BERNOULLIS EQUATION WATER RESOURCES LABORATORY (ECW 201)

PREPARED FOR: PUAN ASMALIZA BT MOHD NOOR PREPARED BY : NABILA HUDA BT MOHAMAD MUHAIDIN : NURUL AZNIE BT RAZALI : NOOR AMIRA BT JUNOH : NUR FARAH IZZATI BT AHMAD YUSOFF : NORSHAZWANI BT MOHD AMINUDIN

(2010225822) (2010245252) (2010801488) (2010825152) (2010840118)

INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli's principle states,

" For a perfect incompressible liquid, flowing in a continuous stream, the total energy of a particle remains the same, while the particle moves from one point to another."

Three terms of Bernoullis equation are the pressure energy per weight, the kinetic energy per unit weight and the potential energy per unit weight. The division of energy between potential, pressure and kinetic energy may become different but the total energy, H remains constant.

Mathematically,

where,
y y y

z = Potential Energy = Kinetic Energy = Pressure Energy , is named as pressure

Each of the terms has the dimension of length. The pressure term,

head represents the height of a column of the fluid that is needed to produced the pressure The velocity head, , represent the vertical distance needed for the fluid to fall freely by

neglecting friction if it is to reach velocity v for rest.

OBJECTIVE
Objectives of this experiment are listed below:  Determine the pressure head and velocity head at each point in the horizontal pipe.  Calculate the sum of pressure head and velocity head for each point in the horizontal pipe.  Determine the accuracy of Bernoullis Theorem for fluid in a horizontal tapered pipe.

APPARATUS
Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus, volumetric cylinder (jar), bucket and stopwatch.

PROCEDURES
1. The diameter of the horizontal pipe of each point and its distance from the 1st tube that is connected to the manometer tube is recorded. 2. The apparatus using adjustable screws is levelled. 3. The apparatus with the bench having 14 tapered section converging in the direction of flow is connected. 4. The apparatus with water is connected. All entrapped air from the system is removed and all the connecting pipes must be free of air. 5. The inflow valves and outflow valves to get such a combination of flow rate and system pressure that gives maximum convenient difference between the highest and lowest manometer levels are carefully adjusted. 6. Scale reading of each manometer level is recorded. 7. 3 sets of readings for volume and time to find the flow rate through the system is taken. 8. Steps 5-7 by adjusting valve opening to give high and low flow rates at both high and low static pressure is repeated. 9. Steps 5-8 for 3 times is repeated.

REFERENCES
1. http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/bernoullis_theorem .php