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BASKETBALL HISTORY Dr. James Naismith, an instructor at the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, invented basketball in December 1891. Unlike football and baseball and other sports that evolved over the years from earlier games in other countries, Naismiths game was specifically created to stimulate attendance during the winter. Several elements contributed to the success of this game as an indoor sport. Running with the ball and hard contact were eliminated. The ball was light and large (for safety and handling) as it would not be hit or kicked. Setting the basket over the heads of the players reduced the body contact normally found near an on-the-ground goal. (Two half-bushel peach baskets attached to the gym balcony 10 feet above the floor gave the game its name and also established a measurement that remains in use.) Womens competition started the next year and has been a major force in the sport from the beginning. A player from the womens team later married James Naismith. Spalding made the first basketball and today Spalding is the official ball of the NBA. In 1893, a metal ring with a netted bag was introduced but after each goal the ball had to be released by pulling a chain. Nets without bottoms were not used until 1913. Backboards were first installed in 1894 to keep spectators from reaching out to deflect the ball. The game began with 13 fundamental rules that were expanded over the years. It was originally played with 9 on aside because Naismith had eighteen members in his class; five on a side has been standard since 1895. The first college game (Chicago vs. Lowa) was played in 1896 and the first professional game was in 1898. The sport grew in popularity during the next 50 years. Rules were standardized, arenas were built competition began between teams from different parts of the country and annual tournaments were established for all levels of play. The National Basketball Association (NBA) was founded on June 6, 1946 and the Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) was founded on April 24, 1997. The televising of college and pro games brought basketball to millions of additional funs. Dr. Naismiths original 13 rules were the foundation of what is now the most popular indoor sort in the world. The Federation of International Basketball Association (FIBA) is the world organization formed by 176 national groups. The association was founded in Geneva in 1932. Eight nations were founding members: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania, and Switzerland. The First 13 Rules of Basketball Naismith wrote the first 13 rules of the game 1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. 2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands (never with the fist). 3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed if he tries to stop. 4. The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it. 5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of this rule by any player shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute allowed.

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6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of Rules 3, 4, and such as described in Rule 5. 7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a foul). 8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal. 9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side. 10. The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men according to Rule 5. 11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made, and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee. 12. The time shall be two 15-minute halves, with five minutes' rest between. 13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In case of a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is made. BASKETBALL A basketball team is organized, guided and instructed by a coach. It is consists of 5 players-two guards, two forwards and one center, all of whom play offense and defense. The guards- the point guard (1) and the shooting guard (2) comprises what is called the backcourt. The point guard is generally the leader of the team on the court, acting as an extension of the coach. The point guard must have exceptional ball handling and passing skills, as well as good vision. The shooting guard is generally a good ball handler with excellent shooting and scoring talents. The small forward, the power forward and the center comprises what is called the frontcourt. The small forward (3) is usually a strong scorer from both near basket and at a distance. This player must have good fundamental skills including ball handling, rebounding and passing. The power forward (4), who must be big and strong, primarily concentrates on defense and rebounding. The center (5) is usually the tallest player on the team, serving as the cornerstone of most play. Good centers score points on offense and block shots on defense. OBJECT OF THE GAME Each team tries to score points by shooting (throwing) a ball into a basket (goal) while preventing its opponents from scoring. The team that scores the most points wins the game. FIELD OF PLAY The court dimensions vary according to the level of play, as follows: NCAA, NBA and WNBA: 50 x 94 feet FIBA: 49.21 ft. in 91.85 ft. High school: 50 x 84 The basket is a single orange metal ring with an inside diameter of 18 inches, set 10 feet above the floor, with a white cord net 15-18 inches long.

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The backboard is a rigid flat surface, either transparent or white, measuring 6 x 4 feet, with a 24 x 18- inch rectangle outlined above the basket. A fan-shaped backboard approximately 54 x 35 inches may be used in high school games. The hardwood floor includes sidelines and end lines, and is according to the size of the court. A division line runs across the center of the court connecting the sidelines. The centre circle shall be marked in the centre of the playing court and if the inside of the centre circle is painted, it must be the same color as the restricted area. A free throw lane is at each end of the court A free throw line is in front of the lane semi-circle and parallel to the end line, 15 feet from the backboard. A three point field goal in the shape of a semi-circle is around each basket with the following dimensions: NBA: 23.9 ft. FIBA: 20.5 ft. Two coaching boxes are behind the sidelines, 28 feet long and extending from each line.

EQUIPMENT The ball is round, with an orange-pebbled leather or synthetic cover. It has a circumference of 29 to 30 inches and weighs 20-22 ounces. The womens ball has a circumference of 25 inches and weighs 18-20 ounces.

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A scoreboard, game clock, shot clock and possession indicator are used. SCOREBOARD

GENERAL RULES 1. Each team has five players on the court, usually a center, two forwards and two guards. 2. Substitutions may be made when the ball is dead and the game clock is stopped. 3. A substitute reports to the scorer and enters the game after being signaled to by an official. 4. The ball maybe passed, thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled as a team with the ball moves toward the goal. 5. The ball may not be carried or kicked. 6. A dribble ends when the player catches the ball with one hand or both hands, touches the ball with both hands, when an opponent taps or if the ball becomes dead. 7. A teams own basket is the one into which its players try to throw the ball; in FIBA, it is the basket defended. 8. A teams frontcourt is the half of the playing area in which it attacks the goal. 9. The backcourt is the half in which a team defends the goal. 10. A defender cannot use his hand or forearm to stop the progress of an offensive player who is facing the basket in the frontcourt. GAME LENGTH The length of the game varies according to the level of play, as follows: NCAA: two 20-minute halves, 15 minutes between halves NBA: four 12-minute quarters, 15 minutes between halves FIBA: four 10-minute quarters, 10 minutes between halves High School: four 8-minute quarters, 10 minutes between halves Youth Play: four 6-minute quarters, 10 minutes between halves TIMEOUTS The numbers of timeouts permitted varies according to the level of play as follows: NCAA: five (one minute each) per game; one in each overtime NBA: seven (90 seconds) per game; one 20-seconds timeout per half FIBA: two (one minute) for first half; three for second half; one in each overtime High School: four (one minute) per game

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*Officials may call timeout for player injury. SCORING A goal is made when a live ball goes into the basket from above, remains in the basket or passes through the net. A field goal may be shot from anywhere on the court. Shots from beyond the three-point line count three-points, and shots within the three-point line count two points. A free throw is taken from the free throw line as a penalty shot after certain fouls. It counts one point. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins. If the score is tied, play continues for as many extra periods as are needed, with a one-minute rest between periods. In the NCAA, NBA, and FIBA overtime period last five minutes. In high school they last three minutes. The game ends when one team has more total points at the end of an extra time. TIMING Shot clock rule: The team with possession of the ball has 24 seconds to shoot the ball. The ball must hit the rim to count as a shot attempt. *After a failure to shoot, the ball is given out-of-bounds to the opponent and the clock is reset. Three second rule: NO player can stay within the free throw lane in front of the opponents basket for more than three seconds while the players own team has possession of the ball, unless the ball is in the air. Five second rule: Teams has five seconds to get the ball into the player after a basket or a free throw or upon gaining possession after an out-of-bounds. Eight second rule: The team gaining possession of the ball in its backcourt must move it into the front court within eight seconds. The game clock starts when the ball: o Is touched during the jump ball o Touches a player after failed free throw o Touches a player from a throw-in from out-of-bounds The game clock stops at the end of each period and whistle for: o A violation or foul o A held ball o A ball out-of-bounds o An injury or other reason ordered by officials. o When the shot clock sounded (if the shot clock sounds while the ball is in the air and the ball hits the rim, the shot clock buzzer is ignored and the game clock keeps running) o Timeouts o Each period begins when the ball first become live; it ends when the time expires unless the ball is in flight for a field goal or if there is a foul. o Time is allowed for free throws after a foul is committed at the end of the period. o A score counts if the ball is in the air when the times run out. PROCEDURE 1. The game is started by a jump ball in the center circle. The referee throws the ball into the air between the two opposing teams.

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2. The jumpers stand inside their half of the circle. 3. They cannot tap the ball until it reaches its highest point, catch the ball or touch it more than two times. 4. The other players must stand outside the circle until the ball is tapped. 5. If the ball is not tapped and reaches the floor, a jump ball is repeated. 6. The team that controls the ball moves it forward by players dribbling or passing between teammates and trying to score a goal. 7. Teams change end at halftime, but do not change ends for over-time periods. 8. If a basket is made, the opposing team is given possession of the ball. If the shot is missed, the rebound can be captured by either team. 9. A team controls ends when a shot is taken, the defense recovers the ball or the ball is dead. 10. Neither teams control the ball during a jump ball or while rebounding. A ball is dead when: o o o o o o o A goal is made A foul or violation occurs A free throw is not successful after the first of two free throws or on a throw for technical foul. A held ball occurs An officials whistle blows A shot clock signals sound A periods time expires

The ball is not dead and any score counts if: o o o A foul occurs, a whistle is blown or the shot clock or period ends while the ball is in flight towards the basket. The opponent fouls a player during the shooting motion. The ball becomes live when tapped at a jump ball, or in a throw-in (the ball put in a play from out-of-bounds) or when given to a player for a free throw

A player receiving a live ball may: Pivot by keeping one foot in contact with the floor with no limit on the steps taken with the free foot. Dribble by taking any number of steps as the ball is bounced on the floor with one hand while walking or running, but may not dribble again (double dribble) if the ball is held in one or both hands; a second dribble is permitted with the ball is touched by another player or leaves the dribblers control Pass or hand the ball to a teammate Try to score JUMPBALL

In addition to the start of the game or any overtime period, a jump ball may be called if neither team has control, if the ball goes out-of-bounds without certain team as to which player last touched it, if two opponents create personal fouls at the same time and other situations. Substitutes cannot be made for the jumping players. Under the alternating possession rule, play continues with one of the teams being given the ball for a throw-in instead of both actually jumping for the ball. The team that did not get control at the games opening begins the alternating process with a throw-in from a spot nearest to where the situation occurred. The direction of the possession arrow is reversed at the time of the throw-in.

THROW-IN

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When a team is awarded the ball out-of-bounds, the official hands the ball to the in bounding player who must throw, bounce or roll it to a teammate on the court within five seconds. The thrower cannot step on or over the sideline or move while releasing the ball. Defensive players cannot cross the boundary line or touch the ball before the throw-in after score; the player making the throw-in does not have to stay in designated spot but may run along the end line. FREE THROW

A free throw is an opportunity to score one point by an unhindered shot from behind the
free throw line and inside the free throw semi-circle. The shot must be attempted within 10 seconds (NCAA and NBA) or 5 seconds (FIBA). The shot attempt starts when the shooter is given the ball and it ends with a basket or an unsuccessful, when the ball touches a player or the floor or when the balls become dead. The thrower must remain behind the line until the ball touches the basket. Opponents take the space closest to the basket on either side of the free throw lane. Teammates of the free throw shooter may take the next positions on each side; the remaining players alternate along each lane line. Only the spaces nearest the basket must be taken. Only the four spaces on each side may be used; all other player must be behind the three-point field goal line and the imaginary extension of the free throw line. The players at the lane remain in position until the ball is shot; the other players must stay beyond the three-point line until the ball touches the basket rim. If the shot is good, play restarts by a throw-in behind the end line. If the shot is unsuccessful and rebounds, play continues from the rebound. If requested before the play, a substitute can be made for a free-thrower after the first two or more free throws. The opponent also allowed one substitute, if requested, to enter the game after the basket. If the last throw doesnt hit the rim or the backboard, automatically, the possession of the ball will be given on the other team.

OUT-OF-BOUNDS The ball is considered out-of-bounds and is awarded to the team that did not last touch it when: A player with the ball touches the floor on or beyond a boundary line. The ball touches a person or object beyond a boundary line

INTERFERENCE It is the goaltending if a player touches the ball during a field goal attempt or free throw while the ball is in its downward flight above the basket until it touches the baskets ring. A player cannot reach into the basket from below and touch the ball before it enters the space above the ring. In the defense interferes, a goal is scored and the game is restarted. If the offense interferes, opponents are given a sideline throw-in.

GUARDING When defending a player with the ball, the legal position is to face the opponent and have both feet on the ground; no time or distance required. When defending a player without the ball, the defender must give the opponent time and distance to avoid contact.

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CONTACT A player makes contact by holding, pushing, tripping or charging into an opponent. The first player to establish position without contact has the priority. The player that moves into the path of another is responsible for the contact. A player cannot move into the path of an opponent off the ground. Each player has the right to verticality and jumps up and raises his arms and hands within that space. Blocking is contact that interferes with an opponents movement. A player may screen to delay or prevent an opponent from reaching a position on the court by securing the space before the opponents arrives. Screening may be done by the offense or defense but with no contact in the attempt to interfere with the movement of the opponent. VIOLATIONS Violations are infractions (breaking rules) that do not involve personal contact including: Sending the ball out-of-bounds Running with the ball Kicking with the ball Double dribbling Keeping the ball in the backcourt more than eight seconds Not attempting a field goal before the shot clock expires Basket interference or goaltending Staying in the shaded area more than three seconds when a players own team has possession of the ball An opponent crossing the boundary line before the ball does on a throw-in A throw-in player (1) leaving the correct position, (2) taking more than five seconds, (3) carrying or handling the ball onto the court, (4) throwing the ball at the basket or (5) touching the ball in the court before it touches another player. *When a violation is called, any goal made does not count and the ball is awarded to an opponent for a throw-in from the closest spot on the sideline or end line to the infraction or from the nearest point on a sideline. FOULS Personal fouls are infractions involving contact with an opponent, whether the ball is in play or not, including the following: Holding, pushing, charging or tripping Interfering with an opponents progress by extending the arm, shoulder, hip or knee or by bending in an unnatural body position Pushing from behind Contact with a shooting player Rough tactics Hitting an opponent with a hand unless to play the ball Using the hands to prevent an opponents movement Screening a player closer than one step from the opponent Screening a player, then moving in a different direction than the opponent *The offender is charged with a foul. A player is disqualified and removed from the game after five fouls (NCAA and FIBA) or six (NBA). A player fouled while shooting is awarded two free throws if the shot misses or one free throw if the shot is successful.

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If the fouled player is on offense but not shooting, the team is rewarded a throw-in near the place of the foul. If an offensive player commits the foul, the defense gets possession; no free throw is awarded. A penalty situation occurs after the team commits its limit of personal foul. The fouled teams shoot one or two free throws after every foul for the remainder of the period being played. A double personal foul is called when two opponents commit personal foul at the same time. A foul is charged to each player. An intentional foul is deliberate foul in which a player does not make a true attempt to play the ball. The penalty is two free throws plus ball possession. A flagrant foul is a violent contact that might cause injury. The penalty is two free throws and the offender is sent to the locker room. NOTE: Fighting is a flagrant foul and can bring suspension from future games. A multiple foul when two or more teammates commit personal fouls against the same player at the same time. Each offending player is charged with the foul; the player fouled receives the two free throws. A goal counts if scored and one free throw is awarded. A technical foul is violation by a non-player or non-contact foul by a player or an intentional or flagrant foul when the ball is dead, including: Delay of the game Taking more time outs than allowed Having more than five team players on the court at one time Grasping the basket, except to escape injury Goaltending a free throw Interfering with ball after a goal Showing disrespect to officials Using profanity, obscene or teasing opponents Wearing identical or illegal numbers A coach leaving the box to follow the play or entering the court without permission (the coach may leave the area to confer with officials or during a timeout, to meet players near bench).

If a technical foul is called on a player, two free throws are awarded to the offended team, plus possession of the ball at the division line. If the technical is called on a coach, substitutes or other non-player, two free throws are awarded, plus possession of the ball at the division line. Any player on the non-fouling team may make the free throw; the other players do not line on the free throw lane. A second technical by the same person is considered flagrant foul. The player that offends is removed from the game; a coach is ejected from the competition area. OFFICIALS A referee controls the game and works on the court with one or two umpires, calling fouls or violation and changing positions as the team moves. NBA and NCAA Division 1 games use three officials. At the sidelines, the scorekeepers work the scoreboard and record the play; the timekeeper operates the game clock and the shot clock operator works the shot clock.

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Basic Skills in Basketball *Passing: It is the most effective and fastest way to move the ball. Chest Pass: The chest pass is used frequently for passes up to 20 ft. The ball is held at the chest level with the fingers spread on both sides of the ball. Bounce Pass: The bounce pass is used to transfer the ball to a closely guarded teammate. It is directed to a spot on the floor that is closer to the receiver than the passer. The ball should rebound to waist level of the receiver. Overhead Pass: This pass is used against a shorter opponent, usually in backcourt. Baseball Pass: This pass is usually done during fast break situation. *Catching For effective catching, it is important to keep the eyes on the ball, follow the ball into the hands, and concentrate on the catch before beginning the next task. The receiver should move toward the ball and reach for it with the fingers spread. *Dribbling: It is the way to advance the ball by bouncing it on the floor. Dribbling requires bent knees and crouching. *Shooting: Certain points are common to all shooting. The body should be squared up with basket whenever possible. Free Throw Shot: It is an opportunity to score one point by an unhindered shot. Jump Shot: It is a shot made by releasing a ball at the top of the jump. Lay-up Shot: It is the most effective shot during a fast break or in situations where one can outrun the opponent. *Rebounding: The attempt to get the ball after a missed shot attempt. TERMS USED IN BASKETBALL Backboard the rectangular or fan shaped board behind the goal that is often used for banking shots. Backcourt the half of the court that is the farthest from the offensive basket. Ball handling refers to dribbling, passing, or receiving. Basket a goal or ring in which the ball goes through. Baseline the end line running under the basket from sideline to sideline. Blocking a foul which occurs when a defensive player strikes an offensive player with

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his body. Blocking Off the Boards the positioning of the defensive player in such a legal manner as to prevent the offensive player from going to the basket for a rebound. Center a position usually played by the tallest member of the team. Charging a foul which occurs when an offensive player strikes a defensive player with his body while the defensive player is stationary. Chopping a foul which one player commits when striking the arm or hand of an opposing player. Crossover Dribble a dribble that is used when changing direction while quickly moving toward the basket. Cut a quick move by the offensive player, usually towards the basket. Defense Not allowing the team in possession of the ball to shoot at a certain basket. Double Dribble a violation when a player has stopped his dribble and then starts dribbling again. Double Team a defensive tactic of using two players to guard the man with the ball. Drive a quick dribble towards the basket in an effort to score. Eight-Second Line the mid-court line in which the team in possession of the ball must advance over within eight seconds. Faking a deceptive movement used to trick the defensive player into the wrong position or direction. Fast Break a situation in which the defensive team gains possession of the ball and moves into scoring position so quickly that its members outnumber their opponents. Field Goal earning of two points when a basket is made anywhere on the court other than a free throw. Forward usually a position played by two of the tallest players which requires both shooting and rebounding ability. Free Throw an opportunity given to a player to score one point by an unimpeded shot behind the free throw line. Front court the area of the court between the mid-court and the teams shooting basket. Goal basket or successful shot. Guard a position played usually by the smaller players on the team. High Post an offensive pivot (center) man who stations himself in or near the outer half of the free throe circle. Jump Ball the situation in which the official tosses the ball into the air and two opposing players jumping in an effort to tap it towards a teammate

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Key the area defined by the semi-circle and its two lines running to the baseline. Low Post an offensive maneuver in which the center positions himself just outside the free throw line close to the basket. Man-to-Man Defense the defense of the team in which the player is assigned to cover a particular opponent on the floor. Offense team in possession of the ball. Outlet Pass a pass made after a defensive rebound to the guard on the side closest to the defensive rebounder. Pass and Cut - an offensive maneuver in which the player passes to a teammate and cuts to the basket for return pass. Peripheral Vision the ability to see to the side while looking ahead. Also referred to as split vision. Pivot Man or Post a player who plays close to the basket. Press guarding the opponents closely over the full court. Rebound the attempt to get the ball after a missed shot attempt. Screen legal maneuver used by the offense in an effort to free a player for a shot at the basket. Screen and Roll an offensive technique in which the screener pivots on his inside foot and cuts to the basket. Scrimmage a non-competitive game of basketball. Substitution a contestant put in the game to replace a playing contestant. Switch a maneuver used by a man-to-man defensive team to combat a screen set by an offensive player. Three-on-Two a fast break situation in which three offensive players attack two defensive players. Three-Second Area applies to the key, so that the offensive team is not allowed longer than three seconds, unless the offensive team is making a shot. Time-out a sixty-second period called by the coach when play is stopped. Travelling taking more than one step with the ball without dribbling. Two-on-One fast break situation in which two offensive players attempt to score against one defensive player. Turnover losing possession of the ball without a shot being attempted. Zone Defense a team defense in which the players are assigned an area on the court to cover, not the man.