Wind Effects

Wind Effects on Structures
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Udo Peil Technische Universitt Carolo-Wilhelmina Braunschweig

Wind effects on structures
Wind-engineered structures
Wind-engineered structures
Wind-engineered structures ?
Wind-engineered structures ?
Wind
1. Nature of the Wind
Wind Speed Profile:

Near the gound the mean wind speed is decreasing much. At the ground level the wind speed is zero! The mean wind is superimposed by transient gusts (turbulence). The profile depends on the roughness of the surface, the level of the gradient wind speed is higher the rougher the surface is. (, z0 factors are given in the codes)
z[m]
600 500 400 300 200 100
=0,40
=0,28
=0,16
uG uG uG
u u u
Description:
z u ( z ) = u (10) 10
Potential law
or:
z u ( z ) = u (10) ln z0
logarithmic law 10
Description of the turbulence:

Due to the stochastic character of the turbulence only a statistical description is possible. The turbulent part of the wind is Gauss distributed:
40
u [m/s]
For description of a Gauss-process we need:

2
30
mean value standard deviation auto correlation
20
u
10
t[s]
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
cross correlation
11

3 vvv 1 2
v i dt
v
Mean: Variance:
u=
2
1 1 u (t ) dt [u1 + u2 + u3 + .....] T N
1 2 1 2 2 2 u1 + u2 + u3 + ..... = u (t )dt T N 1
(root mean square: rms)
Standard dev. = 2
12

The rms of the turbulence is decreasing with the height. The influence of the rough surface becomes less important. The turbulence intensity is a measure for the turbulence. It is defined to be:
I ( z) =
340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20
z [m]
I(z) is decreasing with the height. It reaches values of about 20%.
I =
04 03
I [-]
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
13

The turbulent wind process is a correlated processes, because a passing gust increases the wind speed for a certain time as well as for a certain 3D-area:
v v(t+ ) v(t)
Description of the correlation:
t v(t) v(t+ )
1 Rxx ( ) = u (t ) u (t + ) dt T0
Both processes are shifted and the mean of the product of both functions is determined. Thus it must be:
v(t) v(t+ ) =R xx ) (
Rxx auto correlationfunction cross correlationsfunction
Rxx ( = 0) = 2
If a process is periodic, the autocorrelation function must be periodic as well
14

For long time intervals the autocorrelation functions tends to zero (the gust ball has a finite lenght) If 2 different processes are analysed a so called cross-correlation function is determined. If wind speeds on 2 levels are measured, the wind speed hits one anemometer earlier than the second one (ball shape of the gust):
60
u[m/s]
50
66m
40
30 m
30
3s
20
10
u(66m)+20m/s u(48m)+ 10m/s u(30m) 3 s

0 20 40 60 80
t[s]
100
The maximum of the cross correlation function is shifted to =3s.

15

Auto- and cross correlation functions:
Long time measurements are needed, otherwise the result is random !

16

If the Auto- or Cross correlation functions are Fourier-transformed, the so called Power Spectral Density functions (PSD) are determined:
S xx ( ) = S xy ( ) =
+ +
Rxx ( ) e i t d Rxy ( ) e i t d
Auto-Spectrum
Cross-Spectrum
The PSD can be determined approximately (as an estimation) from the square of the amount of the complex amplitude spectra of the measured function:
2 1 S xx ( ) X T ( ) 2T
With:
X T ( ) =
+T T
x(t ) e i t dt
17

Example of a PSD of wind speed (double logarithmic):
S (f)
1000 modif. Davenport-Spektrum h =138m v= 27.3 m/s o= 3.54 m/s Lx =2500m
The PSD shows the energy of the analysed process as function of the frequency. The wind energy is very high at frequencies of 0.01 Hz (T=100s) The energy in a frequency range of the eigenfrequencies of buildings (>0.1 Hz) is (happily) less in an order of 2 to 3 magnitudes. The area under the PSD equals the variance:
100
10
0.1
0.01 0.003 0.01 0.1
f [Hz]
1.0 2.0
1 2 = 2
S xx ( ) d
18

For practical use the measured (rough) spectra are fitted by a function: Proposals for the PSD of wind speed: Davenport Spectrum:
10 f*S(f)
Davenport Davenport Simiu modif. Kaimal
2 x2 2 S( f ) = 2 4/3 3 (1 + x ) f with : x = Lx f u10

1
Lx : charact. Length =1200 m This spectrum is height independent !
f[Hz] 0.003 0.01 0.1 1.0 2.0 5.0
19
A short course in Structural Dynamics
22
A short course in dynamics:
Simple Model with 1 degree of freedom:
If a structure is moving, forces must act!

u, u, u K
FK
Equilibrium conditions:
M
FM
F (t ) = FM + FD + FK
F(t)
FD
(Hookes law) FK = K u FD = D v = D u FM = M a = M u (Newton Axiome) (Differential Equation)
M u + D u + K u = F (t )
23
A short course in dynamics: Forced vibrations

6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
8 4 1 2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1
A
d=0
Damping = 0: Damping > 0:
amplitudes
finite amplitudes
Log. damping d
Resonance: Small forces can cause large vibrations! Amplification factor: v = Counter measures: Distune Eigenfrequency w Increase of Damping
= /
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
W/w Wind effects on structures
w/W
31
Wind Effects on Structures
32
1. Turbulence induced vibrations 2. Vortex induced vibrations 3. Self excited vibrations
33
Turbulence induced vibrations
34
Determination of the wind force from wind speed:

The wind pressure results from the wind speed as follows:
2 1 utotal 1 2 q (t ) = utotal = = (u + u (t )) 2 2 1600 2
: density of the air 1,25 kg/m
The wind force results in:
W (t ) =
1 1 cd ( f ) A (u + u (t )) 2 = cd ( f ) A (u 2 + 2 u u (t ) + u 2 (t )) 2 2 2
Products of small values are neglected. Splitting up the aerodynamic force coefficient into a stationary and non stationary part, it follows:
u (t ) cd ( f ) W (t ) = u cd 0 A (1 + 2 ) 2 u cd 0
2
W (t ) = W + W (t ) =
u 2 cd 0 A +
2 W cd ( f ) u (t )) u cd 0
35
Determination of the wind force from wind speed:

Rl = cd ( f ) cd 0
is called aerodynamic admittance function
It describes the effect, that small gust balls belong to higher frequencies, they can only cover a small area of the structure, the overall wind force is reduced. The function is determined via measurements. In Eurocode 1, 2.4 (Wind):
Rl =
1 2 2
1 e2
>0 =0
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
Rl
Rl = 1
4,6 f1 h with: = Li zeff
0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
( )
0.01
0.1
10
100
36
Measurements of wind turbulence and system response

Response
Deflection Acceleration Leg Strains Transverse Rope Force 344 m 312 m Rope Force Wind Speed
Wind Action
Temperature Direction
On-Site Computer 216 m
US-A
132 m
60 m
CCD-Camera
Control PC (Modem)
Biggest wind measurement and system response equipment of the world

37
Measurements of wind turbulence and system response

Stayed cantilever with sensors
Young-Monitor
Anemometer
38
Turbulence induced vibrations (Measurements):

Actual enlargement
132 m Shaft cross section
Elevator Covering
100 m
Edge Leg Pressure sensor
Inner Part Supported on Load-Cells
Cable Way
Covering Stayed cantilever
Stay Pressure Sensor
60 m
Young-Wind Monitor
4,0 m
Measurements of aerodynamic admittance

39
Turbulence induced vibrations (Measurements):

Exponential law exponent
350 300 250 200 150
Height [m]
18.01 19:24
09.12 21:17
z W ( z) = W ( z B ) zB

" = 0,34 " = 0,19
"
0.5
295 858 values values
1247 evaluated measurements (1990 - 1996, Sektor 4)

66 Values 21 Values
0.4
1993, Sektor 5
100 50 0
0.3
measured values exponential law

W [m/s]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.2
0.1
Mean values of
0.35
"
for W 48 # 19 m/s for W 48 > 19 m/s
0.3 0.2 0.1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 21 22 W(48m) / (m/s)
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
"
0.30
Sektor 4: "(W 48) = 0,40 ! 0,01 @ W 48 [m/s] 0,21
"
0.5 0.4
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Sektor 5: "(W 48) = 0,303 ! 0,007 @ W 48 [m/s] for W 48 # 19 m/s 0,17 for W 48 > 19 m/s
0.25
Sector 4 (SW)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sector 5 (W)
0.15 10
Probab.dens. Class width
@ (m/s)
W(48m) [m/s]
15 20 25
40
Turbulence induced vibrations:

Treated as Random Vibrations: PSD and the mechanical admittance function are multiplied. Result is the PSD of the structure response: SDOF-Structure:
Sw
Belastung Leistungsspektrum
0.01 H 2
0.1
1.0
f[Hz]
S A ( ) = H ( ) H ( ) S w ( )
*
System Ubertragungsfunktion
2
= H ( ) S w ( )
2
H=
k 1-
1 2 + 2
The variance results from the integral over the response PSD:
0.01
0.1
1.0
f[Hz]
resp
1 = 2
S A ( ) d
Antwort Leistungsspektrum
2 rms: resp = resp.
Total response: Aresp. = Aresp + g resp

0.01
0.1
1.0
f[Hz]
41
Turbulence induced vibrations:

Aresp. = Aresp + g resp
g: peak factor, belongs to the choosen fractile of the normal distributed random response: probability of excedence: f(A)
1 2
F ( A) = f ( A)dA
u
A = A + 2
A
A-
A-
A-
A+ 1
A+ 2
A+
In table the probabilities of excedence are given for different peak factors g:
g* 1 2 3 4 F(A) 0,158655 0,022750 0,001350 0,000032
A usual peak factors is 3,5 With this the response Aresp. = Aresp + g resp can be determined!
42
Vortex induced vibrations
43
Vortex induced vibrations:

Circular (and angular) cross sections produce vortexes, which leaves or separates the cross section periodically:
vortex frequency: Strouhal No. :
= S u [Hz] f d S 0,2
[m / s]
44
critical velocity: ucr = 5 f i d

Vortex induced vibrations of a chimney: a resonance problem! harmonic lateral force:
plat = q clat d sin 2 f t plat = q clat d

ucr: critical windspeed: ucr = 5 f i d
1.0 c lat sub critical
Maximum value: sin2ft = 1: with: q =
ucr [m / s ] 1600
clat according to the diagram: with:
Re= d ucrit
0.5
Resonance amplification factor:
super critical trans critical Re 10

4
v=
10
10
10
approxim. resonance response: preson

= q clat d
46
Vortex induced vibrations of a chimney: a resonance problem! Simple approximation: (chimney from the movie) f = 0,6 Hz, d = 6,0 m: = 0,01
vcrit = 5 * f * d = 5 * 0,6 * 6,0 = 18m/s qcrit= 18 /1600 = 0,20 kN/m Flow state ? Re = v * d / = 18*6 / 15*10-6 = 7,2*106 (trans critical) From diagram: clat = 0,2 qlat = 0,20* 0,2* 6,0=0,24 kN/m qres= / *0,24 = / 0,01*0,24 = 75,4 kN/m
47
Vortex induced vibrations of a chimney: a resonance problem! If a structure tends to vibrate, counter measures are much important, because the vibrations can cause severe fatigue problems!
48
Vortex induced vibrations: Counter measures
Additional dampers in resonance Distuning (difficult, stays) M
Water
ropes
granulate
friction
dash pots
visko damper
49
Vortex induced vibrations: Counter measures Disturbing of periodic vortexes
submarine periskope (2nd World war)
50
Self Exciting Vibrations
51
Self excited vibrations: Galloping
Power lines under ice conditions

52
Stays of a guyed mast

53
Self excited vibrations: Galloping Ice vanes on ropes: Symmetrical flow: no lift forces! lateral movement: u, u The profile feels the relative wind Relative wind produces lift forces in same direction as u. u increases a increases Lift A increases
wA
M u + D u + K u = FL (u)
Ice
M u +(D FL )u + K u = 0
System damping is reduced by the flow forces, can become negative!
u,u A
Increase of vibrations
54
F A
M u + D u + K u = F (t)
Exciting force in the transverse direction:
uA
Ice
F (t ) =
2 u A d c y ( )
y, y
cy(): aerodynamic coefficient from wind tunnel tests. W, A are measured:

-0.8
cy
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2
L
d
W
F (t ) = A cos + W sin
L/d=1,0
= arctan
y uA
transverse speed
0 0.2 0
0
10
15
20
25
55
Self excited vibrations: Galloping instable

-0.8
stable
L
d
W
cy
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2
unstable cross sections:
L/d=1,0
Tacoma!
0 0.2 0
0
10
15
20
25
58
Self excited vibrations: Galloping, Flutter
Tacoma Suspension Bridge

59
RegenWind induzierte Schwingungen
60
RegenWind induzierte Schwingungen Ermdungsbrche nach ca. 10 Monaten an der Elbebrcke Dmitz
Situation
Bruch an Kerbstelle
61
RegenWind induzierte Schwingungen Der Wind und die Schwerkraft bilden Rinnsale des ablaufenden Regens. Diese stren die Umstrmung des Querschnittes Auftriebskrfte Trgheitskrfte verschieben die Rinnsale Selbsterregung
62
RegenWind induzierte Schwingungen Mechanisches Modell:

3 Freiheitsgrade geometrisch & physikalisch nichtlinear Adhsion zwischen Rinnsal und Oberflche erfat
Mathematisches Modell:
3 gekoppelte nichtlineare Differentialgleichungen 2. Ordnung
63
RegenWind induzierte Schwingungen Rechenbeispiel:

Tenpozan Brcke, Japan, 1988 Seilparameter: - Lnge: - Neigung: - Anstrmwinkel: - Windgeschwindigkeit: y z
Amplitude [m] 0 ,8 0 0 ,6 0 0 ,4 0 0 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 - 0 ,2 0 - 0 ,4 0 - 0 ,6 0 - 0 ,8 0 200 220 240 Ze i t [s ] 260 280 300
50m 60 45 14m/s
Regen-Wind ind. Schwingungen: Messung: Rechnung: Frequenz: 0,82 Hz 0,85 Hz (f1) (f1) z-Amplitude: 0,55m 0,6m
64
Thanks for your patience !!
65

Wind Effects

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Wind Effects

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Wind Effects on Structures

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Udo Peil Technische Universitt Carolo-Wilhelmina Braunschweig

Wind effects on structures

Wind effects on structures

Wind effects on structures

Wind effects on structures

Wind effects on structures

Wind Speed Profile:

Wind effects on structures

Description of the turbulence:

For description of a Gauss-process we need:

mean value standard deviation auto correlation

Wind effects on structures

Description of the turbulence:

Wind effects on structures

Description of the turbulence:

I(z) is decreasing with the height. It reaches values of about 20%.

Wind effects on structures

Description of the turbulence:

Description of the correlation:

Rxx auto correlationfunction cross correlationsfunction

Wind effects on structures

Description of the turbulence:

u(66m)+20m/s u(48m)+ 10m/s u(30m) 3 s

The maximum of the cross correlation function is shifted to =3s.

Wind effects on structures

Description of the turbulence:

Long time measurements are needed, otherwise the result is random !

Description of the turbulence:

Wind effects on structures

Description of the turbulence:

0.01 0.003 0.01 0.1

Wind effects on structures

Description of the turbulence:

Davenport Davenport Simiu modif. Kaimal

2 x2 2 S( f ) = 2 4/3 3 (1 + x ) f with : x = Lx f u10

Lx : charact. Length =1200 m This spectrum is height independent !

f[Hz] 0.003 0.01 0.1 1.0 2.0 5.0

Wind effects on structures

A short course in Structural Dynamics

Wind effects on structures

A short course in dynamics:

Simple Model with 1 degree of freedom:

If a structure is moving, forces must act!

(Hookes law) FK = K u FD = D v = D u FM = M a = M u (Newton Axiome) (Differential Equation)

A short course in dynamics: Forced vibrations

Damping = 0: Damping > 0:

W/w Wind effects on structures

Wind Effects on Structures

Wind effects on structures

1. Turbulence induced vibrations 2. Vortex induced vibrations 3. Self excited vibrations

Wind effects on structures

Turbulence induced vibrations

Wind effects on structures

Determination of the wind force from wind speed:

: density of the air 1,25 kg/m

The wind force results in:

Wind effects on structures

Determination of the wind force from wind speed:

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

Wind effects on structures

Measurements of wind turbulence and system response