COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

S W E TA K O T H A R I

Publisher: FUEL Project

India Tel: Web Site: https://fedorahosted.org/fuel Mailing List: fuel-discuss@lists.fedorahosted.org License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Copyright 2011 FUEL Project & Rajesh Ranjan All Rights Reserved. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike. For more info please visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Every effort has been made to ensure that this book is free from errors or omissions. However, the Publisher, the Author, the Editor or any related members, shall not accept responsibility for injury, loss or damage occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of material in this book whether or not such injury, loss or damage is in any way due to any negligent act or omission, breach of duty or default on the part of the Publisher, the Author, the Editor or any related members. Acknowledgements: This book is prepared for FUEL project. This is ready for the approval and comments from Gujarati Community working under several organisations.

Author: Editors: Title: Computer Translation Style & Convention Guide for Gujarati ISBN:

Editor: Cover Design: Jan 2011 Page Design: Jan 2011

Contents
1. Why?..........................................................................................................................................................7 2. What is Gujarati?.......................................................................................................................................9 3. Who should translate?..............................................................................................................................11 4. General Translations Guidelines..............................................................................................................13 4.1 Characters .........................................................................................................................................13 4.2. Date..................................................................................................................................................14 4.3. Time.................................................................................................................................................14 4.4. Days..................................................................................................................................................15 4.5. Months..............................................................................................................................................15 4.6. Numeral............................................................................................................................................16 4.7. Currency...........................................................................................................................................16 4.8. White Spaces....................................................................................................................................16 4.9. Fonts.................................................................................................................................................17 4.10. Collations.......................................................................................................................................17 4.11. Singular & Plural forms.................................................................................................................17 4.12. Program Syntax, Functions, Tags, Placeholders............................................................................18 4.13. Legal Statement..............................................................................................................................18 4.14. Product/Brand/Company Name.....................................................................................................18 4.15. Keys Name.....................................................................................................................................19 4.16. Acronyms.......................................................................................................................................19 4.17. Honorific Usages............................................................................................................................20 5. Gujarati Terminology...............................................................................................................................21 5.1. FUEL Gujarati Glossary...................................................................................................................21 6. Punctuations & Text Conventions...........................................................................................................23 7. Units and Measurements..........................................................................................................................29 7.1.Volume, Weight, Length...................................................................................................................29 7.2. Power, Temperature, Electricity.......................................................................................................30 7.3. Time Units........................................................................................................................................30 7.4. Information Units.............................................................................................................................30 8. General Spelling Guidelines....................................................................................................................31 8.1. Anusvar and Chandravindu .............................................................................................................31 8.2. Transliteration of Foreign Words.....................................................................................................31 8.3. Cardinals, Ordinals, Multiplicative and Fraction.............................................................................32 8.4. Hyphen.............................................................................................................................................32 9. Basic Quality Parameters.........................................................................................................................33
iii | Computer Translation Style & Convention Guide for Gujarati

9.1. Language and Grammar...................................................................................................................33 9.2. Terminology.....................................................................................................................................33 9.5. Culture Specific................................................................................................................................34 9.6. Style..................................................................................................................................................34 9.7. Compounds ......................................................................................................................................34 9.8. Gender..............................................................................................................................................35 9.9. Genitive ...........................................................................................................................................35 10. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................36 Bibliography & Further Reading.................................................................................................................37

v | Computer Translation Style & Convention Guide for Gujarati

1
1. WHY?
WheneverwearetouchingakeyonakeyboardfortranslatinganythingintoGujarati,wearehaving greatresponsibility.TheresponsibilityofconveyingthemessageofanysourcetextintoGujaratiishavingthe responsibilitytoconveytothemillionsofusers.Andsotheproblemisacute.Gujaratiisnotjustalanguagein India.GujaratiisnotjustonecultureofIndia.Combinemanylanguages,manycultures,manydialects,many traditionstheoneresultyouwillgetisGujarati. Languageislikearunningwater.Thefieldofcomputertranslationisverynewandsolotofexperimentsare happeningdaily.Tilltoday,inopencontentzone,thereisnothinglikeastyleguidethatcanbeusedbynormal users.Thestyleguidewillbehelpfulinmakingthetranslationcontinuouslybetter.Morefair,Moreaccurate, Moreconsistent.Itwilltrytoconnectbetterwiththeaudiences.Thisisnotasimpledoanddon't.Thestyle& conventionguidewilltrytohelptranslatorsandinterestedlocalizationengineersinincreasingunderstandability ofseveralaspectsoftranslatinganytextinGujarati.ThisguidewilltalkaboutFonts,Collation,Numerals, Calendar,Acronym,Glossaries,Punctuations,WhiteSpaces,MessageLengths,tonameafew.Thesearethevery basicthingsbuttheseaspectsneedmuchattentionandalsotheunderstandingofthesethingsaremandatoryfor atranslatorbeforetranslatinganytextinGujarati. Questionscanarisethatfollowingastyleguidecanbeahindranceinthedevelopmentofanylanguage. Butthefactisthatstyleguideisnotabarrierinthedevelopmentoflanguagebutithelpsinthedevelopment ofalanguagebymakinganytextmoreusefulandunderstandableforagroupofpeople.Particularlyitis importantandalmostmandatoryfortechnicaltranslation.Forexample,whenwearetranslatinganymanual, softwareetc.somesortofconsistencyisneededtomakeusercomfortablewiththeuserinterface,itsmanual etc. A proper communications is very much necessary particularly in the case of Open Source and Free softwarecommunitieswherecontinuously new translatorsare joiningin their community team andstart workingontheirlanguage.Theyshouldknowthemethodandwaysbywhichtranslationarebeingdonein thecommunity.Sothereshouldbesomesetofguidelinesforthevolunteerswhoarecominginthefiledof translation.Apartfromtoolstotranslateandtranslators'knowhow,threeimportantresourcesarerequired: 1.Terminology,2.TranslationStyleandconventionsGuide,and3.QualityAssessmentGuidelinesandrelated Matrix.ButwelacktheabovementionedresourcesinGujarati.Particularlyinopencontentthereisnothing

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COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

exceptsomeWikipediapagesthatcanbefreelyquotedandusedbythecommunity.Sothisisonemove towardscreatingtheseresources. Atpresent,wecansaythatGujaratiisspreadoverwholeofIndiawithdifferentslangandunderstanding and . So being a translator we need to be more cautious in translating into Gujarati. For the wider acceptability and to lessen the confusion, we should follow one particular style and convention for the language.ThereforethisguideispreparedforGujaratianditstranslatorsandlocaliserscommunities.

8 | 1. Why?

2
2 . W H AT
IS

G U J A R AT I ?

AccordingtoWikiPedia,Gujarati(Gujarati:(Gujart)isanIndoAryanlanguage,andpartofthe greaterIndoEuropeanlanguagefamily.Itisderivedfromalanguagecalled OldGujarati (11001500AD) whichistheancestorlanguageofthemodernGujaratiandRajasthanilanguages.makingitthe26thmostspoken nativelanguageintheworld.Thereareabout65.5millionspeakersofGujaratiworldwide,Gujaratiisoneofthe twentytwoofficiallanguagesandfourteenregionallanguagesofIndia.Itisofficiallyrecognizedinthestateof Gujarat,India.makingitthe26thmostspokennativelanguageintheworld.AlongwithRomanyandSindhi,itis amongthemostwesternofIndoAryanlanguages. TheGujaratiscript(GujrtLipi),whichlikeallNgarwritingsystemsisstrictlyspeakingan abugidaratherthananalphabet,isusedtowritetheGujaratiandKutchilanguages.ItisavariantofDevangar scriptdifferentiatedbythelossofthecharacteristichorizontallinerunningabovethelettersandbyasmall numberofmodificationsintheremainingcharacters.Withafewadditionalcharacters,addedforthispurpose, theGujaratiscriptisalsooftenusedtowriteSanskrit.

9 | 2. What is Gujarati?

3
3. WHO
S H O U L D T R A N S L AT E ?

Thisisaverybasicquestion.Whoshouldtranslate?Ageneralassumptionisthatanybodywhoknows thetwo languages, iethe source languageandthe targetlanguage,can translate. Itis entirelynot true. Translationisanart.Itneedsalevelofexperience,agoodlevelofknowledgeofthesubjectmatterbeing translatedandartoftranslating. Beingnativeisoneoftheimportantcriteriaanditshouldbealso.Justyouarenative,youknowthe severalinherentcomplexityofthelanguageeasily.Butitisnotedthatnativityisnotastaticthing.Ifyoulive awayfromyournativelanguagespeakingareafromlongtime,itisbeingerodedslowlyandinthiscondition, thereisatendencyofforgettingthesmallknowhowofthelanguageaswell.Sointhiscase,itisimperative thatatranslatorshouldenrichhim/herselfbylisteningnativelanguagenews,readingnewspaper,magazine andattendingconferencesrelatedtonativelanguageissuesetc. Butbeingnativeshouldnotbetheonlycriteria.Expertiseonsubjectmatterandexperienceofdoing translationareaddedadvantageforapersoninterestedindoingthetranslation.Soifanypersonwhoisnew tothisfield,she/heshouldbeawareofwhatalreadyhashappenedinthefieldorcommunityiftheprojectis underanycommunityparticipation. Translationisnotjustaprofession.Translationcreatesabridgebetweentwodistinctculture,twodistinct locale.Soitneeds,apartfromjustprofessionalism,afeelingtowardsyourlanguage,apassiontoseeyour languageoncomputer,mobile,weboranyhandhelddevice.ThesceneofICTischangingveryfastanditis ourdutytocreateallcomputingrelatedinterfaceagreatplaceforGujarati.

11 | 3. Who should translate?

4
4 . G E N E R A L T R A N S L AT I O N S GUIDELINES
Beforestarting translatingin Gujarati, thereare fewthings we mustknow For example, Characters, Fonts,Date,Time,Days,Month,Currency,Collation,Numerals,Calendar,Acronym,Glossaries,Punctuations, WhiteSpaces,MessageLengths,tonameafew.

4.1 CHARACTERS
Country/Region
Lowercasecharacters Uppercasecharacters Charactersincaseless scripts ExtendedLatincharacters Totalnumberofcharacters Unicodecodes

India
n/a n/a ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , n/a 51 u0A81, u0A82, u0A83, u0A85,u0A86,u0A87,u0A88, u0A89,u0A8A,u0A8B,u0A8D,u0A8F,u0A90,u0A91, u0A93,u0A94,u0A95,u0A96,u0A97,u0A98,u0A99, u0A9A,u0A9B,u0A9C,u0A9D,u0A9E,u0A9F,u0AA0, u0AA1,u0AA2,u0AA3,u0AA4,u0AA5,u0AA6,u0AA7, u0AA8,u0AAA,u0AAB,u0AAC,u0AAD,u0AAE,u0AAF,

13 | 4. General Translations Guidelines

COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

u0AB0,u0AB2,u0AB3,u0AB5,u0AB6,u0AB7,u0AB8, u0AB9, u0ABC,u0ABD, u0ABE,u0ABF, u0AC0, u0AC1, u0AC2, u0AC3, u0AC4, u0AC5,u0AC7,u0AC8,u0AC9, u0ACB,u0ACC,u0ACD,u0AD0,u0AE0,u0AE6,u0AE7, u0AE8,u0AE9,u0AEA,u0AEB,u0AEC,u0AED,u0AEE, u0AEF,u0AF1

4.2. DATE
Country/Region
FirstDayoftheWeek FirstWeekoftheYear Separator DefaultShortDateFormat Example DefaultLongDateFormat Example AbbreviationsinFormat Codes

India
Monday (Hyphen) dMyy 17311 ddMMMMyyyy 172011 disforday,numberofd'sindicatestheformat(d =digitswithoutleadingzero,dd= digitswithleadingzero,ddd=theabbreviatedday name,dddd=fulldayname) M is for month, number of M's gives number of digits.(M=digitswithoutleading zero,MM=digitswithleadingzero,MMM=the abbreviatedname,MMMM=full name) yisforyear,numberofy'sgivesnumberofdigits (yy=twodigits,yyyy=fourdigits)

4.3. TIME
Country/Region
24 hour format

India
No
14 | 4. General Translations Guidelines

Standard time format Standard time format example Time separator Time separator examples Hours leading zero Hours leading zero example String for AM designator String for PM designator

HH:mm:ss 12:33:21; 12:33 colon : () "7:28:52" ;7 . 28 .52 . No n/a ; In general language mostly , is used in the place of AM ; In general language mostly (, (noon)), (, (evening)), (, ,, , (night)) is used in the place of PM

4.4. DAYS
Isfirstlettercapitalized?:No,capitalizationisnotapplicableinGujarati.

Day
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

NormalForm

Abbreviation

4.5. MONTHS
Isfirstlettercapitalized?:No,capitalizationisnotapplicableinGujarati. Month January February March April May FullForm AbbreviatedForm . . n/a n/a n/a LongDateForm 26 2011 26 2011 26 2011 26 2011 26 2011

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COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

June July August September October November December

n/a n/a . . . . .

26 2011 26 2011 26 2011 26 2011 26 2011 26 2011 26 2011

4.6. NUMERAL
Gujaratilanguagehasitsownsetofnumerals,Forconvenienceandcomfortfortargetuser,Community hasbeendecidedtouseEnglishnumerals,Sowewilluse0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,and9insteadof,,,,, ,,,,and.

4.7. CURRENCY
Country/Region CurrencyName CurrencySymbol CurrencySymbolPosition ISOCurrencyCode CurrencySubunitName CurrencySubunitSymbol CurrencySubunitExample India (Rupee) Itisusedbeforetheamount.i.e.200 INR (Paisa) n/a 25

4.8. WHITE SPACES

Incomputerscience,whitespaceisanysinglecharacterorseriesofcharactersthatrepresentshorizontal orverticalspaceintypography.Whenrendered,awhitespacecharacterdoesnotcorrespondtoavisualmark, buttypicallydoesoccupyanareaonapage.Theremaybedifferentpatternofanylanguagerelatedtowhite space.Weshouldproperlycareandfollowthesourcetextandtargetlanguagerulesforplacinganyextra whitespace.
16 | 4. General Translations Guidelines

Source %s is not a valid location. Stop loading the document Get User Info

Target (Invalid) % s .

Target (Valid) %s .

4.9. FONTS
ForTranslatinganydocumentsoranyapplicationinGujaratilanguage,weneedtouseUnicodebased Devanagarifonts.Eg.LohitGujarati,SamyakGujaratietc.Thefontshouldcontainaglyphforeachallocated codepointprescribedbyUnicode.Thefontshouldcontainthefollowing:(1)vowels;(2)consonants;(3) glyphsforconjuncts;(4)variantsforvowelsigns(matras),(5)vowelmodifiers(Chandrabindu,Anuswar), (6)digitsand(7)punctuationmarks.

4.10. COLLATIONS
Collation order is not the same as Unicode point order. There are lot of convention also for collation. So we will follow the collation table prescribed by Unicode. For collation chart, please check here: http://unicode.org/charts/collation/chart_Gujarati.html

4.11. SINGULAR & PLURAL

FORMS

InGujaratitherearetwonumbers,SingularandPlural.Nounspluralformisdenotedbymarkeroorby addingomatratothelastcharacter.Verbshouldbechangedaccordingtosingularandplural.Seeexamples, Examples . (Singular) . (Plural) . (Singular) . (Plural) . (Singular) . (Plural)

4.12. PROGRAM SYNTAX, FUNCTIONS, TAGS, PLACEHOLDERS

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COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

Nevertranslateprogramsyntaxorfunctionsortags,placeholders.Sometimessometranslatorstranslate theseaswell.Weshouldnottranslateanyofthese.Thiscreatesmajorerrorintranslation.

Source

Target (Invalid)

Target (Valid) %ld .

Changes made to % the document in the . last %ld second will be permanently lost. <html>Clear <> Location bar<br <br/><br /> /><br />Clears the .</> contents of the location bar.</html>

<html> <br/><br /> .</html>

\\<variable \\< id=\\\"wie\\\"\\> \\<variable id=\\\"wie\\\"\\> id=\\\"wie\\\"\\>To ...\\</\\> access this ...\\</variable\\> function...\\</variabl e\\>

4.13. LEGAL STATEMENT

Generallyeverysoftwarehassomesortoflegalstatementsassociatedwiththesoftware.Translatinglegal statementsisgeneraldifficultaswellascritical.Soweshouldavoidtotranslatelegalstatements.

4.14. PRODUCT/BRAND/COMPANY NAME

ForProduct/Brand/CompanyName,itisgeneralruleacceptedbyagenciestokeepasitislikeEnglish. InGujarati,Itshouldnotbetranslated. Source AboutMozillaFirefox Target(Invalid) Target(Valid) MozillaFirefox ContextApplication Firefox

Thisisthefontusedto Konqueror KDE display text in . . Konquerorwindows.

4.15. KEYS NAME

Keys name should not be translated. eg. Backspace, Delete, Enter, caps lock, Control should not be translatedsincewestillusethesamekeyboardasEnglish.ThoughsomekeyboardcameinGujaratibutitis notstillpopular.
18 | 4. General Translations Guidelines

Source Both Ctrl keys together change layout. Ctrl

Target (Invalid) .

Target (Valid) Ctrl . Ctrl

Context Application gnome-applet gok

Type a new accelerator, gedit or press Backspace to Backspace clear NOTE:Nameofthekeysappearingonkeyboardshouldnotbetranslated. ALT, CTRL, END, PAGE UP PAGE DOWN, SHIFT, TAB, INSERT, DELETE, ENTER, ESC, HOME, INS, , NUMPAD ENTER, NUM LOCK, BACKSPACE, BREAK, CAPS LOCK, CLEARA, HOME, BREAK, CAPS LOCK, CLEAR,ALT,END

4.16. ACRONYMS
Acronymsarewordsmadeupoftheinitiallettersofmajorpartsofacompoundterm.Somewellknown examplesareWYSIWYG(WhatYouSeeIsWhatYouGet),OLE(ObjectLinkingandEmbedding),orRAM (RandomAccessMemory).InGujaratiacronymsareformedbytakingthefirstletterorthefirstsyllableofthe word.

LocalizedAcronyms:
UNESCO UNICEF 'WHO

UnlocalizedAcronyms:
Thefollowinglistcontainsexamplesofacronymsandabbreviationsthatareconsideredcommonly understood;theseacronymsandabbreviationsshouldnotbelocalizedorspelledoutinfullinEnglish: ANSI(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute) ISO(InternationalStandardsOrganization) ISDN DOS DSL CD
19 | 4. General Translations Guidelines

COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

DVD

4.17. HONORIFIC USAGES

ItisencouragedtousehonorificpronouninGujarati.So,itisbettertousewordslike,, instead of,, respectively. Dependinguponthecontext/persontowhomoneisaddressing,toneofyoumaybetranslatedas ' '

Source

Target

Target

You do not have the required permissions to use this drive %s is calling you, do you want to answer? %s , ? %s , ?

20 | 4. General Translations Guidelines

5
5 . G U J A R AT I T E R M I N O L O G Y
Terminologyisoneofthemajorareawhereeverybodyputtheirattentionintranslatinganytext.Thereis onlyoneglossaryforGujarati.

5 . 1 . F U E L G U J A R AT I G L O SS A RY
WewilluseFUELasourglossary.YoucanfindFUELGujaratiglossaryfromhereinpdfformat: FUEL GujaratiForOtherformatoffilepleasevisitFUELGujaratipageonFUELwebsite. . FUEL is a community project working on the problems like inconsistenciesand standardisation. The FUELGujaratiterminologyisreleasedafteracommunitymeetinwhichtheGujaraticommunitydiscussedon all the terms and later it is released as primary glossary. Please translate using this terminology with consistency.

21 | 5. Gujarati Terminology

6 . P U N C T UAT I O N S & T E X T CONVENTIONS

The proper use of text convention and punctuations are very vital in any language. According to Wikipedia,Punctuationmarksaresymbolsthatindicatethestructureandorganisationofwrittenlanguage,as wellasintonationandpausestobeobservedwhenreadingaloud.InwrittenEnglish,punctuationisvitalto disambiguatethemeaningofsentences.Forexample,"woman,withoutherman,isnothing"and"woman: withouther,manisnothing"havegreatlydifferentmeanings,asdo"eatsshootsandleaves"and"eats,shoots andleaves"."KingCharleswalkedandtalkedhalfanhourafterhisheadwascutoff"isalarming; "King Charleswalkedandtalked;halfanhourafter,hisheadwascutoff",lessso.(ForEnglishusage,seethe articlesonspecificpunctuationmarks.)Therulesofpunctuationvarywithlanguage,location,registerand timeandareconstantlyevolving.Certainaspectsofpunctuationarestylisticandarethustheauthor's(or editor's)choice.Typographiclanguageforms,suchasthoseusedinonlinechatandtextmessages,mayhave wildly different rules. In this section, wikipedia references are mainly used to elaborate and define punctuations.HeregoesthemajortextconventionandpunctuationsrulesforGujarati. Text Conventions/Punctuations Bold Usage in English Usage in Gujarati

Bold face text makes text darker It is same as English. So please than the surrounding text. With this keep the Bold text as Bold in Gujarati technique, the emphasized text as well. strongly stands out from the rest; it should therefore be used to highlight certain keywords that are important to the subject of the text, for easy visual scanning of text. Text is written in a script style, or the It is same as English. So please use of oblique, where the vertical keep the Italicized text as Italics. orientation of all letters is slanted to the left or right. With one or the other of these techniques (usually only one is available for any typeface), words can be highlighted without making them stand out much from the rest of the text (inconspicuous stressing). Traditionally, this is used for marking passages that have a different context, such as words from foreign

Italics

23 | 6. Punctuations & Text Conventions

COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

languages, book titles, and the like. Capitalization Capitalization is writing a word with its first letter as a minuscule (uppercase letter) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lower-case letters), in those writing systems which have a case distinction. The term is also used for the choice of case in text. There is no upper case letters in Gujarati. So in case we need to emphasize, can be done by increasing the font size. But it should be avoided as well. But making bold or italics is not a good way.

Ellipsis

Ellipsis (plural ellipses; from the Same as English Greek: , lleipsis, "omission") is a mark or series of marks that usually indicate an intentional omission of a word in the original text. An ellipsis can also be used to indicate a pause in speech, an unfinished thought, or, at the end of a sentence, a trailing off into silence (apostrophes) (apostrophe and ellipsis mixed). When placed at the end of a sentence, the ellipsis can also inspire a feeling of melancholy longing. The ellipsis calls for a slight pause in speech. The most common form of an ellipsis is a row of three periods or full stops (...) or pre-composed triple-dot glyph (). The usage of the em dash () can overlap the usage of the ellipsis. The triple-dot punctuation mark is also called a suspension point, points of ellipsis, periods of ellipsis, or colloquially, dot-dot-dot. Ellipses is written as one unit.

Double Quote

Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes[1] and speech marks) are punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech, a quotation, a phrase, or a word. They come as a pair of opening and closing marks in either of two styles: single ('') or double (""). Single or double quotation marks denote either speech or a quotation. Neither stylesingle or doubleis an absolute rule, though double quotation marks are preferred in the United States, and both single and double quotation marks are

Though it is the choice of the author or translator, but it would be better if it should be translated as English. Whether Single or Double quotation marks, the first of the pair is generally inverted. It is similar to other European languages other than English.

24 | 6. Punctuations & Text Conventions

used in the United Kingdom. A publishers or authors style may take precedence over national general preferences. The important rule is that the style of opening and closing quotation marks must be matched. Single Quote Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes[1] and speech marks) are punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech, a quotation, a phrase, or a word. They come as a pair of opening and closing marks in either of two styles: single ('') or double ("").Single or double quotation marks denote either speech or a quotation. Neither stylesingle or doubleis an absolute rule, though double quotation marks are preferred in the United States, and both single and double quotation marks are used in the United Kingdom. A publishers or authors style may take precedence over national general preferences. The important rule is that the style of opening and closing quotation marks must be matched. Though it is the choice of the author or translator, but it would be better if it should be translated as English. Whether Single or Double quotation marks, the first of the pair is generally inverted. It is similar to other European languages other than English.

Square Brackets

Square brackets also called simply Same as English brackets (US) are mainly used to enclose explanatory or missing material usually added by someone other than the original author, especially in quoted text. Examples include: appreciate it [the honor] but I must refuse. Curly brackets also called braces (US) or flower brackets (India) are sometimes used in prose to indicate a series of equal choices. Example: "Select your animal {goat, sheep, cow, horse} and follow me". Same as English

Curly Brackets

Round Brackets

Parentheses (singular, parenthesis) Same as English also called simply brackets (UK), or round brackets, curved brackets, oval brackets, or, colloquially, parens contain material that could be omitted without destroying or altering the meaning of a sentence. Parenthetical phrases have been used extensively in informal writing and stream of consciousness

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COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

literature. Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add supplementary information. Inequality Signs The mathematical or logical symbols Same as English for greater-than (>) and less-than (<) are inequality operators, and are not punctuation marks when so used. Angle brackets or chevrons are often In general, not used in Gujarati. used to enclose highlighted material. Some dictionaries use chevrons to enclose short excerpts illustrating the usage of words. In Chinese punctuation, angle brackets are used as quotation marks. Half brackets are used in English to mark added text. Period is used to denote the end of a Same as English. sentence, as a full stop. Example: 1. . (Full Stop) Comma (,) Comma is used as a separator when several names or items are written consecutively and also short pauses. It also used as a separator in numerals. Do not use a space for this purpose as a space separates the numeral from the abbreviation. Generally same as English. Example: 1. , , (Space used after comma ) 2. 56,271 (Space not used after comma) Colon A colon [ : ] is used before a list or any explanation that is coming next. Since there is a character Visarga ( ) in Gujarati similar to colon, so to avoid the problem we should use long dash instead of the colon. If we need want to use colon, we should put one space before the colon. Example: 1. 17/03/2011: (Date of creation: 17/03/2011) 2. : (List of Sites are as follows:) Semi colon Semicolons are followed by a lower case letter, unless that letter is the first letter of a proper noun. They have no spaces before them, but one space after (possibly two when using mono spaced fonts). The semicolon (;) is a punctuation mark Same as English

Angle Brackets

Full Stop/Period

26 | 6. Punctuations & Text Conventions

with several uses. The Italian printer Aldus Manutius the Elder established the practice of using the semicolon mark to separate words of opposed meaning, and to indicate interdependent statements.[1] The earliest, general use of the semicolon in English was in 1591; Ben Jonson was the first notable English writer to use them systematically. The modern uses of the semicolon relate either to the listing of items, or to the linking of related clauses. Question Mark A question mark [ ? ] is used at the Same as English. end of any direct question. But in indirect question, it is not used. In general, we should avoid using question mark with other punctuation mark (eg. [ !? ]). An exclamation mark, exclamation Same as English. In general, point, shout pole, or bang (!) is a Gujarati error messages end with punctuation mark usually used after exclamation mark. an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume, and often marks the end of a sentence. There should be no space between last letter and the exclamation mark. If a title having exclamation mark is coming at the end of one sentence, we should not put full stop. Example: "Watch out!" The character is encoded in Unicode at U+0021. A slash is generally being used to Same as English show choice between words it separates. The slash is also used to indicate a line break when quoting multiple lines from a poem, play, or headline. An apostrophe is used in English to No apostrophe is used in Gujarati. indicate possession. The practice ultimately derives from the Old English genitive case: the of case, itself used as a possessive in many languages. The genitive form of many nouns ended with the inflection -es, which evolved into a simple -s for the possessive ending. An apostrophe was later added to replace the omitted e, not his as is

Exclamation Mark

Slash

Apostrophe

27 | 6. Punctuations & Text Conventions

COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

and was widely believed.

28 | 6. Punctuations & Text Conventions

7
7. UNITS
AND

MEASUREMENTS
TheRepublicofIndiaadoptedthemetricsystemonApril1,1957. Sobasicmeasurementunitsfor weight is gram/kilogram, length is meter/kilometer, liquid volume is milliliter/liter. It is the correct and accepted way for Gujarati as well. However, other units are still prevalent but particularly for technical translation, we need to follow the metric system. Except for measuring body temperature, generally temperatureinIndiaismeasuredinCelsius.SoforGujaratitranslation,itshouldbechangedinCelsiusifin sourcelanguage,itisindifferentunits.

7 . 1 . V O LU M E , W E I G H T , L E N G T H
7.2. English Meter Kilometer Gram Kilogram Liter Milliliter Centimeter Millimeter Gujarati Gujarati (Abbreviated) . .. . .. . .. .. ..

7 . 2 . P O W E R , T E M P E R AT U R E , E L E C T R I C I T Y
English
29 | 7. Units and Measurements

Gujarati

Gujarati (Abbreviated)

COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

Watt Volt Joule Hertz Kilohertz Celsius Fahrenheit

W V J Hz Khz F

7.3. TIME UNITS

English Hour Minute Second Gujarati Gujarati (Abbreviated) n/a . .

7 . 4 . I N F O R M AT I O N U N I T S
English Kilobyte Megabyte bit bit/s Gujarati /. Gujarati (Abbreviated) KB () MB () n/a n/a

30 | 7. Units and Measurements

8
8. GENERAL SPELLING GUIDELINES
Due to largevolume of population and extremegeographical and cultural diversity, there arelot of problems related to the consistency of the spelling in Gujarati. Here are the few points that we should considerduringtranslatinganytextinGujarati.

8.1. ANUSVAR

AND

CHANDRAVINDU

IntheDevanagariscript,Anusvar(0902 DEVANAGARISIGNANUSVARA)isrepresentedwithadot (bindu)abovetheletter().Chandravindu(0901 DEVANAGARISIGNCANDRABINDU)(meaning"moon dot" in Sanskrit, alternatively spelled candrabindu, chandravindu, candravindu, or chndrobindu) is a diacriticsignhavingtheformofadotinsidethelowerhalfofacircle(). Examples: 1. Anusvar 2. Chandrabindu

8.2. TRANSLITERATION

OF

FOREIGN WORDS

Thetransliteration of foreign wordsshould bedoneconsistently and we would prefer to use Father CamileBulkeEnglishtoGujaratiDictionary.Accordingtotherecommendationby CommissionforScientific and Technical Terminology, "The transliteration of English terms should not be made so complex as to necessitatetheintroductionofnewsignsandsymbolsinthepresentDevanagaricharacters.TheDevanagari renderingofEnglishtermsshouldaimatmaximumapproximationtothestandardEnglishpronunciationwith such modifications as are prevalent in the educated circle in India." We should try to follow these recommendationforwordsadoptedfromotherlanguages.

31 | 8. General Spelling Guidelines

COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

Source Menu Layout Screen Resolution Work Offline

Target (Invalid)

Target (Valid)

Context Application menu menu Evolution, firefox

8.3. CARDINALS, ORDINALS, MULTIPLICATIVE

AND

FRACTION

Cardinalnumeralformsshouldbeusedcorrectly.Generallyweshouldtrytoavoidsingledigitnumbers exceptwhererequired.Likecardinalsweshoulduseordinalscorrectly.

Source Quarter past two sevenfold fourth

Target (Invalid)

Target (Valid)

Context Application Gnome-games

8.4. HYPHEN
Thehyphenisusedtodividewordsbetweensyllables,tolinkpartsofacompoundword,andtoconnect thepartsofaninvertedorimperativeverbform. Example ,,

32 | 8. General Spelling Guidelines

9. BASIC QUALITY PARAMETERS

WhiletranslatinganytextinGujarati,weneedtofollowbasicqualityparameterstokeepourtranslation better.Theseparametersarejustforreference.Therecanbeseveralvariationsofparametersbuthereare some important just to understand errors arising out of the violation of parameters. Several translation agencies are there who did lot of labour in creating parameters. Followings are some outlines what parameterscanbeandwhyweneedtogiveimportancetoparameters.

9.1. LANGUAGE

AND

GRAMMAR

Theevaluationofatranslationwithregardstothegrammaticalcomponentsmustbegovernedbythe criterionofcorrectness.LikemostofthedevelopedlanguageGujaratiisalsohavingagrammarandfollowing grammarisnecessaryforconsistentandstandardtext.Weshouldnotdoanymistakeofgrammar,spelling, andpunctuation.

Source Show Hidden Files Move Folder To...

Target (Invalid)

Target (Valid) ...

Context Application Nautilus evolution

9.2. TERMINOLOGY
Terminologyisfocusedonthemeaningandconveyanceofconcepts.Thequalityofatranslationdepends ontheconsistencyinuseoftermsbelongingtoaspecialisedareaofusageandappropriatenesstocontext. We should use prescribed glossaries and industry related words and register in doing translation. The deviationfromprescribedglossary,usinginconsistentterminologyareareerrorsofterminology.

33 | 9. Basic Quality Parameters

COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

Source Move Folder To...

Target (Invalid) ...

Target (Valid) ...

Context Application evolution

9.5. CULTURE SPECIFIC

Sometimes,somethinginthecultureofthesourcelanguagehasadistinctlydifferentculturalvaluefrom thesamethinginthecultureofthetargetlanguage.Insuchcases,thetranslatorshouldkeeptheoriginal meaningbyadjustingtheformoftheculturalsymboloraddingenoughbackgroundinformationtoindicateto thetargetlanguageuserswhattheoriginalculturalvaluewas.Weshouldfollowcountryspecificstandards andculturalreferencesandlocalconventionsindoingtranslation.Forexample,weshouldusemetricsystem. WeshoulduseRupeeinsteadofDollarduringtranslation. Source India Egypt Target (Invalid) Target (Valid) Context Application Gnome Location Gnome Location

9.6. STYLE
In Gujarati we used polite style for audience. The style of writing should be polite, honorable and friendlysothatreaderwillcomfortablewithit. Example:

9.7. COMPOUNDS
Generally,compoundsshouldbeunderstandableandcleartotheuser.Overlylongorcomplexcompounds shouldbeavoided.Keepinmindthatunintuitivecompoundsareultimatelyanintelligibilityandusability issue. InGujaratitocompoundwordsorverbs'',, areused. Example: 1. .

9.8. GENDER
Gujaratidistinguishesamongthreegenders.Theyaremasculine,feminineandneuter.

34 | 9. Basic Quality Parameters

Example: 1. .(Boyisrunning)Masculine 2. .(Girlisrunning)Feminine 3. .(Dogissleeping)Neuter Butthisrulealsohassomeexceptions.Wecannotblindlyfollowthistodeterminethegenderofanyobject. LikeweusefemininegenderforFileandneuterforFolder. Example: 1. .Feminine 2. .Masculine 3. .Neuter

9.9. GENITIVE
GenitivecaseinGujarati(PossessivecaseorSecondcase).Thisisusedasperobjectsgenderorverb.In Gujaratithegenitivecasemarkersare:,,,,. Example: 1.,. 2.,. 3.,. 4.,.

35 | 9. Basic Quality Parameters

COMPUTER TRANSLATION STYLE & CONVENTION GUIDE FOR GUJARATI

10
1 0 . C O N C LU S I O N
Inthisguide,effortisgiventoencompassallmajorlanguagerelatedareasforGujarati.Byfollowingthis guide,weassumethatwecancreateacontentinmoreconsistentandstandardisedway.Butwecannotsay thatthelistgivenaboveisfinal.Wecanaddseveralareasaswellbuttobepreciseandbrief,wehaveignored someofthewellknownpointsaswell.Butifyoufeelthatanythingimportantwehavemissed,pleasesend youfeedbackatthemailinglist fueldiscuss@lists.fedorahosted.org orfileanissueatourprojectpagehere https://fedorahosted.org/fuel.

36 | 10. Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY & FURTHER READING

Wehavetakenreferencefromlotsofplacesdistributedatdifferentplacesalloveronlineandprint.Here arethelistthatcanbeusedforfurtherreadingandexplanations. 1.Wikipedia 2.gujaratilexicon.com 4.OpenMailingListDiscussionslikeIndianoss,flossgujarat,etc.

37 | Bibliography & Further Reading