I

q
i. ffi

An

frnfuared tmagn

Tufu and

xtm
the *ee*rttv obtrrinsd bujj!:,rtrl rv rniifo unlua alasnhcd aaen ;;i;;;-n1"*W;l- ril ir#:;*r!r:""i:jfri,!,i;,tr.i,..r'oo)i;:"i_:"ii::!'::i::Xi:*t; ,*lirrr urr*t*oi trnlrc: tus*r ilrn{ sil*rs{uc'*tlg

fufXimry Arplicatimns

Snmrncr*-Thd

fmrod, u,i*urf*p deui**s #*foru lh* d*tt rf thu *cf rrp hr *1,* Futto*i r*i*r*, n ruo*ii, sn**itsc, **n ctur*d {x *sd Npor .* nurnr*r of rp*s L i"lrlw**d.iuiurur* 'nran,*fa

glrantffrendtrr*d8dg?t**Jn**tir"i"lrili'*umgts.il. aectr**t n tnc irsfr#r*s r&u rpss imaE* f*b; ir th* ***rrri{or itr*m to *o*o;t t&- ilt**uu dr*frorad drmnyl in*a ,'itudr{b[* ar*ucop o, nnd^fi6*,r* prd6* ,irnape. ftr* fubs ,oot*{o, ramd*tr*inrur*nt pftatccc}r*d;' mah

R*lprintnt huffi fiC"{

Swmhm

lS4#-

\fd- VII, No,3

fifffif

ax uf**ry.ry-t11"f* irtwgng or**d fa b* ;*nrifiu* to {xfrur*d radrafidlnpd ]cconsl o"i n"":91c1tt trs'il wfiJcf,inagc r tf,s slac0ronc lrorn th* ph,t'cil'thad* prn*n or infrurcd ruru{nour op* bnn}nr**r-* ii "ri*J;-d. rt*ii- ;;od"e*irn of fri,r iro*r* dr form*d focu*od o* rfr* phofocnrnt,
'on

(pp. S$5-{lS}

fltlrrrrercint aeraan^ of,t[' {rn*s; tub** cn *uoofiua Bo*i*nt,ly, ttrrc mfrurid fcla*eop6- cr,r***c rnu-*rtoc*ino** cn* a* ondor fw rye'u* "-d**oarc*d ftr fornrinr h;;;iin** *t*r-1 wit* tfrs talwrop ir c bcftst? op$r* inp tllc r.*praducod ,mcg* ths &nfiP io s0oo uolf* and tfr'c r p#u,sr *nnir";irh ut'd,*{bruto

th,

i"*tni*r

cguet'0Iintoffi**ot"uoticg**raqr*irodhyfhcrtagaust.. produccd rvr n A u*rf*fg al rgp;* *l **tuffiopei ** *ryr$fuJ ,ra t*Ic*ropu

*umher.
$rtfuicr*ccp* wfr.*h
sornr#$pd

of difarrnr "rnurr-"t" cniir {cr$od r- fry*ft**s ryrt** $ cb$uc{u*o ftc *mprog*g * fimrgra ue*ilii*"r- r*fiect{"i oqttent
mfffi,rp a{rni*'g arld

ftnndlr far ehcrt lruagr dniwrtg *nd rp#*on?r&rrrnncu *rr*rk. ffnc*t*tr*r *rrii* mrd of#r*r rpo*ml *ig&f* ****r**ti;;; fyinnr ifi*fru?r*#n**n r*mg*y-6nst profraf' srso **r-e*x r""tns s$firsc sf ifrdfi

uf fr.a rs,ru* fu;-{

*n*liog

*orh{rsd-r{0ouil ,ait tIa#csp nn&

nfrur*d rourcri fdf* fia *n*nrrm dcrlrt*sn *nd tft.c snoopsrilcops "rn*atted
*"r-f#

f*t;;o;ui

ort

n*{mts*1fioru'*t*d

n*r4,ry r**uissr #8r#

ynH b*fsrs the entry sf ths United $tstes lnt* rurld [*r r' rmquir* it wss **u*licd thet nffi.*!*Y rnlitsry sp*r*tiy* ry#* dnrk-n**u. fh-giT3 th* uo**p *ffcrd** tuy *omptete v*usl rnd*r rmY *nd NnvY Nstisrlnl D*fenrie lleseareh connmittee, u the . r , ,_r___ -s cf infrnrd vlewintr devf*cs *ffi* *ii*tiis* ;;dJcsk th* devet*pm*nr *f tk* xppf*sti*nn pl*png slw*rsn irung* tnnn*u uo* * lmv**tign*inn

**m**m**

#itld-lffid# ffiT,srmtl*m *s "&mslt**

-*

ssfens H,escreh

-d;";#'"$ffdtr-g* t Thin pp"* ir*w,t,,;ft-i'- r-ir'p*rr eh .q#k eornmirie**ffid-;

$s#

*fnurfema*tanl p{*S.*l,H

ffififfi{Ss"g?n.

ona

r fot tht Htttonal

and sHH"*'440

.4

ry

str
ffi'

C/t A#YIP

uf rueh dwmu, Thir work \ryag cnrrltd out by the** lnborntor*l A vrflcty o infrrred teleseopcs was developed suiteble for difierrrnnt hs}r md r number of types Ealv considerable serviee during thc wlr, Among tJrr most widely used were the Nsvy infrsred signalling equipmsnt end thc $niperscop snd Snooperscope procured by ths Arrny. Ftgun I illustrstec rn infrared telescope, while Figure 2 showt ttrt lebontoqf prototype of the Sniperseope. ' Berically, all of these teleseops eonsist of an objective for fonninf
.

rn Inrurd irn*gs of the scene being viewed uBon the photoeencitlvt crthode of the image tube, the image iube itself, and an oculnr or vtcxlnf tht r*produced image" The gnersl form sf the *leetron tcle-

Flf. fi*Lrborntory

pr.ototypq rnlpcnrc'of.

***a

Forc*r *cre nble to obtain these lnutrumentu ln frr f qu*ntites than coutd either the Germnru or the Japrnem whmc ln: atrumenh were not sutable fOr qu*ntity productlon.

IIIRARII ELE$OOP$

OUffiffW ITfiT
.

ff,r$t urE

m portH suFt

far oeurng the *lsctrous snto the n*rn" IW n und;rtsktng the deuign of th*se instrumentr and thffi, thr rrll
"

tn SNnrffi $. , tu fund*m*ntnl c*mpcn*nt af th*s* infrared telercopu lr th *ketron tmrg tuh. Thin tubr cunsists of s remi-trengpfir*nt phots* mthsfu procaruad ss th*t it ha* high sensitivity in the infrered por' tmr uf tht rpuutrum, $ fluorescsnt screen and sn sls*tron Wtlcnl
,

mp mtn$ rufrn*tive

nnd reffective rpti*n iri sh$u#n schmn*tlcrttr

ouurtt
f

{lnhilnH s ffistr prodn*tion as well ** thos* relntiglg ts th* prrtrenlrt tDPllstion, wrc teken into eonsiderstion. As I ruult thr It ft

Irtr U;l rffitfi iltffi0t typq of nrr 3"*' $.*$shsm*tia di*gfrn ff two

,.i'.,l

,,

r F*ffir
$urw

td!ilcofq

lar

'"ill
"

, r 'lhtdi* nnyfpff '"

, ' fffi

Innm Tum"

trEGTn

oil

LEtls
:
it.

iruo ntsrHT $cnsrl

$$Jtpt

grnut tilru0u

Ir o*,tiy *:oln"t1ey$ wirhl uniry mesntfrcation -; ,J- qnrl nq XfS oculrr. thc tralm i . , ^:-!rrnn 1O tp imn8 i1 rrssc tube with mrptilcrtion }[ -r^*t.rnlf^n ryufnn

d *

t"*

urtnsr

':

brishLr. Howtru: f-.-" r sgven,t*:r il-:ffi ffi h, i-**** o Jiew, the masnlfic*tion cannot h de;;td il;;-il and *ngot"t :ffiL-"ffi-ilr"#*o* * the power ol th" ToF increaser tt:

ffi

;ffi orfk

uf thr retinst imng doffi nat lo***. !TSry thrt tttt o rh* utr;;aol*-0r.,*uol ryyycnrt-ry tt r dro *,*trl tb.t-!'{* e-'ffi hc mueh !."e-";qo"* to th* rffrr'; Gf* drlm not il; * U* fa***A tns .*{tf wIi$
ro*sptrfiertfiou

n'il1ir*fry lytil * rfut*e fr6 l* nr! fiIld. st **rn

*io*,q;m#ffi
*q . 1*ffi

gif;

*i*{p

''.

'

(2,
sm-

Curveturg

of tlre imrgp rurecc and rrtgmrffsu [anlt ths

i*u*ffi Anffilnnt;howd thrt lor r tuh. th; dru oil th lurs H* nndsr dgm;ton* th* mngulilcrffon ;houtd not F l* thrfr onQ* rnd rntlou of hrtf. Ftfure d iltuutr*ts r*htn*tfcdb th ffi
th

ofi-rxlr def,ntion. (S) Chromrttc eberntion duc to thc sprotd o tnttlrl wlocltlr cf thr photnd*tronr cstnbltrhs th* Iimlt of remlutlon rt th*- tsr nf
tho imtgc.

InrSr tubc rdoPtcd.

: h* *trg6'sn upticrt ryr;6m of the m*g; tubr mnlkh cuenthlb o r rtron* mein ir* rs thc principd irnrgtng mGBo" rnd r mrl.' ot

,'

Er,wruor Orncrr,

Conm

(4) Spherieel aberretion end comr pley a negligible role in limit* ing thc definition. ha rndlur of curqaturc of 2.S8 lnchor sdected for th* c*thn**

'

,,'l

compromise between thet required or e flet electron imege rursee rnd optical considerationg of the objective. rith thlr curvnture very

little pincuchon distortion

of thc picture.

remeined, and

a deflnition of

860

lins

rrilrt1wly wcaker correcting lcnter between ths cethodc end mrln lentrn" p"Uet dirtribution ilnos thc rxir o tho tube lr lhowrr tn thc uppsr portton of Flgnrr , Twu ehctron prth* on of ln clmtron
rfftltr* Ltrllt
j

(tetevsion nomencleture) or better could be obteined netr the merginr

At the eenter, the dirmetsr (A) o the circte af eonusion dut to

chromatie aberratlon

lr

given epprordmrtely by: n %mYfff

r*lt f;r

(t)

t I r F

whsra B lr tht gredtent nsr ths crthods tnd r the lntl*l elcctrcn energies in electron volta Evalueting thir from the gradient known to exist In the tube rnd from the initiel velocities expeeted neer the infrared threrhold, the limiting definition at thc eenter ir 20fl1 or more lner. Defrntlons of 1000 lnes r'rc redlzed in lrboretory tubee, nnd af 4S0 lines or better in production tubes. In $eneral, the difitroncs in definition between the theoreticsl estimated deftnition and thet achiwed in practical tubes s due to misslignment of the electrdea, inhomogeni-

ties in the photo-csthode end Sranularity of the f,uorescent screen. Pnmo-Et Bgltlc Crrnonn The photo-sensitization of the cathode ia one of the critical tteps ln the preparation o the image tubo. Research to date har lead to the conclusiou that a complsx surface involvlng: csrium, oxyge rnd rllv*r yields the highest infrared response of any of the surfecer yet studied. This suiface g forured by evnporeting a thin leyer o tilver on thc eathode disk, oxidizing it eompletely, then addng dtern*tclf rilver,
csesium and silver while subjecting it to an approprietc thermal trestment. The eompleted surface is gemi-transpsrent so that, when illumi-

,,, 1e fi--Fuffir; ilhtrlbum rd

dGtiluil

pi*r h tlr Imill tub*

rdr of ryt "tg ti-tf ndirt ''-*iltutrrt;dtnthrlowsrprrtofth;ltrur*lhwt"sf*tfttrrr; ' iumtmt h dnttrmtnc thr lhut ordu tnffitn$ proprtirn of tty rptrol, dtrltd thorrtlert *udr of thh tlpt nf lyltsm I& to thr , fdlrlrymclurlou dlrtm$m r l',1 ,,, {X} Un*rtorr u tft* tnf*sr il# rniil $ncnrhlm ',"._; wryril n*thod* (or ; rndtrt potmttrl #$b* *Imtn*tnd hr tfr* u*G nf *
origmHng roun the eethods oB thc

nttsd frnru

tJrs outside, etectronr &ns ernitted fruru th* Inmr nurfics. Thc photoemission from a well ectlvatnd sur{aec o thlt typc will bc $0 to 60 microgmprer pcr lumen for whole ltght (vtttble t Infrrcd) frsm * tunguten sourcc rt * culor tsrnperetnra cf l8?0 dfrs HQlYln"

rildlmt m tha eri:hodc).

sgs

ncl nEvIEw
Fesponse

JJvpn"{fipp rir##

rutr
;i..,*.,1_ t

, ,,. ,' '

*Sfi

Fl*urs ff iIu*trutw th* spwtrel

of this typs of emltt*r'

Er

nlfht drtvtnn rsconnelrsene*, nnd uniperucoffin tli*

B ry

r-$sffon t

llor$t

't,.,&'

tI

1,;* requremuntr of the frusr*ssnt ssrn &r* ths fslawlng nf electron nersv ltt lt rnust h*ve * hish sfficieney of l:nersion vinion. inta visible tight of * colsr suitsble for scotopic grain $tructure capabte of sivtngr hish ts) irroura have fine
'

Fr,uonugcHnt $cnnpr*

t$) Its time constant rnust be short ss thnt movlng t4) It shoutd be inert

definition-

mnges do not

to the shemicsl action of csesium" . L. r requirements falrly Synthetic willemite w*s faund to s*tisfy these time ls somewhnt longer thnn well, slthough its phosphore$c*nt decsy

blur.

t it t1p time in seconds after exeitation eea6ct Td Bo lr_th brrhhum nt s o r sntlrdy ndegunt*. ht prffiItn for Phsnphorercent deeay indicates that the image brightness falls to 10 ps cent o ttg initt*t vdue in 0,04 sec$. lilhil* rapid enough for mort pu{pglsr, it caus*r sorn loss in deftnition for r*pidly movlng obiwtn t u*ry 1ow brightneis levels, the"decay" heesmet lwr isptd thcn r indiceted by this expression. This long low-level afterglow is o eotrsequence in the deteetion of an infrared marker and signal light ncrr
where the visusl threshold.

rl s

o
L
s
l ! y.

H q

rf- lr ..t sf,v;LHcll (rlsronll Flr. s.*spctrrl

rGspons

of tP8$ mrge

Tube.

r^rlnntnlns I f*r as pc rsistence is s$ Hlight bc ileslrcd. n splte of its shortcsmingl lt ws$ selsotd as thb shosphor nost euitable for the 1P36 ronrrgd, il]-*|- or itr availability and ease of handling tosether with its
chemieal stsbilitY. *'.*;;;C;;*r

FiS' ?;tp2 lrnrgn

uk.

'

u*cn

Tunn FsnronilAs{

of thir phnsphsr in the vicinitv of s00 volt* is be* watt. Its color is_ green or yellow-green u'hich t**n i ";; a lttle i- ffi; **ti*t**tory fiorn the stsndpoint of seotopic vision. with *lde smnll enou$h $o that {affir ths grain and ggrSatg sir can Fdecav eh*r*eimnsu, il;;;;;aes nat timil the defintion nf ths bv * lhe time constant' be expressed tei;*;; ;ilm*t*rist cannot :ins. ilow;vo frrr the brightnes$ involved in such npplicntions of the tube
s candles per

The performance of the 1P25 image tube may b summtrzed at fsllows: ho light autput per lumen of 'tifht n*ident on th* photocnthadq or csnvnion, is in tJre neig:hborhoud of 0.6 to 1 lunten, In
conunetion with tn infrared filter, the eonversion is reduced by thc comesponding filter faetor. It has been eustomar to erpress this ftter fa*tor in terms of the r*tia of the m*g*tub* rspnw for wholt tight from e given incandeeeent souree at color temperatura 28?0 ds#r*ffi Ketyln ts thc r*upon;* frorn the same soilrc* when filtcred" Tbe centrel definition o the image is 450 liner or mone rnd ttrc

r 's$t

fr0il fi#YIEW

pcrl$*rd drf,nitlon $S0 llnou- fhiu definltion ir nuch thrt for molt brffhtneru lr*l* *ncuntsred In prnrtlc*, thu y rnth*r th*n tht inrtrument is ths limiting eletnent. A photogr*ph of the finished tube ir shown in Figure ?. ty uf tubc* rcrF
identierl to that of the tP26, but reguirin$ no intermediete or focusins vclt*$e$. Thir tubu fu tntsrwting in that lt employcd en electron optienl syrteu wlth in uncofivsntonnl depnrturs from circulrr symmetry. A second tubc opcreted st tn over*ll-voltege of 16 kilovolts employing a multiple lenr
anodg.

rat a single-voltage tube, contained in sn envelope

developed to m*et rpecinl problorn. Ons

of ths*

Ir*sBurgwrs Eunnlhrc

Trs lPz

Durlng the courae of the investigation, mtrny difrerent types of instruments wcrs developed employlnf ths imagls tubs. Th* numbsr ir ro lergc thrt only s sm*ll frrctlon of them crn be deecrlbed ln thlr prpr. Therefot, s few reprmnt*tlve inrtrurnentr hrw bsen

lnfrtrd

ttlxtd

which will b demribd and thair performnnce lndiceted.

Tc&ltcopcr

Sitilcllin g

Onc of the widert end et the rf,m tlms mort erectlng urG of thc cleetron tetegcope is for the observing of infrared signsl rnd merker llrht;. Iert, clnffi thc objrct observtd r sn unrtsolv*d lumlnour poinb

detmmlnlng ths rmsitlvlty o thr lnrtrumtnt rr qultc difierent fram tha cmo of tn axtsnded lmlg. Th two prlmary optlcnl factor sro tha tref, o ths obectlva *nd thr mngnlfiettion, whtls or the lmege tuk the coilverslon nnd background ontf f;ru involved. It witt bt nottced thrt tho f*number of th; objectvc snd mWnifieetion of the im*ga tube do not affect the renrtttvttf. How* evrr, if I lens with a lrrgu -number or an lmage tube with hish mrg0iftcation is used, the enguler field of view will bc smelt which h underirebte for e rnerine signelling or seareh instrument!, For thsc rgatorrr the signalling telescop wes designed with en objective hevlng r rhort ocst length and largp aperture. The only prretieal wry of echieving luch a systenr is bitn" use of reflective opticr, gt illustratnd, in the lower ptrt of Figure S. The corrector plete end sphericel mirror fin of trcnssr*nt plsstlc, nssembld ns i unlt tn r pln*tic btrrul. Thc ry*em Fss errenged m thet the image wsr folded back by rnmnr af * plrnt. mlrttr onto tha c*thod* o the imegr tuhc. , Th* focet lcng.h of thie sbjccttyc wet 2.4 inchs rnd its effectiys -numben wru rbout 'S'S" hs lm*gro on thc flnorereent r*rmm w*s vlswsil thruurh an Xtl

tht mnrld*rttlonr lnvolvd ln

uhxtlw nnd rn XIA oeulnl'. A mudel is illustrnted in Flguru S" tr $m rnd w*lfht ln only ahuut une third thnt of the telescope nhown ln Fl$urc l.
For gpnerel purpose observstion, these simple in-line monocular this type of indtrument wrs frequently enrred by *tt obs*rt'er durins nfght drlvinf. Also, it rva.s usetl to supplement the l:rrge reflective-type telescopes 88 genernl orientatien instrument.q, and for mnn]'oiher sttpporting opratonc. Under thenc cir-cumxt*neps, th*iilluminntor provlding the ln* frnretl rsdintion lvas n seprt'nte rnrit r)\'r' rvhich the ttser of the teleseope hsd tittle or iln tlit'ect contt'ol.
fele*eopes served fls very useful tools. Fnr example,

TffFNT ED TNAGE

TTTEE
r Ir-.*.-

ST'
i

'l' -.. mnt trollr ffid Mny by msnnberu of th* "errned roru* ,,i. ,''l', uttlH *^$ Thr tr;lwmru ussd tnths l*borrtory prototypt of thHl ' *** as the monoculnr tnlescope deffiribad ln earller ;;.d;; p;rf,gr*phr Ttrs obiectlve* rsro sl&-lnct f** t*nrt! &t lffi$ shlp nn Ng oculer 1rytr! used for vtewing lht r*ru*lr. .* *hryT 8f
':

,:

ptncad on th* rurfnce of the freld*corre*tor lens ta rerv't th$ nml}p

lndor or thu g1nip6r$cop, Thtr chewon wtt accur8tety *tlgn*d rlth tht dlrrctlon af fire of the plecc. By pleclng thc nlmin# nd*x trt th ,,

' "bi*tt*q onthcasurecyof aiming. ! 4 *j,,,' , , Tstr were made to determne wh*her thc teleruapsr lncludlng thG."
lrnesp tub*, Rrils sufficieiliv rugged to withstsnd thg roush ussgG tn: volved in thi* npplication. No partlcul*r dfficultier !ryr0 nountcrsd

Afrtortion or defrection of tir* electran trnng hnd

no

',

,,,

Flg. 8*Hxperimentnl

teescope.

Fig.

$-Idhratoty

protatype

Stooperscflp.

instrrmentr involving souree-telescope combinations. In particular, two instnrments of this class were developed, namely, a monoeular telercope and a light souree mounted on a handle for relatively short nna$ rrconnuir*nnce {**e Figure 9) and a similar telescsps nnd sourco nounted on a carbine in such e $ray that the telescope could be used b, dming in completc visual dsrknegs. These instrurnsnt* wcr',
E' AT

uro ln eonjunction rvith the teleseope. Therefore, a study wts msde o

tn thc ease of the Snooperseope. In the Sniperseop, n eertain percenttrg of tuhs urer found to fsll a$ il result sf the lhry\ of firlng, duc to mlnute particles of the phosphor becoming dislodged from the fluor' escent tcreen and settling on the lens electrodes antl causing flashing in the tube because of cold discharge. This made it necessary to shocktest production tubes before employing them for thia purpose' Ths rclection of the size snd form of tisht souree was I result o compnomiges in a number of directions. These included angular- field"

chrJrtned Snooperseope and Sniperscope respectivety snd were tater

fffigg, op*rnting lifs for thr sllownble bnttery weisht, snd conslderp tlom of security. The soureg chosen for the laborator? model* wl I rpuslnl G*uerrl Electric smled b*am Inmp with n tS to 15 degrss eprurd snd r mrximum hcam enndlc potpr o S{},000. Y*rlou lnr*reiil fiIttr

$apnrtrts ocur of the two obiectives rnd two,n*lr*, ** nrnvjd$. Thu po1psr suppty \ry&s designed $o that the elettred fssun tf tht twa lmngs tuber w&s slso independsnt' Thess binoculnrs, with n suitnble hsnd rent, s$rv*d ,ps lpxcelltnt drtvins teteagspes, when suppart*d on * pivoted *:y in ront of th driven As dsigned the lnslru**ot nat only srve the operat*r use sf both eyes but also permitted t1e stereovision' r ,, Some experiments wre undertnken in h*lmet *uunting thc n-lln* uioii;;'-H";;;;;, *"o ;;;-.ount*rbatanced to neu*alize ..*ht forward torque of the instrument, the moment of inertia $'as rather hish whieh made it arvkrvard to handle. To overcome ttris, an investigstion ws$ made on * series of helmet*

.--

...*

FiS' t$*nfrerad In'linc Binoculr' right-ang!* p*Ilmounted instruments. Figure 11 illustrates sn early o"nt- uniL The resulrs of these tests were so eneouraging that.tl: for night development of a tight-,wrishb Z*shaped binoculsr suiteble
completed Johnson Foundation of the University of Pennsylvania. The of alurninum' in Figure 12. Th: unit is illustrate

fiying nnd driving, l{rs undertaken in collaboration with ths

instrument ::t T:d* eud pl*stic uptics lryre us*d throusho! cry:yt for th* $culsr 1**y) by to reduce ths weirht to a nninimilm. the folding ws$ ***ompllshsd nnd -l*gq Again, indep*ndent opticnl ;**";

fo*iing

ndjuatm*ntu \ry*re provided for the two cldw, thc electric*l tfoe focus beinr controlled by rnetrns of potentismeters mountetl at _ bnrrelr. Rerlct*r o th* imng* wrt sfiscted by b-r* cf ltrs t*le*cop*

;l*tic*prisms.

ffpnJrfrsp tlilc$ ftlfr#

l0s

rrri

RC

NNVTEW

mounted on eech hryrt lnfril of u par of rot*table rlng msgnets tubG just bgow nn inne, *u-*i shietd which surrounded the inrngp of th*se ring-r-ry**t' field fnom cnthode to m*in leng. The resultsnt by rotatinF tho ringr6 *arltd b* vsri*d in intensity an{ dir*ction whieh images into exact *llgnmeuL m*ds it psribte to deffect th* elestron adequate solutlon ta lrers helmet tel*rcoper appered to bs n ery of golnr infrar*d nighi ctiuing, and R're on the verg

.futl nt* gffit ru ruqulrud, tht r*tud powsr nceded ig v*f,y -*w brlrht oav e fracr{on o * microrrnpre uf *olry _i powr output rsqulrd tu ruppF tht tubt ttght canditions. Thc tot*r

;;il;

r*turtry-::ffi

fmwlns eloc$t rnd th* voltsrs divider noce$ssry fai ths varou1 futt" * of ' ," o. Volt*g* of thc 1P*$ is on the order of * t*nth tha'ltw dt* onry prrctic*r av*ilnble mesn$ ef ccnverting Tha
i

thc prabl** oi

intrproduction whsn the $'nr

nded'

Fi8.ll*PerircopicllelrnetMonoeulur"
t. ,
.

Fir. 1g*fYPe Helmct Slnorul*r'

Thc 1P25 imege tube requires

f**
t smell op*rnt* i:d battery -f:o* to be tife hnf, tinte, the
cf the
develupment,

thu

brtters ts thu hish notential um*rmy.*

qu::* th; tnrp

H;t-*
ssentisl

pr{mnry bsttery $surc$. At-ihe arne

I

oo|[-;iriiy w&s oo* of the eims tfrit the Powef eupplies be snall

it w*r

tubo is

gbott*certuinminimutniftheinntrumenttvngtolrc.prrctl9: h* d*rtgtt of * Powsr suPPlY meeting thene requiremsntt Ir Procfoo to $sO0-volt oubut ir ,1j3inory urous af-tltt frct thnt while a

* vibr*tor*rnnsforner-rectisel :"lilflon from th* oilil' t dtfi* ror poms- ,;;;i t- *io* in rixyrl rl, pos*r -;i; umd ln bett*ry op*r*M rtdloc' Y-YF ttonnl vibr*$r tnrdl o tht ory!"*tf duc to'thr tsw potr*r r*qurem*nt, ut *. f prinrrr rf S: tramform*r lilo i"r"rs n*ekr *ppsrtns scro*s h*prtmrry dreutt lr brokn H whcn thc m*gastic etd eounp*B &n ths

tffi

fr/l gvrn?r

thc vibrrtoa Iu addition the primary is tuned to resonste with thc n*tur*l pfirtod of ths secondsry to obtain maxiinum transfer of eners:y. tsy thtt method &n effective primary voltage of ten to twenty times
ths bstt*rf vottng* Is realiued. Thi* makes preibtc Sr*nt reduction
tn the rize of the traneformer

rlrrFrfffD' tr.4tr[' rr"lBfi

'- r'''r'j^'
:

required.

'

prrocnremmL The fr*quency ws of the order ef on hundred internrptionr por recond and the H)\rer consumed was about 0.2 watt. A mventionel rectifier circuit and eapacity filter wal used employing

'r I

'Vbr*ttir'fr*iueircy-Jl00 p#r sdcund Tinre uf *antfict"*$tl$ gecon ' I ' -' BatterY voltage-$ vottg M*xirnum battery eurtent lpenk)--8
Peak output voltag$-4000 volts'

'r";"'

"

amprg

.'smnll -! Under the. typs of

the sptrial rectifier described leter, The desigtr of the trensfonner lrys necesssrily a compromise btwen light weight and efficieny. A light-weight transformer with

oper;atiori requiredl thi sgondif *urrnn! fo oi tft* power dissipated in losses- m*fr*' f,s * first s,nd most spproximatiou ths effect of the secondary circuit on the prlmnry ruet be negtectJ .*.*nt as it affeets the resonant frxluency. If ths tirns constnnt of ths primary is rnnde squ*l tn th* contsut tlms, then

" ;

"

t- tSSl* lf. {ll*

b" * {k .00S
x,

Ftf. I$*$sle tirtult of vlbrrtor porcr rupply.

a rl

-oilffih*t lorvtr effisi*nw m*nn f, tergcr bnttery

Ilfq rrhlls r he*vlsr tr*nrfonner wlll sivs s hlgher

sf t0 pw cilt, includlgg vibrrtor

or shorter bettery

efficiency due to lowur rsn loues. As a reuult, the optimum trtngformr k ususlly f,

darlgn unqut tu th* pnrtieulnr applic*tion. For nn ovemll effflciency power snd rectifter ftlsment, et sn ', outpnt of 4{m0 volts, the weight of the transformr ir on the order of , *0 ouro pr wntt of outpuL This il&ns th*t in order to rupply on* tmth wntt rt {0ff} volts * two*ounc tr*nsformer would be required et rn irput of ous wrtL At somen'het higher powcr ouput* tha efficiency , mrtr rrfi ru htgh en f0 pcr cent, sincr thc power t*ken by the vibrator ,' *d rwllfrtr rttt bs soartanL ,'* *, typlfit tmntfonffir dwlgm ffi&y bs npproxlnn*ted bv nnnHnf,l ths
,

ohing rilumptiom:

ffi

's*
11

ffttry rpauld *lrcnlt

f& Ir nor n frsduetlon m the f6S{ nnd in thr rlll dellver !ffi micrormpres at 6000 volts'

rbm

"thr

tfptcnl u*nrpfu uf thir form of porvfr snpply Ir rho*u ln Flntm fi. fr* rupply *cliv'*ru 0.I$ *'ntts ut {00CI voltr wtth *n. input of otrl rrtL The totsl weight including the battery, which will operate the instrument iat 2\L hourr, is 2t/2, pottnds .* hfh dagfm of at*bility of the over*ll voltngs lt not ssuthl but
r11iu

regerds temperature snd voltage rvas a matter of eonstderablt GoD' cor- It would be hishly desirsble to be able to mstnt*tn ths Srotrs voltass ratios ovr the range uf temperatures and voltrfi, sueofrntsrc in th* field. However, this is not always possible nnd o***slsnnl re.' focuaing mny b nece$ssry slthough the vari*tions ca&, f*ltlf redussd by propr chaire of corilponentx in nrder ta bx*$b* th*r
charaeteristics. ll of the nvnilable high vuluc r**i.qtnrx tS0 msgohrun or rnsr) shaw eonridernbls chnngc of resistance rvith vultage. he voltars chcr*gter* istics of u ferv of the lrcst*knovn resi*tor*r rs shovrn In Flsur* lS. Using dry celts as a source of porver, a 2 to I change in overall voltaEe mgy be eneountered from start to end point. Under these conditioru' it i.s impossible to maintain foeus rvithout adjustrnent since e 50 per

ol

vnlts$$ on the vnrious electrodes

mt*t bs nrnlnt*lnsd to

eent ehange

in voltnge represents a change of about E pr cent in

$
* '''*t*"

n.r
rctl

,'t '' "f{*t

Fig. t$*S-kilovolt vibt'ntor polYer uupply' rmlrt*nc uf the best resistot', herefor'e, unless csmpcuttlon cen bt provided, it is neeessary to refocus as the batteries deterioreta In thc .*r* of storage batteries, about 10 per eent change il-tFge mey bc expestrd or*r the operatng life. Thi* produc "n*rligblu ch*n$p in rncristsns* of the No- $ r*sistor *nd no rsfucuring ir nacsil8ilqf" Most resistors have a high temperature coefficient and in order to desigu n volt*ge divider whch witt nnnint*in the tubs focut lnd*Ps'nd* ently of temperature, it is neeessary to select componentr which either haw ths ssms epsfficient, so thrt ths ratio remains the srffi of th temprr*ture rnge, or whieh hnve coefficients whch tefid to sompmttt

lt,
.

'" not lunpartmt sfnce thc lo*d is essentially constenL Al r msttsr s ' lntrrcrt th* tquivnknt rulxtsncu of the power rupply rhosu tu Flgur lf It rpproxlmetely fil megohms. ," ir Sks th* over*Il roltsge varie* sansidarnbly m tha b*tterter dt.
'',:,1,.,,*htrgp
,,,

und

r,,

ffip*r*tuflh b*hrvor

rlnw th* lnrtrum$ts may be subictod to wtde rengel of of tht rsmpsnents of tht volte*p dlgldr It

{0t

fr0.4 nEyrrr
a

u
t
GI

f*r

cthsr. Yari*tiun oi resistane with t*mper*tur* for * YsrtGtf of reeistoru fu shown in Flgure 1?. In mrklnr us n dlvidsr, msuy camhinatloru of reshtprr tendlnr ta ffiffissnsate srp posrible. Frorn th* curve* in Figurc 1?' two ccmbin** tlom wam sclftsd *nd the charscteristc$ of ths dividsm plutted ln Figure 18. In both easer, the G3 voltage remained essentidly coustant svr thu rntlrc temp**ture rang, the smnll v*rlatlonr betng ln ;uch s dlrection t8 to eompensete for the variation in G2. With divider Hn I edjusted for facur nt 20 degrees Centigrnde, the voltagu on Gg rwlnr in ths region of Sosd focur over the range from *10 degreel C*qHfrude to '-|. S0 de*r*en Oenttgrad. Dlvtder No. S remnlm ln ocur
ssnh

*ri

ld rt u

ito rtt Irl z { l* tr{ t *rl t rl itt u t ta o +t 5 t it g rl l-

' .'

c
*l *l rl

ll rl

s
l-

t T T rt 3 rl I

**"Lo-!q'fu***

s {

Slf. l*.Trrnpcmturr rhmrcttrhilcr uf htfh-rdfir{ rwflton.

c*l, beinf,i iu the nltrrre of s dxnped osctllrtion, so thst in the elreuit shown, the vsltag:c crosr thc hlgh voltsge sectlon, whch is deterurinsil bf ths frrtt loap of thr wry, is about 4000 voltr while the voltrfe ln thr opporite ;eetion, dctrrmined by the recond or negrtlva loop, r

P Jl

; s
T
br

t (t

l-* t if*

rbout 1000 volts. Thu*forq by puttinf th* volt*fa dlvider acrui olvlo;* 'l a otrtptt *t
nr tof xtt

rl
a

t,, f,

r} APLIS VOLAI
TF TLIg 'gLIU

t .l

tr(stl ;r tl n,ol tr(crl ilr ro r3*l tr I I3

a.

t - r -l rrt't tjt-t

ttG. tl

l. r -l r.t]l l1 r-l

?13.1?

11. 11 l?O I ItG

*a r rt't

Fig. tS--lioltagu eharaeteristice o resistort.

+t
lt

from *d0

Centigrede to +76 degrees Centigrade. Therefort, u*ing starrge battery rupply and setected eomponents for the voltage dlvidcr, it it porsible to build an instrument which win not requirc *lmtrcel focudng: iil th* firld under the rangie of condltlonr usually
d eg"er

**

a:t!!!!r-'

rf
r{ rf *f

cncoutttered.

ks Typ* $1 rupply rhown in Fi*ur* 1$ is nn intnrwtlng rnodlficstlor sf th* vlbratnr powsr rupply. Thir erans:arnsnt i; slmihr to tha
conyentionel voltegu doubler eireult exeept that the two halver of thr doublcr rm brought out separetely, In this wr5 it is possiblo to plecc

them yibr*tor rupplier, thc elternating-curent wrvr

: vdtrm dtvid*r rr,ot sna slde without

dlsturbin thc oth*r. n

ir

non-cymmrtr-

rpfifiD riftrs

IIIBE

loe

fff, aylrF
r.to$'r t3lil

fucuning: vsltage by sn elernent n ths

prlmtry clrcult whsh l* * grunt *dvsntage from the standpoint of eleetrieel derigu. *{noth*r pou'er supply of interest waa developed {or t*et with ths slngle volta*p tube. With this tubr the only lond on the pow*r supIy is the sctu*l photocurrent and leakngre. Sy *sreful dcsSrn* th* sntlr* Iand rssistarcs ean b,e msds &$ hsh ng 101t ohms- Uslnf * rclat{vsly large capacity in the output, the time constant of the circuit c&n h made to equal severnl *econds sCI that a quite lnfrequent chnrginff sT the circuit is required. Fur this purpo$o, f,n lnterrupter wf,$ dwlgnd eonsisting of an electrieally-driven balance wheel hnving a period af

Fl. ls*Voltrgp &ublcr

porrgr ;upply {ypc S-g}.

mly thr law volt*gr mctlon, ths dsstred low volhge mtry bs abtslnud
wlthout londtng dowr the htgh voltsra section. Another vry interesting feature of thir circuit lr ths fsct thrt by introducing resstance in thr tuned prim*ry circuit, the damping of the circuit is inereared which tmdr to decreas the second or negntive loops nnd thus ths low voltsge without appreciebly afrectinf the high voltage. This action is .shown in the nurrog on Flgure 20. hls nfrords a me&ns of vrrying the

t\

,i

r
d

'..1

t t

Flg. [;*Sleetricnl eornponsntr of pulltd power rupply.

nbout 14 second. The design was guch that the transformer prim*ry lr opn most of the time *nd is slosed for n short tirne, tu nllow the eurrent to build up, and imrnediately opened. fn this way the drain on the battery is extremely small, the cupply operating for as tong as 50 hourr on a singte size D flashlisht cell. A photograph of the interrupter, the 1*ounce trnnsformer desisned f*r the purpos nnd the spcial rectfi*r described below are shown in Figure 21. $lnss the primary powor r*quired by thlx rupply is so small, the po'r tsken by the usual rectlfipr f,lnm*nt bs*ofns v*ry lnrg* in sout* parison. Consequently, a neltr type "filamenttees'n rectifier was developed, known experimentally as the KR-31. This reetifier depends for its action upon I gatt dischnrge in Helium,

r t-

t *

fCa|llHCG rilrl

;o

llfi!

it*

'

Fl. t0'-Voltr;r cmtrol of Ergr

$i

Porrr lupply.

.,

-l

{10

'

nb{

nrcww
0.6 millimeteru pnss$ure, The eethodc

lforn, ur othsr insrt gnt st nbout

en aluminum euF, mounted so that its closed gide facer the nnods. ht enods ls e nickel rod or tube, ovr which ls fitted * woven ftbre-

it

IMAGE

TUBE

IIT

ghsr sleeye. The entire

nnode is covered

with the fibreglasr; the sleeve

ftts down ovr the glara sesl at one end and is elosed by fusing the glesr at the fre end. The peak invense voltage of the KR:lf is 6000 volts and the forwerd breekdcwn voltage is 300-600 voltg. The peak current may be rcryurel milliamper$ but the altowable averags eurrent is low. In thc epplicetionr for which the tube wsr designed the avergge current ia under l0 microampersr An average eurrent of 60 microanpers may not be exceeded except for very rhort periods due to sputtering and clcan-up of the gas. Thl; tuba hrs not basn put Into productlon nnd fu not lvellebls
Gommsrelally.

'TFP.{NED poletbh to obtein hlghar voltrga rom tho prwioudy dcccrtbed powr mppllm only by ln*r*nrn* tJre frux ln ths trnnsfnnn**;' lhk In turn cr bc r*complfuh*d antf hy lnere*lng ths primnry Sfiwrr ss08iporter rupply

cescade typ (voltsg:e-adding) po\per supply was designed which orrceme moat of thc objectisnr nnd sutomaticnlly provided tha nessssf,ry

tetins lerger traneformr and batterier. Irrstly, if r eonventional ir ured s rectifier tube capabla of withstendin E 20 to 30 kllovoltr invent voltere woutd be neeerstrr. Thlr type of rectificr is not eveilebla ln emsll size and low filsment porper. Consequently, r

The power peck for the Snooperseop and Sniperrcope involved

uryrro

four rtepr of high voltasr without * voltngs divider" A ;chtmntlc dlnpanr of thr $*fi po$'*r ;upBly mnklng uno o thlt clreut h ;hown ln Flg:u ra II. Ar cnn be seen, thfu supply fu mrds up sf faur roctf,sm which *r* eruentiatly in pernllcl for rtterutlng cur*
vtffi tlla$rl

spscisl considorations.

ueed to operete the lnfrared sounee ro thc powsr required to operrtu thu high'voltug power supply $'as n negliftble drrin on the brttery,

wrt

fi*volt,

26-nmpars-hour rtorage bnttery

It wes nects4ltry to silence the vibrttor to s rurprirngly high de$Feg since the most obvious u$es of the instruments were under conditions of extren* quiet snd wherc tlre utmost ln seerscy wss essentid. 1'hc uruel rubber*mounted automobile rsdio-type rnounting iu efrective for dnmBing out th* high frequencler, but ths fundamentnt vibrator frs*

quncy (fU0 cycles) Is not sufficiently suppressed. One method used In *x$srimentnl models was to nu*pend the mountcd vlbrstor by two f,*t ppral springlr of st lffist $n turn, coiled nround ths vibrrtor cpn, thc inntr ends being fest*ned to the vibrntor can and the outer ends to ths power supply chnssis or box. By proper chaice of sprlng thick* nesq r period of onlf r ftw cycltn per seeond r*n bo obtelned rith suffieient stiffness to support the vibrator adequately. By this means it wes possible to silenee the vibrator so thnt the uset friruelf could not

.4.*
FIg' Er-Ctrcuit o voltep qgednrpler porrr supply (Typc
GFer'

S-61.

detect the vibrstion. ^&nother rnethod used, wlth som inerrme in butk, snas the addition of one or nore stages of sponge-rubber cushioning
sTund the ususl vibrator can,

Iemc

The type ItA{, high-voltage image tube rrlsed som specig probin power supply design. The overalt voltage ,equir is on the order of rS to 20 kilovotts and in addition, * nU.r of intermtai* voltn*.s *re requir*d' hese interru*diate valtaffer, pertlculurly thore wtr {0$il v*!ts sr* difficult to obtnln *ffieisntly Uy convantlonnl rnmnt
because of the relatively large power which would be **tJ Yoltage divider of suffieiently low rasistrn**- *o be stable.

;;, il ;

in

rcnL The dlrect+urrmt voltegpr deneloped gcros thc rectlficrr, howels edded by meene of the resistors which eonnset the anodc of onG rcetller to tlrc pletc o the next and thus plecc rtl thc rectifien ln rerls or dlreet eurrenL There resistors offer much higher impcdrncs to thc dternatinr current t}en do ths capacitors ro they do not afiect the peraltel alternetlng+urrent eonneetion. Any number o ctsger msy bt *nm*dsd ln thl* nsntrr, p*,rvdd, o courua th*t tha trunlforu*r win dellvcr the propr voltagu to stt tjrc reetifrerr In paratlel. Four rteger trrerl chosen tn thh eara beeeutc our ttrpt o yoltrgc trG nceellrff for opcration of the DA{ tubc. Tho lower volteget requircd for tha tubc tre obteined in the uruel wey by s voltrgp divider scfpal thc ilrut rcctlon of the powr supplt A thermtonlc rcetifier (166d) iJured ln thk rtrf,p ln ordsr to ;upptry thc dtvldei currffit but tht follo'rtng ;t**w mehc utc of KBlll gsr rectlfrrru, thu* cllmn*tlnf thr n*il w

tlrratFffin
RCA NBVTEW

Iil[dQE ru8tr

{tt

rt the hish voltasce is veiy low so th*t the vottas*r are obtained with a total Uattery .oir*ht of only 0.d ddreie et voldr' .4. photograph of the powsr subpy is shown riguT*, ,?p. ,.. t:lkl*.and Th gj-f problems jn conneetion rvith this supply borons. Thse must both be kept to a minirnum since the internal re* ''tr iiiUic* of the power $uppiy in quite high (approximrtely 10r ohn at ths l6-kilovott tap). Leaksge c&n be minimized by use of hig:h<tunlity insutation and ptoi**tion from humidity. Hermetical sealing, or other provuions for drying, Rre essentinl with this type of voltage supply"

''

.r

iru; .

iinni Aiil

'a

b ..''.

Dirctor o Etectronlc Rereerch, for hr edvice rnd nnd 3* |her nmurasemrnt during the coun$o of thtg dsryclwmsnt made hy Sr. J' T. *.:U*, ?' k Kfjeryr rucsgition of the eontribution tn sorud sr. p. Rudnick to thfu project. credlt shuuldnof to ]r" _8. '}h* renC**tsr C, l{oodey *nd Dr" R. B. Jnne* H*rdri*k, Misu H. plint far work on the production deeign sf the imfi#s tb*'

v. K

zworykin,

'

: :

i:-

uf tr:, lifi:-l trn interesting example of the *ffectlvenefl popor' t:-" iltustrstto1rl af a y* rtryt s*eri dwlces A**crifed in itriu ths f*a* *t night nr included below. The upper picture shows th* eirclt, picture *h1w1, in nr viewed by the unsided ey. The lo\rer infrnreU U-ull:-*"__ ths *etntk or il scene wnln vtewnd by the
,

hs

Mnnnser,

RtA KfiVIH[f'

F?

:ir r' ut rf, t

iist1gk fs{*

FiS. g$-16-kitovolt voltage quedrupler porrer supply.

Oorm rss be prevented by eliminntinf ell sharp edier

voltegp {snnsetions sr materid cuch sE wflx.

ly

thc htgh enating with f, elosely-sdhsrins insulstinr

Sor*$rusron

rt

,, i, thc u*u*l typs* of phutogrephic ftlm during pro**ssirg and production . I:, ' fisd fcr th* n*pe*tlon nnd eontrol *f a numbsr of sthcr lndu;trlnt rn* mlcutllc procclutGt where vlaible light is undesirable. *'..1 'n , ' \. . ', ln clutagro tht nuthoru wlsh to Gxpreu; thslr spprocintlun h nr.

*bory* dimussion $tr'*$ns$ onty the mllit*ry applicatlon of n* frrd irnaging equiptnnt. here sre, howevero I numbsr of penn*tm; ::" uffi for th**s instrummts. mong these appllcations nru thutr pm*tbtr '' , ,' vnlu* n polies work, their u*e in ttre nen of medicins, ths r{t*ln of
'i

'' flt* ' .

;