110053268 Quantitative Methods Coursework PART 1

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In the following paper it will be analysed relationship between the gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP), Inflation rate and countries level of happiness, measured by Happy Planet Index (HPI) in respect of the two regions of Europe and Latin America. 1. Description of dataset The HPI report was lunched in 2006 as a radical departure from current form for measuring country performance. In report issued in 2009, which identifies health and positive experience of life as universal human goals, and the natural resources that human system depend upon as fundamental inputs. New Economic Foundation, British think-thank that lies behind this project calculated data set for 143 countries, covering 99 per cent of the worlds population. Scores range from 0 to 100 with high scores only achievable by meeting all three targets embodied in the index, which are high life satisfaction, high life expectancy and a low ecological footprint. As the HPI report is based on 2009 research data, the other two variables purchasing-power-parity and inflation rate are taken from the same year from the International Monetary Fund database. The region that will be covered in the following paper is Europes 39 countries and Latin America together with Caribbean that containing 25 countries. The analysis also contains two ordinal variables. One is degree of happiness, divided by less happy if the HPI ranking is lower than 36.0, moderately happy if the ranking lies between 36.0 and 56.0, and countries with score higher than 56.0 are indicated in category increasingly happy countries. Second ordinal variable is category of income, where countries are separated into three groups, low-income countries if the PPP is lower than $10,000, medium-income between $10,000 and $28,000, and third highincome countries are the one that purchasing-power-parity are above $28,000. Following analysis will contain methodology view as the tables taken from STATA 11, under which lies interpretation of the data.

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. d Contains data from I:\Documents and Settings\tjms062\Desktop\prvapauza.dta obs: 64 vars: 7 7 Jan 2012 18:56 size: 3,072 (99.9% of memory free) variable name storage type str22 float double float byte byte float display format %22s %8.0g %8.0g %8.0g %18.0g %13.0g %13.0g value label variable label

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country HPI PPP inflation degree_of_hap~s categories_of~e region Sorted by: .

lowhigh categories of happines highlow categories of income europelatinamerica geographical region

region

. sum Variable country HPI PPP inflation degree_of_~s categories~e region . Obs 0 64 64 64 64 64 64 Mean 48.20937 19172.14 3.685156 2.09375 1.96875 1.390625 Std. Dev. 10.45402 14430.1 4.837275 .5261043 .7760042 .4917474 Min 26.4 1340 -1.71 1 1 1 Max 76.1 79258 29.45 3 3 2

2. Calculating the Range, Mean, Median, Variance and Standard Deviation 2.a. Happy Planet Index
. sum HPI, det HPI 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% . Percentiles 26.4 34.5 36.7 41.45 47.4 54.3 61.5 68.4 76.1 Smallest 26.4 28.5 32.7 34.5 Largest 68.4 70.1 71.8 76.1

Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

64 64 48.20937 10.45402 109.2866 .5226426 3.074378

Happy planet index is spread from the lowest one of 26.4 for Estonia to the highest one of 76.1 for Costa Rica. Mean or the arithmetic mean that represent the average score of HPI is in this case 48.2. Median number is 47.4, representing the number that separating higher half of sample from the lower half. Variance for HPI is 109.28 and Standard deviation of 10.45. From this table we can conclude that the overall HPI is slightly positively skewed (0.52), as the median of 47,4 is lower from the mean 48,2.
. sum HPI if region==1, det HPI 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% . Percentiles 26.4 28.5 34.5 38.1 43.3 47.2 48.1 50.6 54.1 Smallest 26.4 28.5 32.7 34.5 Largest 48.1 50.4 50.6 54.1

. sum HPI if region==2, det HPI 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% Percentiles 37.2 45.6 47.8 52.5 55.6 61.5 70.1 71.8 76.1 Smallest 37.2 45.6 47.8 49.3 Largest 68.4 70.1 71.8 76.1

Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

39 39 42.23077 6.047059 36.56692 -.5782834 3.111231

Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

25 25 57.536 8.960231 80.28573 .0698022 2.839601

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Difference between the HPI of Europe and Latin America is evident. Europe minimal HPI score 26.4 for Estonia and the highest score of 54.1 for Nederland. Europes distribution is negatively skewed (-0.578), as the mean 43.2 is higher from median 43.3. On other side Latin Americas minimal HPI rating is for Uruguay 37.2 and the max Costa Ricas 76.1. Distribution is positively skewed (0,069), as the mean is 57.5 and the median 55.6. 2.b Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity- PPP
. sum PPP, det PPP 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% . Percentiles 1340 4161 4551 8439 14212.5 29212.5 37996 40060 79258 Smallest 1340 2654 2856 4161 Largest 40060 40618 51881 79258

Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

64 64 19172.14 14430.1 2.08e+08 1.440275 6.023323

Purchasing-power-parity range is spread form the lowest $1,340 for Haiti to the highest $79,258 for Luxembourg. Mean for PPP is $19,172, which is significantly higher from the median of $14,212 that creates positively skewed distribution (1.44). Variance is 2.08 with the standard deviation of $14,430,1.
. sum PPP if region==1, det PPP 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% Percentiles 2856 6330 7659 14306 24191 35373 40060 51881 79258 Smallest 2856 6330 7169 7659 Largest 40060 40618 51881 79258

. sum PPP if region==2, det PPP 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% Percentiles 1340 2654 4161 4882 8672 12496 14126 14299 20437 Smallest 1340 2654 4161 4168 Largest 13542 14126 14299 20437

Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

39 39 25762.21 14781.39 2.18e+08 1.12418 5.543704

Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

25 25 8891.64 4471.219 2.00e+07 .4644679 2.983251

Difference between the PPP of Europe and Latin America countries is evident, where Europe tends to have significantly higher PPP mean from L.A. countries. Europes mean of $25,762,2 is much higher from L.A. $8,891. Where Latin American highest PPP is lower than Europe average. Both regions have positively skewed distribution.

110053268 2.c Inflation Rate

. sum inflation, det inflation 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% . Percentiles -1.71 -.48 -.09 .885 2.34 4.925 8.37 12.01 29.45 Smallest -1.71 -.9 -.81 -.48 Largest 12.01 12.95 15.9 29.45

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Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

64 64 3.685156 4.837275 23.39923 2.855744 14.30905

Inflation rate ranges from the smallest one of -1,71 Ireland and the largest one 29.45 Venezuela. Distribution is significantly positively skewed (2.85), as the mean is 3.68 and median of 2.34. Standard deviation of Inflation rate is 4.8 and variance in this case is 23.39.
. sum inflation if region==1, det inflation 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% Percentiles -1.71 -.9 -.48 .1 1.31 3.26 11.65 12.95 15.9 Smallest -1.71 -.9 -.81 -.48 Largest 11.65 12.01 12.95 15.9

. sum inflation if region==2, det inflation 1% 5% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% 99% Percentiles .92 .98 2.04 2.72 4.3 5.8 8.37 9.43 29.45 Smallest .92 .98 2.04 2.2 Largest 7.5 8.37 9.43 29.45

Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

39 39 2.614615 4.094889 16.76811 1.871181 5.691907

Obs Sum of Wgt. Mean Std. Dev. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

25 25 5.3552 5.48688 30.10585 3.537927 16.22039

Europe has lower inflation from Latin Americans countries with the mean of 2.61 comparing with 5.35, and both distributions are positively skewed. 3. Calculating frequency table, and Histograms. 3.a Degree of Happiness
. tab degree_of_happines categories of happines less happy moderately happy increasingly happy Total . Freq. 6 46 12 64 Percent 9.38 71.88 18.75 100.00 Cum. 9.38 81.25 100.00

From this table we can draw conclusion that most of the countries, almost 72 per cent are placed among moderately happy nations. Six nations, all European, or the 9.38 per cent are less happy with the score lower than 36.00 and only 12 nations, all Latin

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American, scored HPI index above 56.00 that placed them among increasingly happy nations.
. tab degree_of_happines if region==1 categories of happines less happy moderately happy Total Freq. 6 33 39 Percent 15.38 84.62 100.00 Cum. 15.38 100.00

. tab degree_of_happines if region==2 categories of happines moderately happy increasingly happy Total Freq. 13 12 25 Percent 52.00 48.00 100.00 Cum. 52.00 100.00

3.b Categories of Income

. tab categories_of_income Freq. 20 26 18 64 Percent 31.25 40.63 28.13 100.00 Cum. 31.25 71.88 100.00

categories of income low income medium income high income Total .

From the table of PPP we can conclude that the frequency of income for the two regions is close to normal distribution, where the 40 per cent or the 26 countries lie in the middle achieving medium income, which are surrounded by 20 nations or the 31% of low income and on the right tale 18 countries or the 28% of high-income countries. It is important to mention that any of the Latin Americas 25 nations do not achieve high-income, where the 60% or the 15 nations are low income and 10 or the 40% are among medium income countries. Europe is more diverse where between 39 countries 12,8% is low-income nations, 16 medium (41%) and 18 (46%) high-income countries.
. tab categories_of_income if region==1 categories of income low income medium income high income Total . Freq. 5 16 18 39 Percent 12.82 41.03 46.15 100.00 Cum. 12.82 53.85 100.00

. tab

categories_of_income if region==2 Freq. 15 10 25 Percent 60.00 40.00 100.00 Cum. 60.00 100.00

categories of income low income medium income Total .

3.c Histograms For the degree of happiness and categories of income it was used pie chart, which best describe proportion among three groups for the whole data set. Is this case in is more important share of particular category in relation to another than the actual number, mean, range and frequency. For that reason pie chart is used.

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Region Chart For number of countries used for each region is presented in column chart where number of countries is compared across two categories. In this case percentage share is not important as the number itelf.

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4. Distribution and histograms for the interval variables. 4.a Happy Planet Index As we can see from the histogram the distribution is slightly positively skewed. For the distribution we can say it is close to symmetrical distribution, in this case the right tail contain more data than the left one. There are no gaps and main concentration is between 45 and 50 HPI.

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4.b Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity- PPP Following distribution is not symmetrical distributed, neither is spread, have significantly positively skewed distribution where largest concentration of the data is on left tail. Histogram also contains gap and low concentration from the median towards right tail.
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Distribution of Inflation rate is similar as distribution of PPP, where the largest concentration of data lies in left tail. Graph contains gaps and overall very low concentration of data from the median towards the right tail.
.15 0 .05 Density .1

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PART 2 1. Happy Planet Index Analysis Ho:1=0 Zero Hypothesis state that Happiness index is the same in Europe and Latin America H1:10 H1 hypothesis sate that Happiness index is different in Europe and Latin America
. ttest HPI, by(region) unequal

Two-sample t test with unequal variances Group europe latin am combined diff Obs 39 25 64 Mean 42.23077 57.536 48.20937 -15.30523 Std. Err. .9683044 1.792046 1.306753 2.03692 Std. Dev. 6.047059 8.960231 10.45402 [95% Conf. Interval] 40.27054 53.8374 45.59804 -19.42871 44.191 61.2346 50.82071 -11.18175 -7.5139 38.0134

diff = mean(europe) - mean(latin am) t = Ho: diff = 0 Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom = Ha: diff < 0 Pr(T < t) = 0.0000 . Ha: diff != 0 Pr(|T| > |t|) = 0.0000

Ha: diff > 0 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000

Confidence interval presents a range of values that describes the uncertainty surrounding an estimate. The 95 per cent of confidence interval means that 95 per

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cent of data will contain mean in the long run. In this case for 95% CI for Europe the theoretical mean lays in interval between {40,3- 44,2}, compared with Latin American, which is spread from {53,8- 61,2}. Standard error tells us how much vitiations exist from mean. In this case SE for Europe is 0.968 and for LA 1,79, both cases the SE is low, so the data points tend to be very close to the mean. As the p-value is 0.0, lower than significant level, we are rejecting the Ho hypothesis and accept the H1 that state that the Happiness Index of Europe is different from Happiness index of Latin America. This assumption is graphically presented below. The HPI is higher in Latin America compared with Europe, mean 57,5 against 42,2. The lower 10 per cent of LA HPI reaching close to median of Europes, and lower LA quartile is close to Europe upper 25 per cent. There is no European country that reaches the median level of Latin American Happiness, where we can conclude that majority of Latin American countries have higher HPI ranking than the Europes highest one.
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2. Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity- PPP analysis Ho:1=0 Zero Hypothesis state that GDP PPP is the same in Europe and Latin America H1:10 H1 hypothesis sate that GDP PPP is different in Europe and Latin America
. ttest PPP, by( region) unequal

Two-sample t test with unequal variances Group europe latin am combined diff Obs 39 25 64 Mean 25762.21 8891.64 19172.14 16870.57 Std. Err. 2366.916 894.2438 1803.762 2530.21 Std. Dev. 14781.39 4471.219 14430.1 [95% Conf. Interval] 20970.63 7046.012 15567.61 11783.43 30553.78 10737.27 22776.67 21957.7 6.6677 48.0717

diff = mean(europe) - mean(latin am) t = Ho: diff = 0 Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom = Ha: diff < 0 Pr(T < t) = 1.0000 . Ha: diff != 0 Pr(|T| > |t|) = 0.0000

Ha: diff > 0 Pr(T > t) = 0.0000

For 95% CI for Europe the theoretical mean lays in interval between {20.970 and 30.553}, compared with Latin American, which is much lower and spread from {7.046 and 10.737}. Standard error in this case for Europe is 2366.9 and for LA 894.2, both cases the SE is about 10 per cent of the mean, so the data points tend to vary close to mean. As the p-value is 0.0, lower than significant level, we are rejecting the Ho hypothesis and accept the H1 that state that the PPP of Europe is different from PPP of Latin America. This assumption is graphically presented below. The PPP is significantly higher in Europe 25,762 compared with Latin American mean of 8891.6. On the graphical analysis below it is indicated that the highest PPP of LA do not reach Europes median level. The lower quartile is similar for the both regions, but the majority of LA countries have lower PPP than the lower 25 per cent of Europes countries. From the graphic below the two regions are significantly different in terms of Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity.

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Graphs by geographical region

PART 3 For the following analysis where we are interested in weather the degree of happiness differ in aspect of country level of income. We divide category of happiness into less, moderately and increasingly happy categories and three categories of income as well, which are low, medium and high income. The analysis done in STATA is below.
. tab degree_of_happines categories_of_income, chi2 categories of happines less happy moderately happy increasingly happy Total Pearson chi2(4) = . categories of income low incom medium in high inco 1 11 8 20 10.4673 3 19 4 26 Pr = 0.033 2 16 0 18 Total 6 46 12 64

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. tab degree_of_happines categories_of_income, col nof chi2 categories of happines less happy moderately happy increasingly happy Total categories of income low incom medium in high inco 5.00 55.00 40.00 100.00 11.54 73.08 15.38 100.00 11.11 88.89 0.00 100.00 Total 9.38 71.88 18.75 100.00

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Pearson chi2(4) = .

10.4673

Pr = 0.033

Ho=0 Zero Hypothesis state that there is no difference in degree of happiness level of income. H10 H1 hypothesis sate that there is association between degree of happiness and the level of income. From the table 1 that shows counts, and in table 2 that represent percentages what is relationship between particular degrees of happiness in relation with level of income. We see that just 5% of low-income nations are less happy, 55% per cent moderately and 40% increasingly happy. Most medium income countries are moderately happy 73%, having closely equal tales 11.5% of less happy and 15,3% of increasingly happy. What is interesting that among the high-income countries there are no countries that are at the same time increasingly happy, or to have HPI score over 56. They are mostly moderately happy 88,9%, but also 11% or the two countries Luxembourg and Denmark. Analysing the association between two categories we can conclude that p-value is significantly lower, Pr=0.033, from the standard significance which is 10,46. That led us to conclusion to reject Ho hypothesis and accept H1 hypothesis, as there is significant statistical association between degree of happiness and categories of income. The graph used below describes relationship between the degree of happiness and level of income. On the X axes lies category of income separated into three groups, 1 the low income, 2 mediums and 3 represents the high income, and on the Y-axis is Happy Planet Index. It is clearly visualised that the high income nations achieve the low level of happens, where the highest level is achieved among medium and low income.

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. reg HPI PPP inflation Source Model Residual Total HPI PPP inflation _cons . SS 1472.34556 5412.7087 6885.05425 Coef. -.0003409 -.0688163 54.99889 df 2 61 63 MS 736.172779 88.7329294 109.286575 t -3.97 -0.27 22.68 P>|t| 0.000 0.789 0.000 Number of obs F( 2, 61) Prob > F R-squared Adj R-squared Root MSE = = = = = = 64 8.30 0.0007 0.2138 0.1881 9.4198

Std. Err. .0000859 .2561173 2.424567

[95% Conf. Interval] -.0005126 -.5809546 50.15067 -.0001692 .4433219 59.84712

1. Relationship between GPD PPP and HPI Ho:=0 Zero Hypothesis state that higher GDP based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) will not affect countries Happiness index H1: 0 H1 hypothesis sate that that higher GDP based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) will lead to lower Happiness index. The Happiness index would be 54.9955 if the countries inflation is equal to 0, and if GDP PPP is not considered/ measured. The coefficient of PPP is significantly different from zero, as the t= -3.97 and P>[t]=0.00. Explanatory variables together provide significant explanatory power, as the Prob>F=0.0007 which is below 5% or the 0.005. Adj R-squared = 0.188, what lead us to conclusion that PPP and Inflation

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together explained 18.8% variations of Happiness index. The 95% of the intervals we construct ill contain true value of that lies between -0.0005 and -0.00017. As the CI 95% contain zero itself we cannot reject Ho hypothesis, at the 5% significance, so =0 The graph below indicates the negative correlation between the GDP PPP and the HPI.

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Eyeball test Using eyeball test we observe that there graph do not contain many outliers. The major outliers that affect best fit line the most are the one with the highest level of GDP PPP, which is Luxembourg, and the one with the highest Happiness index and low level of GDP PPP which is rather group of countries but the major one is Costa Rica. If we remove outliers the best fit line become stronger with a higher degree of explanation of R-squared and its predicted value.
. pwcorr HPI PPP inflation HPI HPI PPP inflation 1.0000 -0.4614 0.1032 PPP inflat~n 1.0000 -0.2870

1.0000

Negative correlation between the happiness index and explanatory variables PPP and inflation rate indicate that countries with the higher purchasing-power-parity and inflation rate tend to have lower happiness index.

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2. Relationship between Inflation Rate and HPI Ho:=0 Zero Hypothesis state that higher Inflation rate will not affect countries Happiness index H1: 0 H1 hypothesis sate that that higher Inflation rate will lead to lower Happiness index.
. reg HPI inflation Source Model Residual Total HPI inflation _cons SS 73.3500655 6811.70419 6885.05425 Coef. .2230639 47.38735 df 1 62 63 MS 73.3500655 109.866197 109.286575 t 0.82 28.69 P>|t| 0.417 0.000 Number of obs F( 1, 62) Prob > F R-squared Adj R-squared Root MSE = 64 = 0.67 = 0.4170 = 0.0107 = -0.0053 = 10.482

Std. Err. .272999 1.651903

[95% Conf. Interval] -.3226533 44.08524 .7687811 50.68946

Coefficient inflation rate equals to 0.223, if one unit of HPI increases, than inflation rate would decrease by 0.223. The coefficient inflation rate is not different from zero, as the t= 0.82 and P>[t]=0,417. Thus we cannot reject =0 hypothesis at the 5% significance level. Explanatory variable do not provide significant explanatory power, as the Prob>F=0.417 which is significantly above 5% or the 0.005. Adj R-squared = 0.0107, what lead us to conclusion that Inflation explained 1% variations of Happiness index. The 95% of the intervals we construct ill contain true value of that lies between -0.322 and 0.768. As the CI 95% contain zero itself we cannot reject Ho hypothesis, at the 5% significance, so =0

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Eyeball test Using eyeball test we observe that there graph contain many outliers. The major outliers that affect best fit line the most are the one with the highest inflation, which is Venezuela, and the one with the highest Happiness index which is Costa Rica. If we remove outliers the best fit line become stronger with a higher degree of explanation of R-squared and its predicted value.

Omitted variable For the country Happiness index it is relevant whole range of the factors not just economic. Other economic factors that are not mention in previous analysis are consumer debt, as the countries that do not have burden of debt tend to be happier, also average income on consumer prices and income distribution. Economic factors that have the significant impact are level of pollution indicated by the level of CO2 emission, urbanisation or the degree of the traffic and noise that traffic provides. Physical condition of the citizens is one of the most important such as health care, illnesses, availability of health and organic food, mental health or the degree of the stress. Social factor is one of the most important as the level of discrimination, crime rates, safety in the cities, relationship among the family and fiends, acceptance of the society, level of divorces etc. Sport success of the nation play important role as the majority of population follow the number of national teams, which place the football basketball, tennis one of the most watched events of the year. Workplace conditions play important role as well, some of the factors are availability and job

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competitiveness. And on the end political factors such as degree of freedom of speech, quality of democracy, relationship between other states which play important role in terms of nationalism and availability for traveling.

Bibliography Levin, J. and Fox, J. A. (2010). Elementary Statistics for Social Research: The essentials.3rd Edition, Boston, MA. Pearso Data was taken from IMF, International Monetary Fund site, http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm#data New Economic Fundation, (2009), The Happy Planet Index, 2.0 edition, United Kingdom, http://www.happyplanetindex.org/public-data/files/happy-planet-index-20.pdf

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country Estonia Luxembourg Macedonia Russia Denmark Belarus Latvia Uruguay Portugal Greece Ukraine Iceland Czech Republic Hungary Norway Lithuania Bulgaria Ireland Poland Spain United Kingdom Slovakia Romania France Italy Slovenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Belgium Guyana Cyprus Croatia Finland Serbia Austria Paraguay Albania Sweden Germany Switzerland Bolivia Chile Malta Netherlands Haiti Venezuela Barbados Moldova Trinidad and Tobago Peru Belize Ecuador Mexico Panama Argentina Nicaragua Honduras Brazil El Salvador Cuba Colombia Guatemala Jamaica Dominican Republic Costa Rica HPI 26.4 28.5 32.7 34.5 35.5 35.7 36.7 37.2 37.5 37.6 38.1 38.1 38.3 38.9 40.4 40.9 42 42.6 42.8 43.2 43.3 43.5 43.9 43.9 44 44.5 45 45.4 45.6 46.2 47.2 47.2 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.9 48 48.1 48.1 49.3 49.7 50.4 50.6 50.8 52.5 52.7 54.1 54.2 54.4 54.5 55.5 55.6 57.4 59 60.5 61 61 61.5 65.7 66.1 68.4 70.1 71.8 76.1 PPP 17713 79258 9599 14830 35559 12727 14306 13019 22717 29512 6330 37996 24191 18375 51881 16581 12668 39310 18069 29656 34431 21114 11893 33236 28913 27459 7659 35373 4161 28557 17775 33455 10059 38606 4551 7169 35842 34375 40618 4448 14299 23998 40060 1340 12496 12667 2856 20437 8723 7914 7720 13542 11542 14126 2654 4168 10456 7439 5520 8206 4882 8737 8672 10572 inflation -0.09 0.37 -0.81 11.65 1.31 12.95 3.26 7.5 -0.9 1.35 15.9 12.01 1.03 4.21 2.17 4.16 2.47 -1.71 3.45 -0.24 2.12 0.93 5.58 0.1 0.76 0.85 -0.38 -0.01 2.89 0.17 2.38 1.64 8.11 0.4 2.8 2.22 1.99 0.23 -0.48 4.3 2.04 1.84 0.97 3.5 29.45 5.8 0.01 7.24 3.2 2.72 5 5.43 2.3 5.58 4.3 5.92 4.85 0.98 2.6 4.56 2.2 9.43 0.92 8.37 degree_of_happines less happy less happy less happy less happy less happy less happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy moderately happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy increasingly happy

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categories_of_income medium income high income low income medium income high income medium income medium income medium income medium income high income low income high income medium income medium income high income medium income medium income high income medium income high income high income medium income medium income high income high income medium income low income high income low income high income medium income high income medium income high income low income low income high income high income high income low income medium income medium income high income low income medium income medium income low income medium income low income low income low income medium income medium income medium income low income low income medium income low income low income low income low income low income low income medium income region europe europe europe europe europe europe europe latin america europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe europe latin america europe europe europe europe europe latin america europe europe europe europe latin america latin america europe europe latin america latin america latin america europe latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america latin america

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