Gavitational Wave Space Missions

Karsten Danzmann Albert Einstein Institute Hannover

LIGO-G070743-00-Z

Gravitational Wave Spectrum

Phase Capture Merging super-massive Quantum Fluctuations in the Early Universe transitions of at black holes (SMBH)black in holes and galactic cores the Early compact Universe by stars SMBH Merging Neutron binary star neutron quakes stars and and black magnetars holes in distant galaxies

ASTROD

DECIGO

A Collaborative NASA/ESA Mission

Cluster of 3 S/C in heliocentric orbit Laser interferometer measures distance changes between free flying test masses inside the S/C Equilateral triangle with 5 million km arms Trailing the Earth by 20 (50 million km) Inclined against ecliptic by 60
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LISA: A Universe Full of Strong GW Sources

Massive Black Hole Binary (BHB) inspiral and merger Ultra-compact binaries

Extreme Mass Ratio Inspiral (EMRI)

Cosmic backgrounds, superstring bursts?

Absolute Distances from SMBH Mergers: Hubble Constant and Dark Energy

H0 and Dark Energy parameters potentially measured to <1%

100s of events expected to z~3 ~10s to z~20 Cosmological distance requires redshift via identification of host Noise from weak lensing Comparable precision to CMB, WL, BAO, CL, SN techniques

LISA SN

Absolute & independent measurement

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100 BHB, 3000 SNIa (Dalal et al 0601275), includes lensing noise

LISA layout
Laser transponder with 6 links, all transmitted to ground Diffraction widens the laser beam to many kilometers

reference laser beams

1 W sent, still 100 pW received by 40 cm Cassegrain

Michelson with 3rd arm and Sagnac mode Can distinguish both polarizations of a GW Can form Null combination!
main transponded laser beams

NRC Beyond Einstein Review

November 6-8, 2006 Washington

BEPAC Recommendations for LISA

"On purely scientific grounds LISA is the mission that is most promising and least scientifically risky. Even with pessimistic assumptions about event rates, it should provide unambiguous and clean tests of the theory of general relativity in the strong field dynamical regime and be able to make detailed maps of space time near black holes. Thus, the committee gave LISA its highest scientific ranking." " LISA is an extraordinarily original and technically bold mission concept. LISA will open up an entirely new way of observing the universe, with immense potential to enlarge our understanding of physics and astronomy in unforeseen ways. LISA, in the committees view, should be the flagship mission of a long-term program addressing Beyond Einstein goals." "NASA should invest additional Beyond Einstein funds in LISA technology development and risk reduction, to help ensure that the Agency is in a position to proceed in partnership with ESA to a new start after the LISA Pathfinder results are understood." LISA was recommended second in implementation because of money and programmatics. But even assuming an unnecessarily pessimistic financial contribution from ESA, and being second in Beyond Einstein, the assumed launch date of LISA as ESA Cosmic Vision Mission L1 in 2018 is still feasible and the committee strongly recommends that.
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LISA Status
ESA-NASA collaboration agreement since August 2004

Joint Management Structure working well! Mission Formulation Study began in January 2005

Technology precursor LISA Pathfinder in Phase C/D

Launch in 2010

LISA technically well on track for launch in 2015!

Launch date is determined by budget

ESA SPC Meeting 22 Feb 2007: LISA L1 launch in 2018! NASA Beyond Einstein Review: Report released September 6, 2007

LISA is Flagship mission! Schedule compatible with ESA!

5/(yr Hz) | 1/Hz 10-22 LISA

ASTROD

Current detectors 10-23

DECIGO

Adv detectors 3rd generation

BBO 10-24

Adapted from Sathya

10-25

0.1m 10m 1 Hz 100 10k frequency f / binary black hole mass whose freq at merger=f 4x107 4x105 4x103 M 40 0.4
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ASTROD Mission Concept

S/C 2

S/C 1 Laser Ranging Sun Outer Orbit Earth Orbit point . L1(800 days after launch) Earth
from W T Ni

Inner Orbit

Launch Position

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ASTROD scientific objectives

Test Relativistic gravity with 3-5 orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity. That includes the measurement of relativistic parameters , , measurement of dG/dt, and the anomalous constant acceleration towards the Sun (Pioneer anomaly). Improvement by 3-4 orders of magnitude in the measurements of solar, planetary and asteroids parameters. That also includes a measurement of solar angular momentum via Lense-Thirring effect and the detection of solar g-modes by their changing gravity field. Detection of low frequency gravitational waves (5 Hz-5 mHz) from massive black hole and galactic binary stars. Background gravitational waves will also be explored.

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from W T Ni

ASTROD technological requirements

Weak-light phase locking to 100 fW. Heterodyne interferometry and data analysis for unequalarm interferometry. Coronagraph design and development: sunlight in the photodetectors should be less than 1 % of the laser light. High precision space clock and/or absolute stabilized laser to 10-17. Drag-free system. Accelerometer noise requirement: (0.31)10-15[1+10(/3mHz)2] ms-2Hz-1/2 at 0.1 mHz < < 100 mHz. Laser metrology to monitor position and distortion of spacecraft components for gravitational modeling.

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from W T Ni

Technological requirements: ASTROD (I) drag-free

ASTROD I acceleration noise of free fall test masses

S 1/x 2 f

2 0.3mHz f 2 1/ 2 3 1014 + 30 ms Hz m f 3mHz 104 Hz f 0.1 Hz

LISA acceleration noise of free fall test masses

S 1/x 2 f

f 2 2 1/ 2 3 1015 1 + ms Hz m 3mHz
104 Hz f 0.1 Hz

ASTROD aims to improve LISA acceleration noise at 0.1 mHz by a factor 3-10, i.e., approx. 0.3-110-15 ms-2 Hz-1/2. ASTROD bandwidth 5 Hz5mHz
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from W T Ni

LISA and ASTROD GW strain sensitivity (S/N5, int. time 1yr)

1E-15
LISA Bender extension

1E-16

LISA, 1 yr int. time S/N=5 ASTROD, 1 yr int. time, S/N=5

Gravitational Wave Strain

1E-17 1E-18 1E-19 1E-20 1E-21 1E-22 1E-23 1E-24 1E-25 1.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01

Frequency (Hz)
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from W T Ni

Very Large Baseline Interferometry

VLBI with Gravitational Waves to improve resolution Resolve and remove every compact binary in the Universe!

GW Universe 16

What is DECIGO?
Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (Kawamura, et al., CQG 23 (2006) S125-S131) Bridges the gap between LISA and terrestrial detectors Low confusion noise Extremely high sensitivity 10-18
Ab have ov e L mov ISA ed ba LISA nd

Strain [Hz-1/2]

10-20

w int ill m o T ov Db e an d

Terrestrial detectors (e.g. LCGT)

DECIGO
10-22 Confusion
Noise

10-24

10-4

10-2

100

102

104
from Kawamura

Frequency [Hz]

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Pre-conceptual design
Differential FP interferometer Arm length: 1000 km Mirror diameter: 1 m Laser wavelength0.532 m Finesse: 10 Laser power: 10 W Mirror mass: 100 kg S/C: drag free 3 interferometers
Laser Photodetector Mirror

Arm cavity

Arm cavity

Drag-free S/C
from Kawamura

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Orbit and constellation (preliminary)

Earth Correlation for stochastic background Sun

Record disk

Increase angular resolution

from Kawamura

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Goal Sensitivity and Science

10-19 Formation of 10-20 Supermassive BH 10-21
Strain [Hz-1/2]
B (1 0 H b in a 00 ry M z =1 )
ise no re su res np tio dia Ra

Coalescence

10-22 10-23 10-24 10-25

5 years 1 unit 3 months

NS

Inflation

Verification of inflation 10-26 10-3

Acceleration of Universe Shot noise (z= 1) Correlation Dark energy (3 years) Coalescence 1 10 102 103
from Kawamura

bin ary

10-2

10-1

Frequency [Hz]

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Requirements
Acceleration noise should be suppressed below radiation pressure noise
Force noise: DECIGO = LISA/50 (Acceleration noise in terms of h: 1, Distance: 1/5000, Mass: 100) Fluctuation of magnetic field, electric field, gravitational field, temperature, pressure, etc.

Sensor noise should be suppressed below shot noise.

Phase noise: DECIGO = LCGT10 (Sensor noise in terms of h: 1, storage time: 10) Frequency noise, intensity noise, beam jitter, etc.

Thruster system should satisfy range, noise, bandwidth, and durability.

from Kawamura

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Very Large Baseline Interferometry with BBO

Big Bang Observer Very similar to DECIGO, but factor 10 lower frequencies (10 mHz to a few Hz) No Fabry-Perot Cavities 50 000 km arms 3x10-17 m/s2/rtHz 300 W of 532 nm lasers 3.5 m mirrors
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Let us not forget CMBPol!

Formerly called Inflation probe Not a laser interferometer But looking at very low frequency GWs around 10-16 Hz And probably has best shot at GWs from slow-roll inflation

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