Thermal Analysis and Design

ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design

U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Thermal Systems Design
Fundamentals of heat transfer
Radiative equilibrium
Surface properties
Non-ideal effects
Internal power generation
Environmental temperatures
Conduction
Thermal system components
1
2009 David L. Akin - All rights reserved
http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Classical Methods of Heat Transfer
Convection
Heat transferred to cooler surrounding gas, which
creates currents to remove hot gas and supply new cool
gas
Dont (in general) have surrounding gas or gravity for
convective currents
Conduction
Direct heat transfer between touching components
Primary heat flow mechanism internal to vehicle
Radiation
Heat transferred by infrared radiation
Only mechanism for dumping heat external to vehicle
2
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Ideal Radiative Heat Transfer
Plancks equation gives energy emitted in a
specific frequency by a black body as a function
of temperature

e
b
=
2hC
0
2

5
exp
hC
0
kT
[
\
|

)
j
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Dont worry, we wont
actually use this equation for
anything)
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Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
The Solar Spectrum
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
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Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Ideal Radiative Heat Transfer
Plancks equation gives energy emitted in a
specific frequency by a black body as a function
of temperature
Stefan-Boltzmann equation integrates Plancks
equation over entire spectrum

P
rad
=T
4

e
b
=
2hC
0
2

5
exp
hC
0
kT
[
\
|

)
j
1
|
|
|
|
|
|

= 5.67x10
8
W
m
2
K
4
(Stefan-Boltzmann
Constant)
5
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
First Law of Thermodynamics
heat in -heat out = work done internally
Heat in = incident energy absorbed
Heat out = radiated energy
Work done internally = internal power used
(negative work in this sense - adds to total heat in
the system)

QW =
dU
dt
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Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Radiative Equilibrium Temperature
Assume a spherical black body of radius r
Heat in due to intercepted solar flux
Heat out due to radiation (from total surface area)
For equilibrium, set equal

1 AU: I
s
=1394 W/m
2
; T
eq
=280K

Q
in
= I
s
r
2

Q
out
= 4 r
2
T
4

I
s
r
2
= 4 r
2
T
4
I
s
= 4T
4

T
eq
=
I
s
4






1
4
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Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Effect of Distance on Equilibrium Temp
Mercury
Pluto
Neptune
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
Asteroids
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Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Shape and Radiative Equilibrium
A shape absorbs energy only via illuminated faces
A shape radiates energy via all surface area
Basic assumption made is that black bodies are
intrinsically isothermal (perfect and instantaneous
conduction of heat internally to all faces)
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Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Effect of Shape on Black Body Temps
10
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Incident Radiation on Non-Ideal Bodies
Kirchkoff s Law for total incident energy flux on solid bodies:
where
=absorptance (or absorptivity)
=reflectance (or reflectivity)
=transmittance (or transmissivity)

Q
Incident
= Q
absorbed
+ Q
reflected
+ Q
transmitted

Q
absorbed
Q
Incident
+
Q
reflected
Q
Incident
+
Q
transmitted
Q
Incident
=1


Q
absorbed
Q
Incident
;
Q
reflected
Q
Incident
;
Q
transmitted
Q
Incident
11
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Non-Ideal Radiative Equilibrium Temp
Assume a spherical black body of radius r
Heat in due to intercepted solar flux
Heat out due to radiation (from total surface area)
For equilibrium, set equal

Q
in
= I
s
r
2

Q
out
= 4 r
2
T
4

I
s
r
2
= 4 r
2
T
4
I
s
= 4

T
4

T
eq
=

I
s
4






1
4
( = emissivity -
efficiency of surface
at radiating heat)
12
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Effect of Surface Coating on Temperature
= emissivity

=

a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
v
i
t
y
13
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Non-Ideal Radiative Heat Transfer
Full form of the Stefan-Boltzmann equation
where T
env
=environmental temperature (=4K
for space)
Also take into account power used internally

P
rad
=A T
4
T
env
4
( )

I
s
A
s
+ P
int
=A
rad
T
4
T
env
4
( )
14
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Example: AERCam/SPRINT
30 cm diameter sphere
=0.2; =0.8

P
int
=200W

T
env
=280K (cargo bay
below; Earth above)
Analysis cases:
Free space w/o sun
Free space w/sun
Earth orbit w/o sun
Earth orbit w/sun
15
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
AERCam/SPRINT Analysis (Free

A
s
=0.0707 m
2
; A
rad
=0.2827 m
2
Free space, no sun

P
int
= A
rad
T
4
T =
200W
0.8 5.67 10
8
W
m
2
K
4






0.2827m
2
( )












1
4
= 354K
16
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
AERCam/SPRINT Analysis (Free

A
s
=0.0707 m
2
; A
rad
=0.2827 m
2
Free space with sun

I
s
A
s
+ P
int
=A
rad
T
4
T =
I
s
A
s
+ P
int
A
rad






1
4
= 362K
17
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
AERCam/SPRINT Analysis (LEO

T
env
=280K
LEO cargo bay, no sun
LEO cargo bay with sun

P
int
=A
rad
T
4
T
env
4
( )
T =
200W
0.8 5.67 10
8
W
m
2
K
4






0.2827m
2
( )
+ (280K)
4














1
4
= 384K

I
s
A
s
+ P
int
=A
rad
T
4
T
env
4
( )
T =
I
s
A
s
+ P
int
A
rad
+ T
env
4








1
4
= 391K
18
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Radiative Insulation
Thin sheet (mylar/kapton with
surface coatings) used to isolate
panel from solar flux
Panel reaches equilibrium with
radiation from sheet and from
itself reflected from sheet
Sheet reaches equilibrium with
radiation from sun and panel,
and from itself reflected off
panel
I
s
T
insulation
T
wall
19
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI)
Multiple insulation layers
to cut down on radiative
transfer
Gets computationally
intensive quickly
Highly effective means of
insulation
Biggest problem is
existence of conductive
leak paths (physical
connections to insulated
components)
I
s
20
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Emissivity Variation with MLI Layers
Ref: D. G. Gilmore, ed., Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook AIAA, 2002
21
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
MLI Thermal Conductivity
Ref: D. G. Gilmore, ed., Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook AIAA, 2002
22
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Effect of Ambient Pressure on MLI
Ref: D. G. Gilmore, ed., Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook AIAA, 2002
23
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
1D Conduction
Basic law of one-dimensional heat conduction
(Fourier 1822)
where
K=thermal conductivity (W/mK)
A=area
dT/dx=thermal gradient

Q= KA
dT
dx
24
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
3D Conduction
General differential equation for heat flow in a solid
where
g(r,t)=internally generated heat
=density (kg/m
3
)
c=specific heat (J/kgK)
K/c=thermal diffusivity

2
T
r
r , t ( ) +
g(
r
r , t)
K
=
c
K
T
r
r , t ( )
t
25
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Simple Analytical Conduction Model
Heat flowing from (i-1) into (i)
Heat flowing from (i) into (i+1)
Heat remaining in cell
T
i
T
i-1
T
i+1

Q
in
= KA
T
i
T
i1
x

Q
out
= KA
T
i+1
T
i
x

Q
out
Q
in
=
c
K
T
i
( j +1) T
i
( j)
t

26
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Time-marching solution
where
For solution stability,
Finite Difference Formulation
=
k
C
v
= thermal diusivity
d =
t
x
2
T
n+1
i
= T
n
i
+ d(T
n
i+1
2T
n
i
+ T
n
i1
)
t <
x
2
2
27
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Heat Pipe Schematic
28
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Shuttle Thermal Control Components
29
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Shuttle Thermal Control System Schematic
30
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
ISS Radiator Assembly
31
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Case Study: ECLIPSE Thermal Analysis
Developed by
UMd SSL for
NASA ESMD
Minimum
functional habitat
element for lunar
outpost
Radiator area -
upper dome and
six upper
cylindrical panels
32
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
ECLIPSE Heat Sources
Solar heat load (modeling habitat as right circular
cylinder)
Electrical power load = 4191 W
Metabolic work load (4 crew) = 464 W
33
Q
solar
= A
illuminated
I
s
A
illuminated
= d sin +
1
4
d
2
cos
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
Thermal Modeling for Lunar Surface
Assume upper dome radiates only to deep space
Assume side panels radiate half to deep space and
half to lunar surface
Assume (conservatively) that lunar surface radiates
as a black body
34
Q
internal
+Q
solar
=

A
dome
T
4
rad
+n
rad
A
panel

T
4
rad

1
2
T
4
moon

T
rad
=

1
A
dome
+n
rad
A
panel

Q
internal
+Q
solar

+
1
2
n
rad
A
wall
T
4
moon

1
4
Thermal Analysis and Design
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F
MARYLAND
ECLIPSE Thermal Results
35