................................................... 7
IMPEDANCE MATCHING TRANSFORMERS .................................................... 7
AUTOTRANSFORMERS .............................................................................. 8
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS ................................................................. 9
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3.16

FILTERS....................................................................................1
High pass filters ..........................................................................1
Low pass filters ...........................................................................2
Band pass filters .........................................................................2
Band stop filters ..........................................................................3
Smoothing & decoupling circuits .................................................4

3.17

AC GENERATORS ...................................................................1
PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................1
Output voltage ............................................................................1
Output frequency ........................................................................2
PRACTICAL GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION ...................................................3
Rotating armature type ...............................................................3
Rotating field type .......................................................................3
Single phase generator...............................................................4
Two phase generator ..................................................................4
Three phase generator ...............................................................5
STAR & DELTA SYSTEMS ...........................................................................5
Delta connection .........................................................................6
Star connection...........................................................................6

3.18

AC MOTORS.............................................................................1
PRODUCTION OF A ROTATING FIELD ...........................................................1
Single phase...............................................................................1
Two phase ..................................................................................2
Three phase ...............................................................................2
TYPES OF AC MOTOR ................................................................................3
Induction motor ...........................................................................3
Synchronous motor.....................................................................4
Shaded pole motor .....................................................................5

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