HYPER Industrial Feasibility Study Final Presentation Precision Star Tracker

Activity 3, WP 3100

ESTEC, Noordwijk The Netherlands 6-th March 2003

Agenda
Introduction 1 PST Requirements 2 PST CCD Characteristics 3 PST System Trade-off 4 PST Baseline Configuration 5 PST Optics 6 PST internal baffle 7 PST Accuracy 8 Guide Star Catalogue 9 Conclusions
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Introduction
q PST purpose
m To allow the measurement of the Lense-Thirring effect

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This measurement is performed as relative measurement between the Precision Star Tracker (PST) giving angles between a guide star, fixed in inertial space and an atomic gyroscope direction, which has an extremely high short time sensitivity for rotation rates (angular rates). The PST is directed to far-distant guide stars, which are not affected by the Lense-Thirring effect. They represent a reference for the measurement and for the motions of the satellite and its control. The second measurement is performed with an Atomic Sagnac Unit (ASU), which measures the rotations of freely falling atoms relative to a series of laser beams, whose orientation is rigidly linked to the PST boresight

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Introduction

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q Today GA has the capability to provide Star Sensors for a wide

variety of mission requirements and applications, ranging from high accuracy pointing of scientific instruments and platform, to medium FOV sensors with AAD capability severe than most accurate GA star trackers (ISO, XMM).

q The required accuracy of the HYPER PST is about 1000 times more q This makes this study very challenging

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PST Requirements

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q The PST requirements, level 1 from HYP-2-05, are the following:

Req.# Requirement Value (3s)

< 1.2 * 10-8 rad R1-PST-01 PST internal errors in the frequency range between 3.5*10-5 Hz and 5 Hz. (< 2.48 * 10-3 arcsec) < 1.2 10-9 rad R1-PST-02 External measurement errors (star, aberration, etc) in the frequency (<0.25 * 10-3 arcsec) range between 3.5*10-5 Hz and 5 Hz. R1-PST-03 PST internal errors in the frequency < 1.2 * 10-9 rad range below 3.5*10-5 Hz (< 0.25 * 10-3 arcsec) < 1.2 * 10-9 rad R1-PST-04 External measurement errors (star, aberration, etc) in the frequency (< 0.25 * 10-3 arcsec) range below 3.5*10-5 Hz. R1-PST-05 Timing/Jitter 1 ms

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PST Requirements
q Level 2 from HYP-2-05
m R1-PST-01
R2-PST-01-01 R2-PST-01-02 R2-PST-01-03 R2-PST-01-04 R2-PST-01-06 R2-PST-01-07 R2-PST-01-08 R2-PST-01-09 Optical Distortion Residual Error Focal Length Variation with Temperature Focal Length Variation with Star Colour Photo Response Non-Uniformity Effect on Star Signal and Straylight Dark Current Non-Uniformity Centroiding Algorithm Error Arithmetic Round-Off Noise Equivalent Angle

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< 10 -10 rad (< 0.02 * 10 -3 arcsec) < 10 -10 rad (< 0.02 * 10 -3 arcsec) < 10 -10 rad (< 0.02 * 10 -3 arcsec) < 4.1 * 10 -9 rad (< 0.85 * 10 -3 arcsec) < 2.9 * 10 -9 rad (< 0.6 * 10 -3 arcsec) < 8.2 * 10 -9 rad (< 1.7 * 10 -3 arcsec) < 1.4 * 10 -9 rad (< 0.29 * 10 -3 arcsec) < 6.8 * 10 -9 rad (<1.4 * 10 -3 arcsec)

6-th March 2003, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

PST Requirements
q Level 2 from HYP-2-05
m R1-PST-02
R2-PST-02-01 Relativistic Aberration

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< 1.2 * 10-9 rad (< 0.25 * 10-3 arcsec)

m R1-PST-03 No PST internal low frequency errors have been identified m R1-PST-04
R2-PST-04-01 R2-PST-04-02 R2-PST-04-03 Star Proper Motion Star Parallax Error Star Catalogue Error < 10-5 rad (< 2.06 arcsec) < 10-5 rad (< 2.06 arcsec) < 10-5 rad (< 2.06 arcsec)

m R1-PST-05 No 2nd level errors have been identified

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PST Requirements
q Other Requirements
m PST optics to fit within the following dimension: 387x387x700 mm (boresight) m PST Update rate 10 Hz m PST Optical entrance 190 mm m PST Guide star catalogue To have at least 1 guide star always available

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PST CCD Characteristics

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q To obtain typical value the following characteristics of the ATMEL

TH7890 (used by GA ASTR) have been taken into account. Its main characteristics are:
m Full Well Capacity m dark current m Quantum Efficiency

2*105 electrons (17 micron pixel size) 15 pA/cm2 See figure

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PST System Trade-off

have been followed:

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q To identify the baseline PST configuration the following guidelines

m IFOV REDUCTION. In order to reduce the contribution of all errors that

can be characterised in terms of fraction of pixels such as Centroid and NEA: this can be obtained by a longer focal length. saturation

m INCREASE OF CCD FWC (Pixel size). In order to avoid CCD m CONSIDER LARGE TRACKING MATRIXES. In order to match large

PSF produced by high F number (considered odd rows/columns matrixes from 3x3 up to 25x25 pixels) and reduce Centroid error in terms of fraction of pixel of Centroid error and NEA

m Use of GA simulator to evaluate PST performance, especially in terms

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PST System Trade-off

q Used Centroid algorithm:
y 'C =

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w'i = (i - 9) * (1 - m) i = 1,2,...N = wi * (1 - m)

w
i =1 N i =1

'

* Coli
i

Col

z 'C =

w
i =1 N i =1

'

* Rowi
i

Row

q N value is tied to the star spot size

d min = 2.44 * f #*l

m Increasing N means to decrease the centroid error the ratio pixel size / spot size is reduced: a smaller sampling period is obtained and then the rounding effect introduced by the physical pixel dimension is reduced m Increasing N gives rise to greater sensitivity to CCD non-uniformities and

noise

more pixels and then more error contributions (1 for each pixel) new outer pixels having a higher weight in the barycentre computation the centroid computation cannot be considered an average computation because the denominator of is not proportional to the total number of pixels but to the fraction of the star spot energy collected by the tracking matrix
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PST System Trade-off

q To identify the best N value the following simulation steps have

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been performed:

m Increase focal length to reduce the IFOV m Check if the pixel size is able to contain all star signal, otherwise

increase it

m Consider N=N0 =

terms of Centroid error and NEA

d min = 2.44 * f #*l and evaluate performance in

m Find optimum N value: increase N value and evaluate if best

performance in terms of Centroid error and of NEA degradation have been obtained, then decide if to continue increasing N or not

m Check if Centroid error and NEA are within the requirement m Repeat all from the beginning m stop when increasing focal length does not produce significant

improvement in performance (too low signal to noise ratio)

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PST Baseline Configuration

q The identified baseline PST configuration is the following:
m Optical configuration: m Focal length m F number m FOV m CCD number of pixels m CCD pixel size m IFOV m Integration time m magnitude range m Centroid algorithm

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Ritchey-Chretien telescope 36 m 190 25 arcsec 1024x1024 13 micron 0.074 arcsec 100 ms, jitter < 1 ms 2V4 Based on a 17x17 pixels tracking window

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PST Optics

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q The principal aim of the optics study has been to find a configuration

with the smallest number of elements, reducing as small as possible the criticality of position errors of the optical elements
m Compact 4 mirrors (2 parabolas + 2 flat) configuration m Flat and parallel plate as closure window, secondary mirror holder and

q PST OPTICS LAYOUT

support of flat mirror M4 coating

m Minimised secondary mirror magnification (@18 x) m 36 m Effective Focal Length m enough focal plane relief to accommodate the detector m half cone 25 arc seconds FOV m the FOV is limited to avoid mechanical overlap of mirrors M2/M4 and to

avoid interference of the output beam with M1/M3

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PST Optics

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PST Optics

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PST Optics

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PST Optics

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PST Internal Baffle

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PST Internal Baffle

diffusion models (far field point source at the extreme FOV)
m Chemglaze Z302 paint and Lambertian 5% reflectance

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q Irradiance on focal plane, as computed by ASAP 7.1 assuming two

q Results
m No ghosts from mechanics m Flat low level straylight

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PST Accuracy
Requirement number Requirem ent Estimated value 3s, rad 3s, rad (3s, arcsec) (3s, arcsec) R2-PST-01-01: optical distortion 10 -10 < 10 -10 -3 (0.02*10 ) (<0.02*10 -3 ) R2-PST-01-02: focal length variation w ith temperature 10 -10 < 10 -10 -3 (0.02*10 ) (<0.02*10 -3 ) R2-PST-01-03: focal length variation w ith colour 10 -10 < 10 -10 -3 (0.02*10 ) (<0.02*10 -3 ) -9 3.4*10 -9 R2-PST-01-04: PRNU on star and on straylight 4.1*10 (0.85*10 -3 ) (0.74*10 -3 ) -9 R2-PST-01-06: CCD DSNU 2.9*10 2.9*10 -10 (0.6*10 -3 ) (0.06*10 -3 ) -9 8.2*10 -9 R2-PST-01-07: Centroid error 8.2*10 -3 (1.7*10 ) (1.7*10 -3 ) < 1.2*10 -9 R2-PST-02-01: relativistic aberration 1.2*10 -9 -3 (0.25*10 ) (< 0.25*10 -3 ) < 10 -10 R2-PST-01-08: Arithmetic round off 1.4*10 -9 -3 (0.3*10 ) (< 0.02*10 -3 ) -9 R2-PST-01-09: NEA 6.8*10 6.8*10 -9 (1.4*10 -3 ) (1.4*10 -3 ) -5 R2-PST-04-01: Star proper m otion 10 < 10 -5 (2) (< 2) R2-PST-04-02: Star parallax error 10 -5 < 10 -5 (2) (< 2) -5 R2-PST-04-03: Star Catalogue error 10 <10 -5 (2) (<2) (*) It depends on how the star moves w ithin the pixel (depends on S/C attitude control system) (**) It depends on how the star moves w ithin the CCD (depends on S/C attitude control system ) Frequency contrib. (**) (**) + 1 orbit (**) (*) (*) (*) 1 orbit 10 Hz 10 Hz 1 year 1 year 1 year

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PST Accuracy
q Centroid error curves for baseline configuration

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PST Accuracy
q NEA curves for baseline configuration

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PST Accuracy
q Pixel edge effects induced by CCD non-uniformities
m Fig. 1 sPRNU= 0% and sDSNU =0 % m Fig. 2 sPRNU= 1% and sDSNU =10 %

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Fig. 1 Fig.
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Fig. 2 Fig.

Guide Star Catalogue

following criteria:

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q The guide stars selection has been performed in accordance with the
m Declination: -29.5 to 10.5 degrees. In fact the guide star will be in a direction

close to the normal to the orbit plane. The maximum angular distance from the normal is represented by the directions forming an angle of 10 deg. to the Earth limb: (30-10) - 9.5 deg. for 1000 Km orbit altitude, inclination 99.5 deg.
Anti-Sun direction
-29.5 de g.

EARTH LIMB

GUIDE STARS

Orbit Plane (inclination 99.5 deg.)

+1 0.5 deg.

Anti-Sun direction
File guidestar.ppt

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Guide Star Catalogue

q Selection criteria (continued)

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m Right ascension: the maximum allowable angular separation between

two consecutive guide stars is 30 deg

m Brightest star: V +2, to avoid CCD saturation m Faintest star: V such that the required sky coverage is guaranteed. m Be non-variable, non-binary and no double m Have an absolute proper motion known (3s) better than 8 arcsec/year

(from R2-PST-04-01)

m Have a Right ascension known (Star catalogue error, 3sa) better than

10-5 rad (i.e. 2 arcsec), (from R2-PST-04-02) rad (i.e. 2 arcsec), (from R2-PST-04-03)

m Have a Declination known (Star catalogue error, 3sd) better than 10-5 m Have a parallax error known (3sp) better than 10-5 rad (i.e. 2 arcsec),

(from R2-PST-04-02)

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Guide Star Catalogue

q Hipparcos catalogue

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m To perform the catalogue creation, the following fields of the Hipparcos

catalogue have been taken into account:

H02: Proximity flag H05: V magnitude H06: Coarse variability flag

H01: Hipparcos Catalogue (HIP) identifier

H08: Right ascension (a), degrees (ICRS, Epoch=J1991.25) H09: Declination (d), degrees (ICRS, Epoch=J1991.25) H10: Reference flag for astrometric parameters of double and multiple systems H11: Trigonometric parallax p, [milliarcsec] H12: Right ascension proper motion ma* = ma.* cos(d), ICRS [milliarcsec/year] H13: Declination proper motion md, ICRS [milliarcsec/year]
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Guide Star Catalogue

q Hipparcos catalogue (continued)
H14: Standard error in Right ascension, sa [milliarcsec] H15: Standard error in Declination, sd, [milliarcsec] H16: Standard error of the trigonometric Parallax, sp [milliarcsec] H17: Standard error in Right ascension proper motion, sma*= sma cos(d), [milliarcsec/year]

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H18: Standard error in Declination proper motion, smd, [milliarcsec/year] H37: Colour index, B-V H76: Spectral type

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Guide Star Catalogue

q Final results
m Considering 2 V 4 a guide star catalogue has been generated:

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Total number of stars: 48 5360 <= Hip. entry no. <= 115336 5364 <= HIP identifier <= 115438 +2.81 <= V <= +3.99 +2.21 <= m_PST <= +3.95 +17.147 <= R.A. [deg.] <= +350.743 -28.135 <= DEC. [deg.] <= +9.892 +0.15 <= B-V <= +1.67 3216 <= Teff [K] <= 9733 Maximum D(R.A.) = 26.40 [deg.] (Req. <= 30 deg.)

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Guide Star Catalogue

q Final results (continued)
entry n. 5360 6532 8097 8639 13689 15886 17364 22432 HIP 5364 6537 8102 8645 13701 15900 17378 22449 Ra [deg.] +17.146932 +21.006047 +26.021364 +27.865044 +44.106682 +51.203490 +55.812317 +72.458909 Dec [deg.] -10.181928 -8.182754 -15.939556 -10.334945 -8.897610 +9.029065 -9.765199 +6.961247 V +3.46 +3.60 +3.49 +3.74 +3.89 +3.61 +3.52 +3.19 mPST +3.07 +3.30 +3.44 +3.38 +3.57 +3.45 +3.34 +3.24 B-V +1.16 +1.06 +0.73 +1.14 +1.09 +0.89 +0.92 +0.48

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spectr. class K2III K0III G8V K2III K1III-IV G8III K0IV F6V

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Guide Star Catalogue

q Final results (continued)
m Guide star co-ordinates

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Guide Star Catalogue

q Final results (continued)
m Guide star catalogue histograms Number of catalogue stars vs. Teff and instrumental magnitude

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PST Conclusions
q This study has shown the feasibility of HYPER PST within the

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requirements:

m The CCD selection is not critical m The Optics design is effective, reliable and simple m The baffle system shows very good straylight performance m The star centre determination algorithm (centroid) is derived from well

known GA algorithms

m The sky coverage is guaranteed in each period of the year

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