11 ModuleElevenHandouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual
Module Number Eleven
Handouts and Forms
Here are all the extra items to help keep you organized!
Module Eleven Handouts
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Module Eleven Handout Table of Contents Module One Handout A Module One Handout B Module One Handout C Module Two Handout A Module Two Handout B Module Three Handout A Module Three Handout B Module Three Handout C Module Three Handout D Module Three Handout E Module Three Handout F Module Three Handout G Module Three Handout H Module Three Handout I Module Four Handout A Module Four Handout B Module Four Handout C Module Four Handout D Module Four Handout E Module Four Handout F Module Four Handout G Module Four Handout H Module Four Handout I Module Four Handout J Module Four Handout K Module Four Handout L Module Four Handout M Module Four Handout N Module Four Handout O Module Four Handout P Module Six Handout A Module Eight Handout A Module Eight Handout B Module Nine Handout A Module Nine Handout B Module Nine Handout C Module Ten Handout A Emergency Contacts Safety Checklist Bomb Threat Call Checklist Volunteer Steward Application Community Service Volunteers Workday Preparation Checklist Group Stewardship Information Gathering Email Group Stewardship Processing Sheet Group Stewardship Processing Sheet Volunteer Steward Event Evaluation Monthly Stewardship Project Management Report Top 10 Reasons for Why Volunteers Leave Volunteer Hours Record Herbicide Certification Training Chart Workday Items Checklist Tools/Equipment Checklist Seed Collection Workday Herbaceous Plant Removal Workday Invasive Shrub Removal Workday Trails Workday Workday Games Goodies for Use at the End of Workdays Stewardship Treatment Record Form Sample Volunteer Release and Waiver of Liability Form Sample Volunteer Sign-In and Liability Release Form Safety Checklist & Sign-Off For Workday Leader Liability Protection Volunteer Liability Accident & Medical Treatment Procedures Sample Report of Injury Form Liability Concerns for Volunteer Leaders Volunteer Application Form Buckthorns Garlic Mustard Management Plan Template Sample Management Plan Sample Annual Site Management Plan Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
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Module Ten Handout B Module Ten Handout C Module Ten Handout D Module Ten Handout E Module Ten Handout F Module Ten Handout G Module Ten Handout H Module Ten Handout I Module Ten Handout J Module Ten Handout K Module Ten Handout L Module Ten Handout M Module Ten Handout N Module Ten Handout O Module Ten Handout P
Personal Protection in Herbicide Handling Active Ingredient (A.I.) vs. Acid Equivalent (A.E.) Pesticide Spill Kit Equipment List Formulations Mechanisms of Dissipation Behavior in the Environment Environmental and Human Toxicity Application Tool Glyphosate Triclopyr Pesticide Application Record Release of Liability by Volunteers Using Herbicides Job Description: Volunteer Herbicide Applicator Study Guide to Passing the Pesticide Applicator Exam Certification Exam Frequently Asked Questions
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Module One Handout A Emergency Contacts (from Natural Area Preservation) Each Volunteer Steward should make a listing of the following emergency contacts and keep a copy with them at all times. Another copy should be kept in the first aid kit, in case the first one is lost or destroyed. Emergency Contact Ambulance/EMS Animal Control Fire Department Police Department Emergency contact #1: Name Phone number Emergency contact #2: Name Phone number Emergency Management Division Hospitals in area: Hospital name and address Hospital name and address Michigan Poison Control Center MI State Police MI State Police Bomb Squad (Forensic Science Div.) National Pesticide Information Center Office phone number: Pollution Emergency Alerting System Report All Poaching Hotline Utilities in area: AT&T Repair Water Utility Department Consumers Energy DTE Energy County Drain Commissioner County Public Health Department County Road Commission County Sheriff Phone Number 911 911 911
1-800-222-1222 (24 hours) 517-332-2521 517-332-6600 1-800-858-7378 1-800-292-4706 (24 hours) 1-800-292-7800 1-800-515-7272 (24 hours) 1-800-477-5050 (24 hours) 1-800-477-4747 (24 hours)
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Module One Handout B Safety Checklist (from Natural Area Preservation) I informed workday volunteers that the following safety concerns and/or hazards could be present at the work site and explained how to avoid them: (check box or
write NA)
General field safety: sunburns, insect bites, bee/wasp stings, branches, uneven footing Dehydration and over-exertion Sharp tools (saws, loppers, power equipment, etc.) keep safe working distance, use personal protective equipment Poisonous (poison ivy, poison sumac) or thorny plants (hawthorn, raspberries) Herbicide use personal protective equipment
I also confirm the following:

Every single volunteer signed the sign-in sheet (except for private groups) All new volunteers signed the Volunteer Release and Waiver of Liability sheet Herbicides were used only by the following people: Name(s):
Power equipment was used only by the following people: Name(s):
Name Signature Date
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Module One Handout C Bomb Threat Call Checklist (from Michigan DNR)
QUESTIONS TO ASK:
1. When is bomb going to explode? 2. Where is it right now? 3. What does it look like? 4. What kind of bomb is it? 5. What will cause it to explode? 6. Did you place the bomb? 7. Why? 8. What is your address? 9. What is your name? Sex of Caller ________ Age _______ Race______ EXACT WORDING OF THE THREAT:
Length of call _________
CALLERS VOICE o Calm o o Angry o o Excited o o Slow o o Rapid o o Soft o o Loud o
Laughing Crying Normal Distinct Slurred Nasal Stutter
o o o o o o o
Lisp Raspy Deep Ragged Clearing throat Deep breathing Cracking voice
o Disguised o Accent o Familiar
If voice is familiar, who does it sound like?
BACKGROUND SOUNDS o Street noises o o Crockery o o Long distance o o Booth o
House noises o Factory machinery Motor o Animal noises Voices o Office Other ______________________
o Local o Clear
THREAT LANGUAGE o Well spoken o Foul o Incoherent o Irrational (educated) o Message read by threat-maker REMARKS:
o Taped
REPORT CALL IMMEDIATELY TO: _________________________ PHONE: ______________ Fill out completely, immediately after bomb threat. Date ___/____/____ Phone _____________________ Name______________________________________
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Position_____________________________________
Module Two Handout A Volunteer Steward Application (from Natural Area Preservation) Date: Name: DOB: Address:
Telephone: O (Home) O (Work) O (Cell) O E-mail:

Please check which method is the best for reaching you.
Reasons for Applying

O Personal enrichment O Resume building O Meeting people O Helping the environment O Improving your neighborhood O Other O Skill building
How did you hear about our Volunteer Steward Program? O At a workday O Newsletter O Friend/family/neighbor O Other
Which activities are you interested in? O Special stewardship projects in a specific park? O Helping plan workdays O Helping/leading workdays O Workday publicity O Working to develop a stewardship plan O Photo monitoring O Acting as eyes and ears to monitor park problems O Frog/toad/salamander/bird inventories O Other
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Availability I would like to help (just an estimate please): O <1 hour/month O 1-5 hours/month O 5-10hours/month O >10 hours/month O At stewardship workdays only O As needed Do you have any health concerns we should know about?
Previous conservation/environmental experiences including any volunteer experience:
Other relevant skills background or interests:
Volunteer references:
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Module Two Handout B Community Service Volunteers (from Natural Area Preservation)
Information for volunteers performing court ordered community service or completing a school requirement (CS volunteers) 1. CS volunteers will be screened and approved by (Organization Name) Volunteer Coordinator (VC). (Organization Name) cannot guarantee that there will be work available on the days and times that an individual wishes to work. The scheduling of volunteers is at the discretion of the VC. (Organization Name) will accept CS volunteers on the basis of need as well as the following: a. School required service: VC will assess the required project, guidance needed and time-frame of project. The name and contact information of the instructor assigning the project must be provided upon request of the VC. b. Court-ordered service: (Organization Name) does not accept CS volunteers who are doing hours for violent or weapons related offenses. Court-ordered volunteers must tell the VC the nature of their conviction and provide the name and contact information of the court official assigning and overseeing the community service (usually a probation officer). Acceptance of all CS volunteers is at the discretion of the VC with the guidance of the Executive Director, who has final authority in these decisions. VC may share relevant information regarding the conviction with other staff. CS volunteers must track their own hours at (Organization Name) and request a final letter from VC. The VC will provide a time sheet which will be filled out by volunteer and initialed by appropriate staff at the satisfactory completion of each shift. This sheet will be kept in the VC office. CS volunteers must also sign in and out on the general volunteer sheet. The VC is only obligated to verify the hours that the volunteer records on their individual time sheet. (Organization Name) has the right to decline the service of a volunteer at any time. This decision may be based upon availability of work, attitude of the volunteer or ability of the staff to supervise the volunteer. The volunteer will be notified and must request a letter verifying the number of hours they have completed. A volunteer who violates policies, disobeys safety procedures, behaves inappropriately with staff, other volunteers, or anyone they encounter while volunteering at (Organization Name), will be asked to leave. (Organization Name) reserves the right to permanently excuse volunteers for any reason. A CS volunteer who misses scheduled volunteer shifts without calling beforehand (or who habitually cancels) is assumed to have chosen not to volunteer at (Organization Name).
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Module Three Handout A Park Leader(s) Group (if any) Activity
Workday Preparation Checklist (from Natural Area Preservation) Date Time
The Week Before: If you cant attend the workday you are expected to find an alternate. Know your activities a) visit workday site with outreach staff b) make a plan and a back up plan c) pick a fun thing to do for your workday (if appropriate) d) know any hazards present Read up on a) history/specific features of your property b) workday instructions by type of workday planned d) upcoming workdays to pass on to volunteers e) interesting plants, or stewardship work done in the past to point out during the workday Workday Preparation: Arrive at work site at least 15 minutes prior to event to meet volunteers Ready and gather supplies (i.e. charge cell phone, weather radio) Ready water supply Ready forms and supplies (see Workday Items checklist) Ready tools (see Tools/Equipment checklist) Track the tools number of tools signed out____ number returned____ Post and remove workday directional signs number posted ______ number removed______ Place big workday sign near entrance with map of where youll be working (to help late comers) Follow-up: Remove workday signs number removed _____ Put away tools and supplies Talk/email with outreach staff about how workday went Need follow up (herbicide, trash, MRF, etc.)? Y N Details:
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Module Three Handout B
Group Stewardship Info Gathering Email (from Natural Area Preservation)
Sample email: Hello (Fill in Name) We are very excited to have your group helping us at a(nother) workday! Its great to have your help. With your help, and other groups like yours, well be able to make great improvements to our natural areas! In an attempt to gather all the information we need to plan your workday, would you please fill out the questions below? (This will make sure everything from planning to working goes as smoothly as possible.) Group Name: Planner name: Planner email: Planner phone: Day-of coordinator: Cell phone for day-of coordinator: Other contact information: Preferred date(s): Preferred time(s): Preferred park: Estimated #volunteers: Ages of volunteers: Type of transportation: From where are volunteers coming: THANKS VERY MUCH FOR YOUR HELP!!!
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Module Three Handout C
Group Stewardship Processing Sheet (from Natural Area Preservation)

Date:
Contact Person: Group Name: Telephone Number(s): E-mail: Address: Number of volunteers: Adults: Kids:
Age(s):
If under 18, how many adult supervisors are available? ___________________________ Project preference: Site preference: Availability: Give coordinator OC cell phone Check in one week prior Directions to coordinator Confirm # attendees ASSIGNED PROJECT Date(s): Time(s): Park: Site Coordinator Phone: Stewardship activity:
Additional comments / past work events:
Crew assigned:
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Module Three Handout D 1. Workday Planning Your Name: Natural Area Name:
Volunteer Steward Planning Feedback Form (from Natural Area Preservation)
What workday activity do you think your natural area would benefit from most? (trail work, trash removal, invasive species control which species?, etc.)
When would you prefer the workday occur? (be as general or specific as you want, we will try to accommodate!)
What information would you like from us? (maps with trails/management units, books from our library, recent survey/restoration data, etc.) Can you pick up the information or should we send it?
2. Please Help Us Improve Use the following questions as a starting point - feel free to comment freely. What activities could we improve upon? How? What additional activities should we consider? How so? Where do you see this organization in the next 10 years? How could we improve your volunteer experience with us? How could we better attract new volunteers?
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Module Three Handout E
Volunteer Steward Event Evaluation (from Natural Area Preservation)
On a scale of 1 7 (1 = lame, 7 = wicked sweet), how would you rate the following aspects of your workday? _____Overall event _____Planning/organization _____Adequacy of orientation/training _____Suitability of activity for group _____Overall safety _____Site logistics _____Staff professionalism What else could have been provided to you?
Staff support (who?): Other:
Please let us know pros and cons with this event/group, and any other comments. Suggestions for improvements are welcomed.
Notes:
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Module Three Handout F Report
Monthly Stewardship Project Management (from Natural Area Preservation)
Monthly Report FOR MONTH ENDING Volunteer/Outreach Activities
VOLUNTEERS
Scheduled Stewardship Days Volunteer Name / Site / Hours Worked Stewardship Day Totals: Additional Stewardship Days Volunteer Name / Site / Hours Worked Stewardship Day Totals: Independent Steward Projects Volunteer Stewards & Independent Projects Volunteer Name / Site / Hours Worked Steward/Independent Project Totals: Photo-Monitors Volunteer Name / Site / Hours Worked Photo-Monitoring Totals: Natural Features Inventory Volunteer Name / Site / Hours Worked Inventory Totals: Burn Crew Volunteer Name / Site / Hours Worked Burn Crew Totals: Totals for MONTH Hours:
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Module Three Handout G
Top 10 Reasons for Why Volunteers Leave (from Natural Area Preservation)
Reason #10 The reality of their experience is not what they expected when they signed on. Reason #9: They don't like the work they are being asked to do nor how it is being done. Reason #8: Veteran or leadership volunteers won't let them into the "insider" group. Reason #7: They spend more time meeting than doing. Reason #6: No one listens to their suggestions. Reason #5: They feel unrecognized, and see that thanks are unfairly given to everyone, no matter who did the most work or none at all. Reason #4: They are no longer asked to participate. Reason #3: They do not actually understand how to get more involved. Reason #2: They can no longer see how their involvement makes a difference. And the #1 reason volunteers leave is: It stopped being fun.
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Module Three Handout H
Volunteer Hours Record (from Natural Area Preservation)
Volunteer Name:
DATE HOURS NOTES
Total
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Module Three Handout I Herbicide Certification Training Chart (from Natural Area Preservation)
Volunteer Steward Name
Date Interest Expressed
Study Session Date
MDA Exam Date
Crew Field Visit Dates
Work Review Date
Notes
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Module Four Handout A Workday Items Checklist (from Natural Area Preservation)
Workday Item
Brochures/native plant info/fact sheets Copies of newsletters to give away Digital camera Emergency Contacts list Extra property maps to give away Extra pens and pencils Insect repellant Introduction to workday guide Local hospital map Name tags Paper cups Paper plates Paper towel and napkins Photo album TSN brochures Technu (PI removal) Tape
# Needed
# Packed
Workday Item
Poison ivy identification sheet Safety guide and rules Sign in sheets Snacks as desired Soap Species fact sheets and ID information Stewardship Event Evaluation form Stewardship Treatment Record forms Sun block Table cloth Toilet paper Utensils for snacks Water for drinking Weather binder & kit Cell phone Liability release forms Forms
# Needed
# Packed
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Module Four Handout B Tools/Equipment Checklist (from Natural Area Preservation) TOOL/ EQUIPMENT
Axe Backpack frame Backpack sprayer w/wand Backpack water bag Boards and posts Boots, leather Boots, rubber Bow saw Bucket Caps, extra Car washing mitt Car washing mitt extras Cell phone, charged Chain file Chainsaw Chainsaw bar oil Chainsaw fuel Chainsaw spare chain Channel lock pliers Clearing saw Clearing saw blade file Clearing saw fuel Clearing saw spare blades Cordless drill Disposable chemical resist. gloves Drip torch Drip torch fuel Duct tape Eye wash Fire broom Fire rake First aid kit Flagging ribbon Flint # Needed # Packed
TOOL/ EQUIPMENT
Herbicide measuring container Herbicide plastic funnel Herbicide spill response kit Herbicide sponge applicator Herbicide squeeze bottle Line level Liquid soap Loppers Mallet Matches Mattock McLeod Mill file MSDS Nipper Nozzles, extra Paper towels Pickaxe Pitch fork Plastic garbage bag Poison ivy wash Pole saw Propane tank Propane torch Pulaskis Safety chaps Safety glasses Sand bag Scissors Screwdriver Seed collection container label Seed collection milk jug Seed collection paper bag Shovel
# Needed
# Packed
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TOOL/ EQUIPMENT
Flint igniter Garden rake Gaskets, extra Gloves, cotton Gloves, leather Gloves, rubber Grub axe Hand pruner Hand saw Hand trowel Hardhat w/face and ear protection Heavy duty orange garbage bag Herbicide Herbicide clean box Herbicide clothes wash instructions
# Needed
# Packed
TOOL/ EQUIPMENT
Soap mixture Sprayer parts, extra Staple gun String Teflon thread tape Tile probe Tiling shovel Tree planting bar Water for hand/equipment washing WD-40 Weather radio, charged Weed puller Weed whip Weed wrench Wheel barrow
# Needed
# Packed
Suggested tool maintenance: Return all tools at the end of the workday. Inspect the tools for broken blades, loose handles, dirty blades, etc. Any broken tools should be repaired. Dirty blades should be cleaned (usually with W-D40 spray) and put away. Work gloves should be washed.
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Module Four Handout C Seed Collection Workday (from Natural Area Preservation)
During the workday: Emphasize that caution should be taken NOT to trample native plants! Make volunteers aware of poison ivy and its ID. Supervise closely for the first hour to 1 hour of the workday, to confirm that volunteers: 1. know what the target species looks like 2. know how to collect it 3. know what to do with it after collection This is a good time to take photos! Once you are sure volunteers are confident with species ID, join in on the collecting, i.e. mingle, but be available for any volunteer questions or needs. About hour before the end of the workday, stop working and clean up (finish dropping off bags, make sure everything is labeled if collecting several species etc.). At the end of the workday, re-group to answer questions and lead a nature walk to enjoy native species and to show the good effects of restoration. Remember to talk about the next workday for your property. Dont forget to offer newsletters/flyers and other information youve brought along. Recommended personal protective equipment: Cloth or leather gloves Sturdy footwear (no sandals) Long pants Safety glasses Tools to bring: Extra gloves Paper bags and/or plastic milk jugs, cut for collection (1 per volunteer) Permanent marker Pruners/scissors Duct tape for sealing bags Cloth first aid tape to protect fingers Remember to: Focus on good ID of native seeds to be collected. Show what seed looks like when ripe and ready to be collected. Show how to collect seeds (every plant has different seed collection method). Let volunteers know how much of the seed to collect. (Before the workday talk with staff about how much of the seed to collect and how much to leave on the plant. Depending on the time of year and the species of plant and the site you may be collecting anywhere from of all the seeds to as much as everything you can find.) Suggest volunteers pick a sample of their own for cross-reference. Make a bag drop-off area and make sure plant ID is present on bags/jugs. Follow up: Seeds need to be transferred to paper bags and labeled.
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Module Four Handout D Herbaceous Plant Removal Workday (from Natural Area Preservation) During the workday: Focus on good ID of invasives targeted; leaves and stems. Quizzing volunteers can be fun (especially if you offer a prize!). Emphasize that caution should be taken NOT to trample native plants! Make volunteers aware of poison ivy and its ID. Supervise closely for the first hour to 1 hour of the workday, to confirm that volunteers: 1. know what the target species looks like 2. pull/collect it right/know where to put it This is a good time to take photos! Once you are sure volunteers are confident with species ID, join in on the pulling, i.e. mingle, but be available for any volunteer questions or needs. About hour before the end of the workday, stop working and clean up (finish dropping off bags/collecting tools, sweep trail or bridge, etc.). At the end of the workday, re-group to answer questions and lead a nature walk to enjoy native species and to show the good effects of restoration. Remember to talk about the next workday for your property. Dont forget to offer newsletters/flyers and other information you have brought with you. Tools to bring: Gloves Plastic bags (or paper if you prefer to compost them from home) Dibblers and/or trowels Remember to: Indicate the difference between native phlox and dames rocket: petals five leave alive, petals four pull some more and different blooming times. Make volunteers aware that spotted knapweed can cause a rash on the skin: suggest wearing long sleeves for spotted knapweed and thistle removal (put this in the announcement for the workday, so volunteers will have long sleeves with them). Show the plant in both rosette (young) and blooming stage. Emphasize that the root should be removed, but try to minimize soil disturbance. Plant will be either bagged and left on site (orange bags) for crew to pick up, or you may bag (paper bags) and take home to compost. Show how to pull plant: hold lower stem or root collar, maybe use weed pullers. If kids: have them pair up and share a trash bag. Adults: same or one bag/person. Make a trash drop-off area.
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Module Four Handout E Invasive Shrub Removal Workday (from Natural Area Preservation) During the workday: Focus on good ID of invasives targeted; bark, twigs, leaves. Maybe even quiz volunteers. Emphasize that caution should be taken NOT to trample native plants! Make volunteers aware of poison ivy and its ID Supervise closely for the first hour to 1 hour of the workday, to confirm that volunteers: 1. know what the target species looks like 2. cut it correctly 3. stack the cut brush correctly/etc. This is a good time to take photos! Once you are sure volunteers are confident with species ID, join in on the cutting/hauling, i.e. mingle, but be available for any volunteer questions or needs. About hour before the end of the workday, stop working and clean up (finish stacking brush/ collecting tools, sweep trail or bridge, etc.) At the end of the workday, re-group to answer questions and lead a nature walk to enjoy native species and to show the good effects of restoration. Remember to talk about the next workday for your property. Dont forget to offer newsletters/flyers and other information you have brought with you. Tools to bring: Gloves (leather gloves best, rubber palmed gloves okay) Loppers Saws Remember to: Buckthorn ID: focus on thorn where two stems meet, parallel veination, and berries on trees in fall. Honeysuckle ID: focus on habit of plant, characteristic look of bark, sweet smelling bark, and shape of leaves. Autumn/Russian Olive ID: focus on leaf color, fruits olive shaped and silvery gray to yellowish with scales and stay on branches into late fall and winter. Multiflora Rose ID: focus on size of bush (invasive bush large), invasive stems have flowers/fruits the whole length of the stem; native roses have flowers/fruits on end of stem and there are only 1-4 per stem, presence of feathery stipules. Have volunteers cut stumps knee-high. Make sure volunteers stay in designated area to prevent shrubs being cut that the crew can not find to treat later. Have volunteers haul out cut brush (NOT dead wood) to stack at designated area, with the cut ends all facing the same way.
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Module Four Handout F Trails Workday (from Natural Area Preservation) During the workday: Emphasize that caution should be taken NOT to trample native plants! Make volunteers aware of poison ivy and its ID. Supervise closely for the first hour to 1 hour of the workday, to confirm that: 1. volunteers know how to use the tools safely 2. they know how to install the waterbars/trail liners 3. everyone has a taskjob This is a good time to take photos! Once you are sure volunteers are confident, join in, i.e. mingle, but be available for any volunteer questions or needs. About hour before the end of the workday, stop working and clean up (finish current water bar/trail liner etc. collecting tools, make sure all chips are spread evenly on trails). At the end of the workday, re-group to answer questions and lead a nature walk to enjoy native species and to show the good effects of restoration. Remember to talk about the next workday for your property. Dont forget to offer newsletters/flyers and other information you have brought with you. Tools to bring: Gloves (leather are best, rubber palmed ones are okay) Pre-cut trail liners or water bars Pulaskis Rakes Wheelbarrows (for chipping) Re-bar Stakes Mallets Hatchet Shovels Remember to: Water-bars installation: Explain why water-bars are installed. Show area where bars will be installed. Start by having volunteers pair up (2 per water-bar). Make 2 notches on the same side at opposite ends of the log with a Hatchet (for re-bar guidance). If water-bars are installed in an area with an upslope and a down-slope side, make sure the logs are slightly slanted up toward the upslope side to ensure proper water run-off. Also make sure the length of the water bar is at least as long as the trail is wide. Mark length of log on the soil.
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Dig trench for log using a Pulaski, so that log sinks at least 1/3 deep in soil. Place log in trench, notches facing down-slope. Pound in re-bars with mallet on the slope-down side of the log. Pound in until the re-bars are level with log, or just slightly below log. Fill in and compact dirt around the water bar enough that it is secure. Please do not use dirt from off trail. The dirt displaced by digging the trough should be enough. Space water-bars 2-4 feet apart depending on the steepness of the slope. Trail Liners: Have volunteers line up the liners along the designated trail Specify the width of the trail Have volunteers pair up Mark length of log on the soil Dig trench for log with Pulaski, so that log sinks in 1/3 deep in soil Place log in trench Use stakes to support logs: 3 stakes/log, alternating sides. Pound in with mallet, so that stakes are level with log. Fill in open areas with displaced soil (not dug from off trail!), compact Start next log butting the finished log Around corners and where erosion is a problem, logs should overlap slightly to create extra re-enforcement and allow rain runoff Chipping: If you have a large group, sleds work great for getting the chips out, otherwise wheelbarrows are fine. Have at least one person on the trail with a rake to spread the chips as they come and two people at the chip pile loading chips into sleds or wheelbarrows. Make sure chips are laid down at least thick enough to entirely cover up any vegetation on the trail. The thicker you lay it on, the longer it will last.
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Module Four Handout G Workday Games (for kids ages 5-10) (from Natural Area Preservation) Garlic Mustard Tag Two phases of the game: Phase 1 = be garlic mustard; dominate! Phase 2 = be fire; kill the garlic mustard!!! Clearly define a fairly small area where kids need to stay, so they dont get too spread-out. Use reference points that are a little closer than the actual area, because they will probably go outside it. Phase 1 is blob-tag. Everybody is a wildflower, except ~3 kids are picked to be garlic mustard. Every time they tag somebody, they hold on and blob into a garlic mustard patch that can tag others. Pretty soon it is several big garlic mustard patches. Phase 2 gets the garlic mustard un-blobbed. Pick one or two kids to be fire. Every time a garlic mustard gets tagged they die (ack, thbbtt!), then become fire and tag other garlic mustard until all the garlic mustard is gone. Talk about it: Garlic mustard dominates an area quickly when it comes in. Fire and people help control it so other plants have a chance. Seed Dispersal Tag Two ways to play: invasive species. Same method, different words. Pick about of the group to be seeds and of the group to be obstacles representing disturbed soil or plants. Define a start line and a finish line, and place the obstacles in between. A big wind is pushing seeds from the start line to the finish line. The obstacles tag them as they try to run past. Obstacles should be numerous enough to make it easy to tag others going by, because the obstacles cant move. Whenever a seed gets tagged, it stays in place and becomes a plant that can tag others. If seeds are good at getting past the obstacles, make them go back and forth between start and finish a few times. Talk about it: Look at the pattern of where all the seeds are standing. Disturbed soil helps invasive species grow, so thats where the patches start. Then every new plant is a source of seed, and most seed falls close to the mother plant. Some seeds travel fast and far away when wind blown or carried by birds, and sometimes stop when they come to obstacles like woods or water. Buckthorn berries carried by birds may also end up in a patch around a different species of tree or shrub, because the birds poop when they rest.
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Camouflage One kid is prey and everybody else is a predator. The prey closes its eyes and the predators hide. The prey is not allowed to move. When it opens its eyes, it calls out every predator it sees. The exposed predators come out and are out of the game. The prey closes its eyes again and any remaining predators move closer, to a new hiding place. The process repeats until the final predators see which can get the closest without being seen. Talk about it: Predators depend on their ability to not be seen in order to catch prey. Camouflage helps, along with behaviors such as staying quiet and still. Prey depends on its ability to detect predators. Invasives Race Materials needed: blindfolds (or just tell kids to close their eyes). Start this game by talking about what plants need to survive. When kids come up with listwater, food, sunlight, right temperature, etc. ask them which on the list could be monopolized by invasives. (Best if you have some invasives in view.) To illustrate, play this game Most of the kids are at the start line and represent sunlight. In first race there are a few kids dispersed in the racing field representing oak trees. The kids walk blindfolded to the finish, if they are touched by a tree they stay with the tree and do not make it to the finish. The finish represents the forest floor where native herbaceous plants live and need sunlight to survive. In second race, have most of the kids in the racing field representing a forest of buckthorn. The rest of the kids are sunlighthow many make it to the finish? Variation: make # of kids in field the same for each run, but make the buckthorn trees mobile. Talk about it: talk about native vs. invasive and why it is important to keep natives. Talk about invasive characteristics and how to recognize an invasive: Quick growing Good ground cover Hardy Lack pests
Module Eleven - Handouts
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Module Four Handout H Goodies for Use at the End of Workdays (from Natural Area Preservation) Prizes can be used for competitions, for the whole group, or for volunteers who have put in enough hours to earn a prize. Gift Sticker Book mark Pencil Map Patch Packet of cards Recipe book Hat Volunteer t-shirt Gift certificate for baby shrub or a few native forbes Requiremen t Level I Level I Level I Level I Level II Level II Level II Level III Level IV Level IV
Level I prizes are mostly for kids after a group workday, either for a competition prize, or for the entire group at the discretion of the Workday Leader. Level II prizes are for volunteers who have come out to at least three workdays in the last 12 months (>9hrs volunteer time). Level III prizes are for volunteers who have put in at least 15 hours in the last 12 months. Level IV prizes are for volunteers who have put in at least 40 hours in the last 12 months.
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Module Four Handout I
Stewardship Treatment Record Form (from Natural Area Preservation)
It is vitally important to keep accurate records of what was accomplished during a workday for the purposes of adaptive management, budgeting, grant match, scheduling future workdays, etc. Workday Information Workday date: Volunteer Steward name: Natural area or property name: Number of volunteers present: Total number of volunteer hours: Workday Accomplishments Describe in detail what was accomplished:
Draw below a detailed map of where the work was accomplished (use back of sheet if necessary):
What methods were used?
Herbicide Use Type used: Amount used: Concentration used: Notes About Workday Observations:
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Comments:
Suggestions:
What worked well:
Describe any problems:
Recommendations for future work:
Tools Please report any lost or broken tools!
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Module Four Handout J Sample Volunteer Release and Waiver of Liability Form (from Michigan DNR)
(ORG LOGO)
(Organization Name Here) VOLUNTEER RELEASE AND WAIVER OF LIABILITY This information is required for volunteer assignment consideration. Please read carefully! This is a legal document that affects your legal rights!
The (Organization Name) encourages and supports volunteers. As a volunteer, I have an important role in providing services and programs to the pu
I want to work as a volunteer for the (Organization Name) which appoints people like me to serve and to help the (Organization Name). While I am se as a volunteer, I have the same immunity from civil liability under Michigan law as an employee of the (Organization Name). After becoming a volunte (Organization Name) will provide me with support, supervision, training, and supplies for me to accomplish my assigned tasks.
Therefore, I do freely, voluntarily, and without duress, execute this Release and acknowledge the following terms:
1.
Waiver and Release. I hereby release, waive, discharge and covenant not to sue the (Organization Name), its departments, off employees and agents, from any and all liability to me, for all losses, injury, death or damage, and any claims or demands theret account of injury to person or property, or resulting in my death in reference to the activities authorized in my work as a voluntee hereby covenant and agree to indemnify and save harmless, the (Organization Name), its departments, officers, employees and agents, from any and all claims and demands, for all loss, injury, death or damage, that any person or entity may have or make, manner, arising out of any occurrence related to the activities authorized in my work as a volunteer.
2. 3.
Medical treatment. I release and discharge (Organization Name) from any claim that arises or may arise due to any first aid, m treatment, or service rendered to me. I understand that I may not be entitled to workers compensation.
Assumption of risk. I understand that my work for the (Organization Name) may include activities that may be hazardous. I as the risk of injury or harm in those activities I choose to do and release the (Organization Name) from all liability for injury, illness, or property damage occurring from my work for the (Organization Name).
4.
Insurance. (Organization Name) does not have responsibility for providing any health, medical or disability insurance coverage me. IT IS MY RESPONSIBILITY AS A VOLUNTEER TO INSURE I HAVE MEDICAL/HEALTH INSURANCE. As with other mem of the public, I may file a claim with the State Administrative Board for personal losses that are under $1,000.
5.
Photographic release. I grant to (Organization Name) the right to use photographic images and video or audio recordings of m are made by (Organization Name) or others during my work assignment for (Organization Name), including royalties, proceeds o other benefits from use of the photographs or recordings.
6. 7. 8.
Copyright laws. I understand that showing videos in public that are intended for home viewing is prohibited under the U.S. cop laws.
Background check. I understand that a criminal history check may be obtained prior to my appointment as a volunteer. By sig this agreement I agree to a criminal history check and agree to provide (Organization Name) with my birth date.
Discrimination laws. I agree to follow (Organization Name)s policy along with state and federal laws that forbid discrimination employment, education, housing, public accommodation, law enforcement or public service based on a persons religion, race, c national origin, age, sex, marital status, height, weight, or disability.
9.
In-kind service. The (Organization Name) is eligible for some grants that require us to match the dollars received from the gran Many of these grants allow us to use in-kind services as a portion of this match instead of actual dollars. Your volunteer time ma used as an in-kind service to help us earn our match for some grants from federal or other sources. By signing this form, you co to the use of your volunteer time as a possible in-kind match for grants received by the (Organization Name).
10. Other. I agree that this Release is intended to be as broad and inclusive as permitted by the laws of Michigan and that this Rele
governed by and will be interpreted according to the laws of Michigan. I understand that should any part of this Release be ruled invalid by a court, the other parts will remain valid and continue to be in effect. Volunteer From: Name (please print) Signature Date Date of Birth To: Date
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Signature of Parent/Guardian
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Module Four Handout K Sample Volunteer Sign-In and Liability Release Form (from Natural Area Preservation)
Property: Activity: Start time: to: Workday Leaders (list all): Completed Evaluation? Private Group: Group Contact (full name):
Date: Crew Log?
WAIVER OF LIABILITY: I am aware that I may be exposed to personal injury or damage

to my property as a result of my activities, the activities of other persons or the conditions under which my services are performed while participating in a (organization) sponsored stewardship event. With full knowledge and understanding, I agree to accept any and all risks of injury, damage, or death and I release the (organization), its directors, employees, and volunteers from any and all liability arising out of my participation as a volunteer. I certify that I am at least eighteen (18) years of age or have had this document signed by my parent or guardian.
Volunteer with us before?
PRIN SIGNATURE T (of guardian if FULL minor) NAME
Where did you hear of this event?
Add to newsletter mailing?
Add to elist for newsletter and events?
FOR STAFF
E-mail Address
Address
(please fill in if your address has changed)
TOTAL
HOURS
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Module Four Handout L Safety Checklist & Sign-Off For Workday Leader Liability Protection (from Natural Area Preservation) I informed workday volunteers that the following safety concerns and/or hazards could be present at the work site and explained how to avoid them: (check box or
write NA)
General field safety: sunburns, insect bites, bee/wasp stings, branches, uneven footing Dehydration and over-exertion Sharp tools (saws, loppers, power equipment, etc.) keep safe working distance, use personal protective equipment Poisonous (poison ivy, poison sumac) or thorny plants (hawthorn, raspberries) Herbicide use personal protective equipment
I also confirm the following:

Every single volunteer signed the sign-in sheet (except for private groups) All new volunteers signed the Volunteer Release and Waiver of Liability sheet Herbicides were used only by the following people: Name(s):
Power equipment was used only by the following people: Name(s):
Name Signature Date
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Module Four Handout M Volunteer Liability (from Natural Area Preservation) (Organization Name) does not have a special liability plan for volunteers. (Organization Name) does not provide volunteers with workers comp. (Organization Name) Staff (& Volunteer Stewards) are responsible for going over all of the potential safety risks at the beginning of each workday (Safety Checklist & Sign-Off for Workday Leaders), having each volunteer read and sign the Volunteer Release and Waiver of Liability, as well as sign their job description or sign-in at event. (Organization Name) Staff (& Volunteer Stewards) are responsible for having a first-aid kit and cell phone at every workday; and are required to be trained in CPR/First Aid. If a volunteer is injured at a workday, (Organization Name) Staff (& Volunteer Stewards) should help the volunteer fill out Injury Report Form. If a volunteer is injured on a workday and needs medical treatment, his/her personal insurance should cover the situation. If a volunteer feels that members of the (Organization Name) staff were negligent or responsible for his/her injury, it is his/her responsibility to file a claim and take it to court. If a volunteer is in need of emergency medical treatment, (Organization Name) staff can offer to take them to the nearest urgent care facility. The volunteer would most likely go to his/her own medical facility.
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Module Four Handout N Accident & Medical Treatment Procedures (from Natural Area Preservation)
1.
In an emergency, call 911 and then treat injured person according to first aid certification while waiting for help. If a volunteer is injured (any kind of injury) at a workday, the (Organization Name) Workday Leader should fill out an accident report. If there is not an emergency situation, the volunteer should be given support and the tools to help him or herself to whatever they feel is appropriate from the first aid kit. (Organization Name) Workday Leader should not try to fix any injuries, but be available to help the injured individual. If the injured person is not able to bandage his/her own wound, he/she should be taken to the emergency room or the nearest urgent care facility. If a volunteer is injured on a workday & needs medical treatment, she/he should go to her/his regular doctor and personal insurance should cover the situation. If they need care during non-office hours the volunteer should go to the nearest urgent care facility.
2.
3.
4.
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Module Four Handout O Sample Report of Injury Form (from Mich. DNR)
DATE _______________
ACCIDENT FUND OF MICHIGAN EMPLOYERS REPORT OF INJURY

SHORT FORM
P#____________
THIS REPORT MUST BE COMPLETED AND SIGNED BY THE SUPERVISOR EMPLOYEE

Full Name (First, Middle Initial, Last) Stree t Soc Sec No.
City

Stat e Marital Status
Male Zi p
()
Time of Injury
Employee Telephone Occupatio n Date of Hire
Date of Birth Employee Service Unit
Dependent s Service Area
INJURY
Date of Injury
AM PM
Time employee began work
AM PM
City + ZIP CODE Where Injury Occurred
What kind of injury? (contusion, cut, fracture, sprain, strain, etc.) How did injury occur? What was employee doing just before incident occurred? Last Day Worked
Body Part Injured
# of Days off work
Date Returned to Work
Did Employee Die? Case No. from Hospital Log
Yes
*MEDICAL
Was employee treated in an Emergency Room? Physician/Clinic Address Telephone
Yes
No
Was employee hospitalized overnight as an in-patient?
No
Yes
()
*I understand that if I do not wish to receive medical treatment this report will not be filed as a workers compensa claim. Employee Signature ______________________________________________________ Date ___________________ Federal ID# (Required by BWC)
EMPLOYER
Full Business Name Mailing Address
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Address of Accident Location (if different from mailing address) Contac t
Telephon e
()
Date Injury Was Reported to Employer
________________________________ Employee Name (Please Print) _________________________ _____________ Employee Signature Date
_______________________________________ Supervisor Name (Please Print) ________________________________________ ______ Supervisor Signature Date
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Module Four Handout P Liability Concerns for Volunteer Leaders (from Natural Area Preservation) (Organization Name) values and is committed to the leadership of volunteers. Without the dedicated work of volunteers, our accomplishments over the years would be much fewer. We know the only way to do that is through volunteer participation and by drawing on the diverse talents and passions of those with special interests, skills, and leadership abilities. (Organization Name) Volunteer Leaders serve in many roles, some established and formal, such as Volunteer Stewards, Inventory Specialists, and Office Assistants, and some informal and self-initiated. Some volunteer roles involve leading other volunteers, performing hazardous work near other volunteers, or otherwise being responsible for the well-being of other volunteers. This fact has led some of our active volunteers to ask Could I be held liable if something went wrong? Care and awareness goes a long way in our work, and (Organization Name) has created this fact sheet to help us all do our best. Below, you will find important information about the laws to protect volunteers, measures (Organization Name) has taken to protect you, and actions you can take to minimize the risk of a liability claim (a.k.a. a lawsuit). National and State liability laws: While federal and state laws exist to protect volunteers, neither is as bullet-proof as it seems. The power to avoid a lawsuit is largely in the hands of (Organization Name) and its volunteers. A federal law, called the Volunteer Protection Act (VPA) of 1997, was intended to ease volunteer fears about liability by providing immunity for volunteers acting within the scope of their authorized duties, not engaging in willful misconduct or gross negligence, and not operating a motor vehicle without a license and appropriate insurance. Unfortunately, some believe this law has many loopholes and provides a false sense of security. Better news is that Michigans Act 170 of 1964 (Governmental Liability for Negligence) may be stronger than the federal VPA. It immunizes from liability volunteers acting on behalf of government agencies so long as the volunteer reasonably believes he or she is acting within the scope of his or her authority and his or her conduct does not amount to gross negligence. The best news, however, is that (Organization Name) has taken actions to minimize the chance of a lawsuit, and so can you. How (Organization Name) protects its volunteers: All volunteers sign a liability statement at the start of their volunteering that is good for as long as they remain a (Organization Name) volunteer. By signing this statement, each volunteer affirms that they understand the potentially hazardous
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nature of volunteering and accept all risks. In addition, each volunteer releases (Organization Name) and its other volunteers from any liability. (Organization Name) also provides written volunteer job descriptions and additional training for Volunteer Stewards, Herbicide Applicators, and Power Tool Users. These positions involve greater responsibility with heightened risk. It is important for volunteers to be attuned to their assigned roles and that (Organization Name) provide the training and support you need. What you can do: If you are leading a workday, a Safety Checklist & Sign-Off is provided to guide you through several important tasks: 1) Make sure every single volunteer fills in the sign-in sheet and be sure to get a signed Volunteer Release & Waiver of Liability form from every new volunteer. 2) Review possible safety risks and how to avoid them as part of your workday introduction. 3) Instruct volunteers to use personal protective equipment. 4) Know and follow the Safety Rules included in the Workday Binder. 5) Follow the Accident & Medical Treatment Procedures if someone gets hurt. 6) Ensure that you are comfortable with the level of supervision you can provide if power tools or herbicides are used. If you do not feel comfortable, stop the activity. If you are involved in other types of (Organization Name) volunteer leadership roles: 1) Please review any applicable job descriptions from time to time. 2) Make sure (Organization Name) staff are aware of the work you are doing and keep in touch about your progress. 3) Encourage volunteers assisting you to use personal protective equipment. 4) Alert staff if you feel uncertain about your responsibilities or concerned about potential risks. Resources for more information: The Nonprofit Risk Management Center website (http://www.nonprofitrisk.org) has a wealth of information on volunteer risk management. While most of it focuses on reducing risk to the non-profit agency, some of it is directed toward reducing risk to the volunteer. Their publication, State Liability Laws for Charitable Organizations and Volunteers, is particularly informative. Find it at http://nonprofitrisk.org/downloads/state-liability.pdf. Your Feedback: Your feedback keeps (Organization Name) staff abreast of the changing nature of volunteer work conditions. If you have concerns about your liability as a volunteer, please share your thoughts with your volunteer coordinator.
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Module Six Handout A

DATE: NAME: ADDRESS:
Volunteer Application Form (from Natural Area Preservation and Food Gatherers)
Are you over 18? yes no (please circle one) (if you are under 18, you will need a parent/guardian signature on this form) TELEPHONE: O (Home): O (Cell): O EMAIL: Please indicate which method above is the best for reaching you. Reasons for Applying: O Personal enrichment O Resume building O Meeting people O Skill building O Helping the environment O Improving your neighborhood O Court ordered community service O Other: How did you hear about our program? O At a workday O Newsletter O Friend/family/neighbor O Other: O (Work):
O Other publication
Which activities are you interested in? (check which position you are applying for - in bold - then activities of interest) O Volunteer Steward Position O Helping plan workdays O Helping/leading workdays O Workday publicity O Working to develop a stewardship plan O Photo monitoring O Acting as eyes and ears to monitor natural area problems O Frog/toad/salamander/bird inventories O Other: Previous conservation/environmental experiences including any volunteer experience:
- OR -
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O Office Volunteer Position O Data entry O Filing/Clerical work O Answering phones O Helping with publications O Creating artwork O Helping to develop outreach materials O Helping to develop Human Resources materials O Maintaining library O Other: Previous office experiences including any volunteer experience:
Availability I would like to help (just an estimate please): O <1 hour/month O 1-5 hours/month O 5-10 hours/month O At stewardship workdays only O As needed
O >10 hours/month
Do you have any health concerns we should know about? (please describe briefly)
Emergency Contact(s) Name _______________________________________ Phone ____________________ Relationship to you_______________________________ Volunteer references:
Signature ____________________________________ Date______________________ Parent/Guardian Signature (if under 18) ______________________________________ (Organization Name) reserves right to decline the service of a volunteer at any time. A volunteer who violates policies, disobeys safety procedures, behaves inappropriately with staff, other volunteers or anyone they encounter while volunteering at (Organization Name), will be asked to leave and may be permanently excused from further volunteer activities with (Organization Name).
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Module Eight Handout A Buckthorns (from The Stewardship Network) Buckthorns Rhamnus cathartica (Common Buckthorn) Rhamnus frangula (Glossy Buckthorn) Common Buckthorn Introduction and Identification Common buckthorn is a deciduous (leaves drop in autumn) shrub or small tree up to 20 feet high. The dull green leaves are oval shaped, hairless and possess slightly toothed margins. Leaf arrangement on stems is alternate or nearly opposite. Common buckthorn twigs and bark are colored black with obvious lenticels, apertures for gas exchange. The hairless twigs may have thorns. Leaves are 1.5 to 3 inches long with side veins curved upwards. Four petaled green-yellow flowers occur in clusters such as in Queen Annes Lace. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants. Sapwood is yellow and heartwood is pink to orange. Natural History Common buckthorn is native to much of Europe except Iceland and Turkey and is found in western and northern Asia, and at low elevations in Algeria and Morocco. Glossy buckthorn is indigenous to Europe, North Africa and Asia. Buckthorn is naturalized throughout North America. Common buckthorn thrives on well-drained sand, clay or poorly drained calcium-rich soil, preferring neutral or basic soil. The plant grows well in dense shade and may be found on the fringe of woodlands or exposed southern and western faces. It is cultivated for hedges, forestry purposes, wildlife habitats and shelter belt plantings. Other naturalized habitats include pasture, fencerows, roadsides and ravine slopes. Life Cycles Plants reach seed-bearing age quickly. Common buckthorn flowers bloom in May to June. The round black stone fruits ripen in August through September containing 3 to 4 grooved seeds. Blackbirds, starlings, cedar waxwings, robins, blue jays, wood ducks, elk and mice disperse fruit. Immature fruits contain a defense chemical called emodin and few bird species tolerate this compound thus preventing premature dispersal. Common buckthorn retains fruit throughout winter. Its fruit is more obvious to dispersal species than that of glossy buckthorn and is found covering long distances. Ecological Impact A greater number of seeds are found in lighted areas. Common buckthorns have long growing seasons growing rapidly and resprouting after top removal. Common buckthorn produces leaves before most deciduous woody plants in North America; from late April to mid-May. It keeps its leaves in late September through October and often as late as November.
Buckthorns form dense thickets until branches merge with adjacent shrubs creating dense shade. Seedlings of common buckthorn establish under semilight. Lower leaves are shaded out and a more columnar growth results. Common buckthorn often retains lower leaves. Common buckthorn is an invasive because: It becomes a nuisance when disturbances create areas for seedling to grow and mature. Naturalized habitats resemble indigenous habitats. It is an efficient seed producer and germinator. Dense colonies produced offer much shade. Tops resprout quickly after removal. Management and Control Methods Selectively cut or grazed woods show the greatest invasion of common buckthorn along woodland edges, windfall openings and dead stands. Other typically invaded habitats include sugar maple woods and lowland woods. Prairie forest border fire suppression increased invasion in open woods. Common buckthorn tolerance of heavy clay soils and various sites increase colonization success. How to Control Mature Plants: Repeated cutting leads to weaker plants. Larger plants can be removed with heavier equipment. Girdle from December through February with an application of glyphosate. Cut larger stems and paint with glyphosate within ten minutes of cutting. (20% 30% active ingredient) This treatment should be done between June and early March (not in the spring). Ongoing Control of Seedlings: Mowing prevents seedling establishment, maintaining open areas. Seedlings or small plants may be pulled or taken out by a hoe and larger plants removed with heavier equipment. Prescribed burning can kill most seedlings and may top kill larger plants. A propane torch is effective for burning masses of seedlings. Hand-pull smaller plants and dig larger ones. Be sure to tamp down any disturbed soil so as to minimize disturbance. Burning seedlings in the first growing season after removal is the most effective method of buckthorn seedling control. Repeat for resprouting and establishment of new seedlings. Resprouting of buckthorn species will not occur if seedlings are burned before August. Burning yearly, or every other year, may be required for 5 to 6 plus years. Glossy Buckthorn
Introduction and Identification Glossy buckthorn is a shrub or small tree that grows to 21 feet. The browngreen branches are discerned by long lenticels and may possess some hairs. Glossy green leaves are egg shaped with smooth or slightly scalloped margins. Leaves are arranged on the stem in alternate fashion and are hairless or slightly hairy, and are pinnate. Yellow five-petaled flowers are borne in stemless umbels. Natural History Glossy buckthorn is found in moist, less shaded and more acidic soils of any texture. Habitats include calcium rich and wetland soils, oak woods, pine, and spruce with this plant occurring as understory vegetation. It is cultivated for hedges, forestry purposes, wildlife habitats, pasture, fencerows, roadsides and ravine slopes. Life Cycles Glossy buckthorn flowers bloom in late May through September sometimes on the current seasons growth. The slightly round and flattened stone fruits of glossy buckthorn ripen in July through August, possessing 2 or 3 ungrooved seeds. It fruits abundantly, though less prolifically than common buckthorn. Blackbirds, starlings, cedar waxwings, robins, blue jays, wood ducks, elk and mice disperse fruit. Immature fruits also contain emodin. Glossy buckthorn fruits fall to the ground after ripening. Ecological Impact A greater number of seeds are found in lighted areas. Glossy buckthorns have long growing seasons and grow rapidly, resprouting after top removal. It produces leaves before most deciduous woody plants in North America - in midto-late May. It keeps its leaves in late September through October and often as late as November. Buckthorns form dense thickets until branches merge with adjacent shrubs creating dense shade. Glossy buckthorn is less shade tolerant than common buckthorn. Lower leaves are shaded out and a more columnar growth results. Glossy buckthorn adult plant growth may be somewhat tempered by other canopy species. Glossy buckthorns are invasive because: It becomes a nuisance when disturbances create areas for seedlings to grow and mature. Naturalized habitats resemble indigenous habitats. It is efficient at seed production and germination. Dense colonies produced offer much shade. Tops resprout quickly after removal.
Management and Control Methods

Selectively cut or grazed woods show the greatest invasion of common buckthorn along woodland edges, windfall openings and dead stands. Other typically invaded habitats include sugar maple woods and lowland woods. Prairie forest border fire suppression increased invasion in open woods. Common buckthorn tolerance of heavy clay soils and various sites increase colonization success. Glossy buckthorn often invades wetlands, wet prairies, calcium rich soils and sphagnum bogs, tamarack swamps and drier wetlands. How to Control Mature Plants: Repeated cutting leads to weaker plants. Larger plants can be removed with heavier equipment. Restoring wetland water levels will kill glossy buckthorn. Girdle from December through February with an application of glyphosate. Cut larger stems and paint with glyphosate within ten minutes of cutting (20% 30% active ingredient). This treatment should be done between June and early March (not in the spring). Ongoing Control of Seedlings: Mowing prevents seedling establishment, maintaining open areas. Seedlings or small plants may be pulled or taken out by a hoe and larger plants removed with heavier equipment. Prescribed burning can kill most seedlings and may top kill larger plants. A propane torch is effective for burning masses of seedlings. Hand-pull smaller plants and dig larger ones. Be sure to tamp down any disturbed soil so as to minimize disturbance. Burning seedlings in the first growing season after removal is the most effective method of buckthorn seedling control. Repeat for resprouting and establishment of new seedlings. Resprouting of buckthorn species will not occur if seedlings are burned before August. Burning yearly or every other year may be required for 5 to 6 plus years. References: http://www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadcs/Frana1nu.html http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/main/shtml http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cht/outreach/VMG/VMG/html http://invasives.eeb.uconn.edu/ipane/
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Module Eight Handout B Garlic Mustard (from Washtenaw County Parks and Recreation) Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolata Natural History Garlic mustard is a biennial herb of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). This family also contains cauliflower, broccoli, and kale. It was brought to the United States by early settlers most likely from the British Isles, Belgium and the Netherlands. It was historically eaten as a potherb, particularly in winter and early spring when few greens were available. Its Vitamin A and Vitamin C content is substantially higher than in commercially grown fruits and vegetables. In its native Europe, Garlic Mustard grows in hedges, fencerows in open woods and is associated with calcareous soils. In North America, Garlic Mustard is most common in deciduous forest and also occurs in the partial shade characteristic of oak savanna, forest edges, and hedgerows. Garlic Mustard is disturbance adapted, and is frequent in sites subjected to continued or repeated disturbance, such as floodplains, roadsides, hiking trails, railroads, and abandoned farmland. Life Cycle Because Garlic Mustard is self fertile, a single individual is sufficient to populate or repopulate a site. Garlic Mustard is an obligate biennial, completing its life cycle within a two-year period. First year seedlings germinate in February and March. Unlike some forest crucifers that fail to germinate under leaf cover, Garlic Mustard seeds germinate in both light and dark. By June, seedlings develop into a basal rosette only a few inches tall with leaves that are round, scalloped-edged and dark green, with a garlic odor. Immature plants can be confused with other rosetteforming species, especially violets (Viola sp.) and golden ragwort (Senecio aureus). By mid-fall rosettes average 2-5 inches in diameter and are dark green to purplish in color. The leaves store energy in the large white, taproot, with a distinctive "s" curve just below the root crown. The leaves and roots over winter as a basal rosette which continues to grow during snow-free periods when temperatures are above freezing. In the second year, plants become reproductively mature, and then die. Flower stalks begin to elongate in March or April, growing at the rate of inch per day. Flowers open in April and May and are numerous, small, and white, with 4 petals that form a cross. Flowers remain open for 2 -3 days, but nectar production and insect visitation occur primarily on the first day of flowering. Pollinators include medium and small sized solitary bees, medium sized flies, and rarely a honey bee or bumblebee. Garlic Mustard flowers can be self-or cross-pollinated.
The fruits are slender capsules termed siliques that contain a single row of oblong black seeds. Seeds ripen and disperse between mid-June and late September. The seed capsules are explosively dehiscent, meaning that when they are dry they explode like popcorn and eject the seeds up to a few meters from the plant. Plants with large rosettes produce flowers earlier and for a longer time period, and consequently produce significantly more seeds than plants with small rosettes. Plants in drier communities tend to produce fewer seeds than plants in wet communities, and isolated plants produce more seeds than plants growing in high densities. Garlic Mustard seeds can remain viable in the soil seed bank for up to five years. Garlic Mustard spreads exclusively by seed which become widely dispersed primarily by human activity. Seed stick to boots, clothing, hair, mower blades, and vehicle tires. Birds, rodents and whitetail deer are also likely seed dispersers in woodland habitats and seeds can float so they are widely dispersed in floodwaters. Ecological Impact Garlic Mustard can totally dominate a forest floor within 5-7 years of its introduction. Garlic Mustard displaces many native wildflowers. It grows during early spring and late fall when native species are dormant so it can shade out native wildflowers and tree seedlings before they have a chance to grow. In dense populations, the first-year leaves may block virtually all sunlight from reaching the ground. Moreover, it has no known natural enemies in North America, outside of the occasional slug and snail browse. In Europe, Garlic Mustard is fed upon by 69 species of insects. Garlic Mustard damages local insect populations. Adults of several native butterfly species lay eggs on garlic mustard, but many or all of the larvae die before completing development. Thus, Garlic Mustard serves as a population sink for these species. Garlic Mustard may also inhibit mycorrhizal activity in native plants. Like other members of the Brassicaceae, Garlic Mustard is nonmycorrhizal, while some 75% of native groundlayer plants are mycorrhizal. Mycorrhizae colonize root systems and are critical for nutrient and water uptake. Control Methods The best and most effective control method for Garlic Mustard is to prevent its initial establishment. Garlic mustard is frequently overlooked at low density levels, but a small population can explode in favorable years. In a site that is largely Garlic Mustard free, enjoy a leisurely walk in the spring and fall, pulling out all Garlic Mustard plants as you go. Flowering plants are easier to locate, and should be removed
before seeds are released. Basal rosettes are less noticeable, but may be removed at any time. Pay particular attention to potential entry points, along the forest perimeter, parking lot edges, trails, riverbanks, floodplains, streamsides, and at the bases of large trees. For sites already infested with Garlic Mustard, a consistent effort over multiple years is required to reclaim the area. The goal is to prevent seed production until the seed bank is depleted, potentially 2-5 years. Focus first on controlling small populations of Garlic Mustard in high quality natural areas. It is best to resist the urge to wade into the middle of the worst patch you can find. Such sites can scarcely get worse, and remember that people are one of the primary sources for carrying the seeds to new sites, so you may do more harm than good if you spread the plant to new areas via seeds on your shoes and clothes. A better plan is to survey the area and begin working to eliminate the outlying, young colonies first and then work your way in toward the heavier density areas. Garlic Mustard spreads through establishment of multiple small populations. The general pattern of spread is a ragged advancing front, supplemented by establishment of satellite populations. After a few years, the front coalesces with the satellite populations to form an extensive area of garlic mustard. When removing garlic mustard there are a couple of things to keep in mind. First, make sure to remove the root. The root stores the energy of the plant, and if it is left in the soil, the plant can manufacture a second wave of leaves and flowers. Second, if the plant has begun to elongate its flowering stalk, you need to make sure the roots dry out completely after you pull it. If you leave the plant on the ground, it will soon re-root and continue its growth cycle. If you can not pull all of the Garlic Mustard, you can also cut flowering stems at ground level with a weed whip to prevent seed release. Some native species, such as Trillium, are severely impacted if cut but most other species are not substantially damaged. The best time to cut Garlic Mustard is when the plant is just finishing flowering and the seed pods are still green. The plant has expended all of its stored energy and nearly finished its life cycle. At this time, cutting should kill the plant. Plants cut earlier in the flowering period may have sufficient resources to produce additional flower stem. Cut flower stems may form viable seed so they should be removed from the site. Whatever the control method, keep in mind that it must be continued annually until the seedbank is exhausted. Burning can be a great aid in controlling Garlic Mustard, since it is evergreen. A properly timed burn can set back or kill rosettes. Because a fire exposes the soil, it can also speed germination of Garlic Mustard seeds already in the soil. Just because a site has been burned, dont assume that Garlic Mustard has been eliminated. While fire can maintain Garlic Mustard at low abundance, it does not eliminate this plant.
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References: The Nature Conservancy Element Species Abstract http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/invasive_species/allpet01.htm
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Module Nine Handout A Management Plan Template (from Natural Area Preservation) Organization Name MANAGEMENT PLAN
PART I: SITE INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS A. GeorgaphicGeographic Information Location: Size: Landowners and Boundary Justification: Directions: B. Site Description Land Use History: (Conditions present in early aerial photos [and other sources of information, including old photos, or personal communication with long-time residents.) When acquired? Current Land Use: (What is land use and who uses it?) Geology and Physiography: (describe as best you can geology of area) Soils: Biotic Communities: (including overstory, understory and ground dominant plant species, description of natural communities eg: oak savanna, mesic forest, wet meadow, old field) Wildlife Summary: (attach plant, bird, butterfly list. Include other info. not in lists) PART II: SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN A. Needs and ResouresResources Research Needs: (perhaps things unique to this site that need further study) Volunteer Stewards and other resources: (list volunteers, interested neighbors or others who have special interest or knowledge in this site) B. Action Plan These are guidelines for actions. Actions should be prioritized: High: Every year or next year's goals; Medium: 2-3 year future goals; Low: one time goal or 4-5 year need.
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Monitoring Plans: (Monitor plant species composition, location, and abundance) (Establish photo-monitoring plots for each community) (Monitor listed species) Conservation Targets and Goals: (what are the goals and why, ecological objectives) Stresses to the Natural Area and Sources of those stresses: Constraints Protection Urgency and Possible Threats: (General terms, invasive species, fragmentation, overuse, change in hydrology, fire suppression, illegal collection of rare species, etc...) Management Strategies: (Evaluate feasibility of prescribed burning as a management strategy include burn plan) (Remove and reduce exoticslist species, priority of areas to be treated, how/when to treat) (Other management strategies) Other management activities: Monitor effectiveness of previous years exotics eradication treatments. Check signs/trails/bridges/remove trash etc... Update community map; develop a site specific checklist along with maps. Address erosion problems Add interpretive signage
Annual Site Management Plan Year

Site Name: Management Unit Management Objective Management Strategy
Schedul
Units:
Units:
Units:
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Module Nine Handout B Sample Management Plan (from Natural Area Preservation) BIRD HILLS NATURE AREA STEWARDSHIP PLAN
SITE OVERVIEW Geographic Information Bird Hills Nature Area is located on the west side of the Huron River, bounded by Bird Road to the north, M14 to the south, Newport Road to the west and Huron River Drive to the east. It is the largest park in the city, measuring 146 acres and has several miles of trails running up and down its hilly interior. Geology and Physiography Bird Hills is a glaciated landscape. It is located at the northern tip of the Fort Wayne Moraine, which was created by the retreat of the Wisconsin glacier approximately 14,000 years ago. The park is hilly and bisected by a predominant north-south ridge, with two large knolls in the southeast and southwest corners of the park. These knolls are the parks highest points. Steep slopes fall off toward the Huron River on the east. Overall, there is a 176-foot elevation change within the park. Biotic Communities Bird Hills is predominantly a forested ecosystem. Its overstory plant species are comprised of both late successional and early successional hardwood trees that are typically found in forest communities known as central hardwood forests. Although mature woods dominate the landscape, disturbed edge environments can also be seen. Much of the disturbance caused by humans is evident by the predominance of nonnative plant species in certain parts of the park. Other areas have evolved in a relatively natural condition. In general, the park contains five natural communities: oak-hickory woods, beech-sugar maple woods, old field, emergent marsh, and intermittent wetland. These communities are incredibly rich in diversity, with 100 woody species and 358 total plant species found on site 278 of them native. 1. Late successional oak-hickory woods (dry-mesic forest) are found on the ridges and high points in the southern portion of the park. Dry forest such as this one can be found growing on sites with very good drainage, usually in areas with a layer of glacial outwash underlying the soil. The dominant tree species found here are pignut hickory (Carya glabra), black oak (Quercus velutina), white oak (Quercus alba), black walnut (Juglans nigra), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). In fact, this southern portion of Bird Hills supports one of the largest displays of flowering dogwood in the city. Equally spectacular are the carpets of large-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) and wild geranium (Geranium maculatum) found here every spring. 2. Beech-maple woods (mesic forest) are found in the southern and western portion of the park on the slopes between the pine plantations and the intermittent drainage. This community can also be found on the eastern slope of the ridge, in a series of forested ravines leading down to Huron River Drive. Many of these ravines are watered by seeps, or springs, coming out of the slope. These seeps are formed when rainwater percolating down through more porous soil hits an impermeable layer and follows that layer horizontally to the side of the slope. This creates a moist environment, which supports a diversity of ferns and
wildflowers. The dominant tree species found in these mesic woods are sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), beech (Fagus grandifolia), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). These ravines are also home to the state listed Special Concern plant species, Twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) and James sedge (Carex jamesii). 3. An intermittent wetland community winds its way through the entire length of the park. Flowing from the south to the north, it crosses Bird Road and eventually empties into the Huron River. Bottomland plant species such as eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), boxelder (Acer negundo), and American elm (Ulmus americana) are common throughout this wet area. In addition, skunk-cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), golden ragwort (Senecio aureus), and the delicate orange flowers of spotted touch-me-not (Impatiens capensis) can be found growing near the small intermittent stream. 4. To the north of Bird Road, close to the border of the park, exists an old field community. It is a somewhat open site with a mixture of wildflowers, grasses and shrubs. While this area is quickly becoming overgrown with trees and shrubs, thimbleweed (Anemone virginiana), smooth aster (Aster laevis), big bluestem (Andropogon gerrardii )gerrardii) and other field community plants thrive in the more open sunny areas. 5. An emergent marsh represents the remaining natural community in Bird Hills. It forms a geographical transition between the mesic forest to the north and the upland portions of the park. The marsh provides a buffer on three sides of a small pond near Huron River Drive. Wet loving silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) can be found growing near the pond. It is also home to a variety of wildlife. Wildlife Bird Hills is home to a wide variety of birds, and is one of the few confirmed nesting spots for turkey vultures in Ann Arbor. An overview of the bird species nesting in or moving through Bird Hills include: Red-eyed Vireo, Downy Woodpecker, Eastern WoodPewee, Baltimore Oriole, Hairy Woodpecker, Great Blue Heron and the Coopers Hawk. This list is by no means exhaustive of the species found in Bird Hills, but instead, represents those species most commonly found here. More unique species to the park include the Black-throated Green Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Chimney Swift, and Common Nighthawk. Although a quantitative mammal trapping study has not yet been conducted in Bird Hills, one might expect to find a variety of species inhabiting the site, including: gray squirrel, fox squirrel, raccoon, opossum, white-tailed deer, red fox, Eastern chipmunks and Eastern cottontail rabbit. LAND USE HISTORY Bird Hills has an interesting and varied land use history that adds to its significance as a park. Historical records in the form of old photographs or written and verbal descriptions of the property are the basis for what we know about this park today. Old photos indicate that the property was logged in the late 1800s. The central ridge and slopes
were barely spotted with trees and were heavily grazed by cattle. Some remnants of the parks agricultural past are still visible today. Old concrete tracks mark the site of a farm road designed to fit the wheels of a wagon while letting the horse or ox pulling the wagon walk on softer ground between the tracks. The northwest portion of the park was used as a terraced fruit orchard. In the early 1900s, the Graves family bought the property as a potential development site. At this time much of the main ridge in the park was still cattle pasture and was nearly treeless. The absence of plant cover increased the amount of runoff from the high ridge after a rain event. This caused severe erosion in the steep ravines running down to the river. To make the land more appealing for development, Henry Graves planted a variety of trees on the open site. This contributes to the diversity of woody plants in Bird Hills today, and explains why many non-native trees such as Scots pine, Douglas fir, and white fir can be found there. However, these development plans never came to be. In 1967, the City bought the majority of the land from the Graves family to be used as a park. In the 1970s, when plans to create a condominium complex next to the park surfaced, neighbors and other citizens rallied and raised enough money to help buy the land. Again in 1990, more land adjacent to the now-larger park was threatened by development, and again the citizens and City teamed up to buy the land to add to the park. It is likely that the overstory, and certainly the understory, that existed at Bird Hills 200 years ago was somewhat different than it appears today. In addition to the introduction of non-native species, such as buckthorn (Rhamnus sp.) and honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.), the composition of flora has also been influenced by fire suppression over the last century. As fires regularly moved through Washtenaw County prior to European settlement, the forest understory was thinned, and the overstory was more open. For this reason, oaks and hickories, which are fire tolerant and shade sensitive, were able to compete successfully. With continued fire suppression, however, some of the forested areas of Bird Hills have become better suited for shade tolerant species such as Norway maple (Acer platanoides), white ash and buckthorn. If the forest is allowed to develop in the absence of fire, these species will begin to dominate and out compete the native plants for light, space and nutrients. This may prevent the historically dominant forest species of oak and hickory from being established. CURRENT LAND USE Currently, Bird Hills is a nature area with many trails that wind throughout it. Its primary users are recreational hikers, walkers, runners, nature enthusiasts and some crosscountry skiers in the winter. Mountain bikes have been banned from the site since 1992, although some illegal use still exists. The rich diversity of native plant species found in Bird Hills ranks the park second highest overall in the Citys Floristic Quality Assessment of its natural areas. This high value gives an indication of how natural the site is (approximating the vegetative conditions present prior to European settlement in the early 1800s). A higher value
reflects a higher coefficient of conservatism for the species growing in that area. These conservative species have become so highly adapted to a specific set of biotic and abiotic conditions (including soil condition, temperature, moisture, humidity, presence of fire, etc.) that they cannot exist if these conditions are modified evenly slightly. So, when you encounter these species in the wild, as you do in some of the biological communities at Bird Hills, you can be fairly confident that you have come across an area that is relatively natural and undisturbed.
CONSERVATION TARGETS AND GOALS I. Oak-Hickory/Dry-Mesic Forest (SW & SE) Restore and maintain high quality, mature forest with diverse native shrub and groundcover layers. Beech-Sugar Maple/Mesic Forest Restore and maintain mature forest with diverse native shrub and groundcover layers. Forested Ravines
II.
III.
Preserve high quality ravines with diverse native ground flora, making a concerted effort to protect Special Concern species Carex jamesii and Jeffersonia diphylla. IV. Old Field Restore and maintain old prairie remnant with diverse array of native prairie species.
STRESSES AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES I. Oak-Hickory Woods Stresses: (a) Invasive plant species which compete with native plants for light, space, and nutrients.
Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) (b) Fire suppression (c) Soil erosion due to trail disturbance and intensive use. (d) Trampling of vegetation due to off trail hiking. Strategies: (a) Reduce invasive plant species
Buckthorn (Rhamnus sp.) Honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) Norway maple (Acer platanoides) Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Dames rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
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Actively manage invasive vegetation using the most effective, efficient and appropriate control method to date depending on the species. Methods might include: hand pulling young seedlings, herbicide application, girdling and burning. Educate neighbors and the public regarding the benefits of native landscaping. (b) Reintroduce fire into the ecosystem Conduct prescribed burns to release nutrients back into the soil, and reduce competition for native plant species that rely on periodic burning to create favorable growing conditions. (c) Minimize soil erosion Install and maintain water bars and trail liners where needed to reduce erosion. Enforce no biking ordinance in Bird Hills. Erect more visible signs at park entrances to inform park users of this policy. (d) Minimize trampling of vegetation through education. Erect signs informing people to stay on the trails so as not to compact soil or trample native vegetation. Line trails with fallen logs to more clearly delineate formal paths. II. Beech-Sugar Maple/Mesic Forest Stresses: (a) Invasive plant species Buckthorn Honeysuckle Privet Norway maple
Strategies:
Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Vinca (Vinca minor)
(a) Reduce invasive plant species Actively manage invasive vegetation using the most effective, efficient and appropriate control method to date depending on the species. Methods might include: hand pulling young seedlings, herbicide application, girdling and burning. Educate neighbors and the public regarding the benefits of native landscaping. III. Forested Ravines Stresses: (a) Invasive plant species Buckthorn Honeysuckle Norway maple Garlic mustard Vinca
Dames rocket (b) Soil erosion due to steep grade, trail disturbance, and excessive shade. (c) Trampling of vegetation due to informal trails Strategies: (a) Reduce invasive plant species Actively manage invasive vegetation using the most effective, efficient and appropriate control method to date depending on the species. Methods might include: hand pulling young seedlings, herbicide application, girdling and burning. Educate neighbors and the public regarding the benefits of native landscaping. (b) Minimize soil erosion Maintain current water bars and trail liners and install more as needed to reduce erosion. (d) Minimize trampling of vegetation through education Erect signs informing people to stay on the trails so as not to compact soil or trample native vegetation. Line trails with fallen logs to more clearly delineate formal paths. IV. Old Field Stresses: (a) Invasive shrubs Buckthorn Honeysuckle
Black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) (b) Fire suppression
Strategies: (a) Reduce invasive plant species Actively manage invasive vegetation using the most effective, efficient and appropriate control method to date depending on the species. Methods might include: hand pulling young seedlings, herbicide application, girdling and burning. Educate neighbors and the public regarding the benefits of native landscaping. (b) Reintroduce fire into the ecosystem Conduct prescribed burns to reduce the build up of fuel on the forest floor, release nutrients such as nitrogen back into the soil, and reduce competition for native plant species that rely on periodic burning to create favorable growing conditions.
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Module Nine Handout C Sample Annual Site Management Plan (from Natural Area Preservation) Annual Site Management Plan
Site Name: BIRD HILLS NATURE AREA Management Objective Management Strategy
Management Unit
Oak-Hickory Forest Units: J,K,R
Maintain open understory with diverse native ground flora.
Prescribed burn. Minimize invasive shrubs. Cut & treat shrubs with herbicide (Round-Up: 50%) Reduce Norway maple population. Girdle or cut & treat trees with herbicide (RoundUp: 50%). Keep free of garlic mustard and dames rocket. Monitor and hand pull.
Sp
Su Fa
Su Fa
Sp
Minimize soil erosion. Beech-Maple Forest Units: H,I,K,L,M Maintain diverse native shrub and ground cover layers.
Maintain existing water bars and install more as needed. Reduce invasive shrubs. Cut & treat shrubs with herbicide (Round-Up: 50%) Reduce Norway maple population. Girdle, cut & treat with herbicide (RoundUp: 50%). Keep free of garlic mustard and dames rocket. Monitor and hand pull newly found plants
An
Su Fa
Su Fa
Sp
Forested Ravines Units: F,G,I
Preserve high quality ravines and maintain diverse native ground flora.
Reduce vinca minor. Use foliar spray of herbicide (Round-Up: 3%) Eliminate garlic mustard and dames rocket. Begin with highest quality areas first. Use foliar spray: (Round-Up: 3-5%) or torch or hand-pull. Reduce invasive shrubs. Scatter brush. Cut & treat with herbicide (Round-Up: 50%)
Fe
Fe
Sp
Su Fa
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Open Field Units: A,B
Restore and maintain old prairie remnant with diverse array of native prairie species. Create sense of openness along trail for park users.
Reduce invasive shrubs. Cut & treat with herbicide (Round-Up: 50%). Clear shrubs along trail. Cut & treat with herbicide (Round-Up: 50%) Prescribed burn (eastern half)
Su Fa
An
Disturbed Areas Units: C,D,E,O,P
Control spread of woody invasives and garlic mustard.
Sp Cut & treat invasive shrubs with herbicide (Round-Up: 50%) Reduce Norway maple population. Girdle, cut & treat with herbicide (RoundUp: 50%). Reduce garlic mustard by pulling or brush blading. Can also apply a foliar spray of herbicide (Round-Up: 50%).
Su Fa
Sp
M Ap
Minimize soil erosion Create sense of openness along trail for park users.
Maintain water bars and trail liners. Install more as needed. Cut & treat invasive shrubs, adjacent to the trail, with herbicide (Round-Up: 50%)
An
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Module Ten Handout A
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
The presence of synthetic chemicals in the environment, especially those designed to control unwanted species (insecticides and herbicides), and the acute and long-term effects of those chemicals on wildlife and humans have been of concern since the publication of Rachel Carsons book Silent Spring in 1962. New evidence indicates that the functioning of animals (including humans) endocrine systems can be severely altered by low-level cumulative exposure to some synthetic chemicals. Many different classes of industrial chemicals released into the environment exhibit potential endocrine-disrupting activities, such as mimicking or blocking the action of natural animal hormones. Exposure to these compounds during critical periods of development (in utero, or early postnatal) can result in irreversible damage to wildlife and to humans. In general, the compounds found in insecticides are usually more toxic than those in most herbicides, as most herbicides block or alter biochemical processes found exclusively in plants. Numerous studies have reported that agricultural and industrial waste chemicals adversely effect wildlife populations. Endocrine-altering compounds, however, can also be found naturally (such as the phytoestrogen genistein, that is found in soy protein). Some studies suggest that the effects of synthetic chemicals are negligible relative to those of naturally occurring plant estrogens. Many synthetic compounds are known to bioaccumulate, which may greatly magnify their effects. It has also been suggested that combinations of synthetic compounds act synergistically with effects far greater than those of any one compound. A review by CAST (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology) published in 2000, concluded that current scientific evidence does not clearly link endocrinedisrupting chemicals with decreased male reproductive capacity or increased rates of breast cancer in women. However, this review did not completely dismiss the potential role that these chemicals may have as causative agents for adverse human health effects. Herbicides are only a small subset of all synthetic chemicals produced, and thus far, only 2,4-D has been implicated for possible endocrine-disrupting impacts. Some reproductive and developmental problems in wildlife populations have been attributed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, but evidence of other effects are far from conclusive.
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Module Ten Handout B
Personal Protection in Herbicide Handling
Adapted from Ohio State Universitys Extension Publication #825 Applying Pesticides Correctly by Jennifer Hillmer, The Nature Conservancy-Ohio PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Herbicide labels indicate the minimum protective equipment required. This may vary by application technique. Cotton, leather, canvas, and other absorbent materials are not chemical resistant, even to dry formulations. Always wear at least a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, sturdy shoes or boots, and socks. The more layers of fabric and air between you and the pesticide, the better the protection. A thick layer of spray starch on clothing will add some protection from pesticides. Hands and forearms usually receive the most pesticide exposure. Wear chemical-resistant gloves, and tuck shirt sleeves into gloves (gloves should reach up the forearm, with cuffs to catch runs and drips). Canvas, cloth, and leather shoes or boots are almost impossible to clean adequately. Wear chemical-resistant rubber boots that come up at least halfway to the knee if the lower legs and feet will be exposed to herbicides or residues. AVOIDING CONTAMINATION Wear chemical-resistant gloves (rubber or plastic such as butyl, nitrile, or polyvinyl chloride are common types). Make sure gloves are clean, in good condition, and worn properly. Replace gloves often. Wash and dry hands before putting on gloves. Wash gloves before removing them. Wash hands thoroughly before eating, drinking, using tobacco products, or going to the bathroom. Cuff gloves if pesticide is expected to run down towards the sleeves. Tuck sleeves into gloves. EYE AND RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PPE labeling might require goggles, face shields, or safety glasses with shields. Some formulas or handling activities pose more risks to eyes than others. Dusts, concentrates, and fine sprays have the highest risk of causing pesticide exposure. There are many types of dust-mist masks and respirators, all of which must fit and be used properly to be effective. Respiratory protection is most important in enclosed spaces or when the applicator will be exposed to pesticides for a long time. Pesticides that can volatilize require the use of respirators. Check label requirements. PERSONAL CLEAN-UP AFTER HERBICIDE USE
Wash gloves and footwear (if possible) with detergent and water before removing them. Change clothing and put clothes used during application in a plastic box or bag, and keep it away from children or pets. Use a mild liquid detergent and warm water to wash your hands, forearms, face, and any other body parts that may have been exposed to pesticides. Take a warm shower and wash your hair and body at the end of the work day.
LAUNDRY Do not wash work clothing and personal protective equipment in the same wash water with the family laundry. Handle with care and wash your hands after loading the machine. If you have chemical-resistant items, follow the manufacturers washing instructions. Wash boots and gloves with hot water and liquid detergent. Wash twice, once outside and once inside. Air-dry boots and gloves. Rinse clothes in a machine or by hand. Wash in plenty of water for dilution and agitation. If using a washing machine, use heavy-duty liquid detergent in hot water for the wash cycles. After washing the clothes, run the washer through one complete cycle with detergent and hot water, but no clothing, to clean the machine. Hang items to dry if possible in plenty of fresh air. Do not hang in living areas. Using a clothes dryer is acceptable, but over time the machine may become contaminated with pesticide residues.
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Module Ten Handout C
Active Ingredient (A.I.) vs. Acid Equivalent (A.E.)
Labels on herbicide containers and instructions for mixing herbicides sometimes use units of herbicide active ingredient (a.i.) or acid equivalent (a.e.). The herbicide may be sold in different concentrations, but units of a.i. or a.e. provide standard measures, so the mixing instructions can apply in all cases. In order to follow these instructions, you will need to determine how many a.i. or a.e. is in an ounce, or quart or liter, of the concentrate on hand. The active ingredient (a.i.) of an herbicide formulation is responsible for its herbicidal activity or ability to kill or suppress plants. The a.i. is always identified on the herbicide label by either its common name or chemical name, or both. Herbicide formulations available for sale commonly contain other so-called inert compounds too. The acid equivalent (a.e.) of an herbicide is just the acid portion of the a.i., and it is this acid portion that is responsible for herbicidal effects. The acid portion (or parent acid) is generally associated with other chemical compounds to form a salt or an ester, which is more stable and better able to move through a plants waxy cuticle, and into the plant. The salt or ester is the a.i. Weak acid herbicides are formulated as salts or esters through the addition of a salt or ester molecular group to the parent acid molecule. This allows the herbicide acid to mix properly with adjuvants and enhances the compounds ability to move into plant tissue. Once the herbicide enters the plant, the salt or ester group is cleaved off the parent molecule, allowing the acid to affect the plant. Because the salt or ester molecular group can vary dramatically in size, a measure of the percent a.i., especially in the case of a weak acid herbicide, does not adequately reflect the percentage of acid in the formulation. Thus, the a.e. is used to determine the amount of the product to be applied. Product labels for weak acid herbicides will list the products percentage of active ingredient, as well as other inert ingredients, at the top of the label. The percentage of acid equivalent in the formulation is usually listed below these percentages in a separate table or paragraph.
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Module Ten Handout D
Pesticide Spill Kit Equipment List
PESTICIDE SPILL KITS Emergency phone numbers Labels and MSDSs of all pesticides on hand Personal Protective Equipment: gloves, footwear, apron, goggles, face shield, respirator Heavy plastic bags for material storage Containment snakes (chemsorb tubes or pads to contain & absorb spilled chemicals) Absorbent materials (cat litter, vermiculite, paper, etc.) Neutralizing agents (bleach and hydrated lime) Sweeping compound for dry spills Shovel, broom, dustpan Heavy duty detergent, chlorine bleach, and water Fire extinguisher certified for all types of fires Sturdy plastic container that closes tightly and will hold the largest quantity of pesticide on hand First aid supplies Fresh water (at least 3 gallons; bring extra for wash-up after application) Eyewash Soap (dish soap or hand soap) Towels Change of clothes Additional items required by labeling ADDITIONAL HERBICIDE FIELD EQUIPMENT Extra application equipment (e.g., squeeze bottles, nalgene bottles, sponges) Funnel Herbicide dyes Herbicide in original containers Extra water, soap, towels, plastic bags
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Module Ten Handout E
Formulations (from The Nature Conservancy Handbook, Chapter 6 on Herbicide Properties)
An herbicide formulation is the total marketed product, and is typically available in forms that can be sprayed on as liquids or applied as dry solids. It includes the active ingredient(s), any additives that enhance herbicide effectiveness, stability, or ease of application such as surfactants and other adjuvants, and any other ingredients including solvents, carriers, or dyes. The application method and species to be treated will determine which formulation is best to use. In most cases, manufacturers produce formulations that make applications and handling simpler and safer. Some herbicides are available in forms that can reduce risk of exposure during mixing, such as pre-measured packets that dissolve in water, or as a liquid form already mixed with surfactant and dye (e.g., Pathfinder II). Sprayable/liquid formulations include: 1. Water-soluble formulations: soluble liquids (SL), soluble powders or packets (SP), and soluble granules (SG). Only a few herbicidal active ingredients readily dissolve in water. These products will not settle out or separate when mixed with water. 2. Emulsifiable formulations (oily liquids): emulsifiable concentrates (E or EC) and gels (GL). These products tend to be easy to handle and store, require little agitation, and will not settle out of solution. Disadvantages of these products are that most can be easily absorbed through the skin and the solvents they contain can cause the rubber and plastic parts of application equipment to deteriorate. 3. Liquid suspensions (L for liquid or F for flowable) that are dispersed in water include: suspension concentrates (SC), aqueous suspensions (AS), emulsions of water-dissolved herbicide in oil (EO), emulsions of an oildissolved herbicide in water (EW), micro-encapsulated formulations (ME), and capsule suspensions (CS). All these products consist of a particulate or liquid droplet active ingredient suspended in a liquid. They are easy to handle and apply, and rarely clog nozzles. However, they can require agitation to keep the active ingredients from separating out. 4. Dry solids that are suspended in water: wetable powders (W or WP), waterdispersible granules (WDG, WG, DG), or dry flowables (DF). These formulations are some of the most widely used. The active ingredient is mixed with a fine particulate carrier, such as clay, to maintain suspension in water. These products tend to be inexpensive, easy to store, and are not as readily absorbed through the skin and eyes as ECs or other liquid formulations. These products, however, can be inhalation hazards during pouring and mixing. In addition, they require constant agitation to maintain suspension and they may be abrasive to application pumps and nozzles. Dry formulations include: 1. Granules (G) Granules consist of the active ingredient absorbed onto coarse particles of clay or other substance, and are most often used in soil applications. These formulations can persist for some time and may need to be incorporated into the soil.
2. Pellets (P) or tablets (TB) Pellets are similar to granules but tend to be more uniform in size and shape. 3. Dusts (D) A dust is a finely ground pesticide combined with an inert or inactive dry carrier. They can pose a drift or inhalation hazard. Salts vs. Esters Many herbicidally active compounds are acids that can be formulated as a salt or an ester for application. Once the compound enters the plant, the salt or ester cation is cleaved off allowing the parent acid (active ingredient) to be transported throughout the plant. When choosing between the salt or ester formulation, consider the following characteristics: Salts Most salts are highly water soluble, which reduces the need for emulsifiers or agitation to keep the compound suspended. Salts are not soluble in oil. Salts generally require a surfactant to facilitate penetration through the plant cuticle (waxy covering of leaves and stems). Salts are less volatile than esters. Salts can dissociate in water. In hard water the parent acid (i.e. the active ingredient) may bind with calcium and magnesium in the water, precipitate out, and be inactivated. Esters Esters can penetrate plant tissues more readily than salts, especially woody tissue Esters generally are more toxic to plants than salts Esters are not water soluble and require an emulsifying agent to remain suspended in water-based solvents Esters have varying degrees of volatility Adjuvants (including surfactants) An adjuvant is any material added to a pesticide mixture that facilitates mixing, application, or pesticide efficacy. An adjuvant enables an applicator to customize a formulation to be most effective in a particular situation. Adjuvants include surfactants, stickers, extenders, activators, compatibility agents, buffers and acidifiers, deposition aids, de-foaming agents, thickeners, and dyes. See the Adjuvant Chapter (Chapter 8) in this handbook for more details on adjuvants. Surfactants Surfactants are the most important adjuvants. They are chemical compounds that facilitate the movement of the active herbicide ingredient into the plant. They may contain varying amounts of fatty acids that are capable of binding to two types of surfaces, such as oil and water. Some herbicide formulations come with a surfactant already added, in others, surfactants can be added prior to application. Whether a surfactant should be added will be determined by the type of herbicide being applied and the target plant. Read the label for recommendations of appropriate surfactants.
Module Ten Handout F
Mechanisms of Dissipation (from The Nature Conservancy Handbook, Chapter 6 on Herbicide Properties)
Dissipation refers to the movement, degradation, or immobilization of an herbicide in the environment. Degradation occurs when an herbicide is decomposed to smaller component compounds, and eventually to CO2, water, and salts through photochemical, chemical, or biological (microbial metabolism) reactions (Freed and Chiou, 1981). Biodegradation accounts for the greatest percentage of degradation for most herbicides (Freed and Chiou, 1981). When a single herbicide degrades, it usually yields several compounds (metabolites), each of which has its own chemical properties including toxicity, adsorption capacity, and resistance to degradation. Some metabolites are more toxic and/or persistent than the parent compound. In most cases, the nature of the metabolites is largely unknown. Photodegradation refers to decomposition by sunlight. Sunlight intensity varies with numerous factors including latitude, season, time of day, weather, pollution, and shading by soil, plants, litter, etc. Studies of the photodegradation of herbicides are often conducted using UV light exclusively, but there is some debate as to whether most UV light actually reaches the surface of the earth. Therefore, photodegradation rates determined in the laboratory may overestimate the importance of this process in the field (Helling et al. 1971). Microbial degradation is decomposition through microbial metabolism. Different microbes can degrade different herbicides, and consequently, the rate of microbial degradation depends on the microbial community present in a given situation (Voos and Groffman, 1997, McCall et al. 1981). Soil conditions that maximize microbial degradation include warmth, moisture, and high organic content. Herbicides may be microbially degraded via one of two routes. They may be metabolized directly when they serve as a source of carbon and energy (i.e. food) for microorganisms (Hutzinger, 1981), or they may be co-metabolized in conjunction with a naturally occurring food source that supports the microbes (Hutzinger, 1981). Herbicides that are co-metabolized do not provide enough energy and/or carbon to support the full rate of microbial metabolism on their own. There is sometimes a lag time before microbial degradation proceeds. This may be because the populations of appropriate microbes or their supplies of necessary enzymes start small, and take time to build-up (Farmer and Aochi 1987, Kearney and Karns 1960). If this lag time is long, other degradation processes may play more important roles in dissipation of the herbicide (Farmer and Aochi 1987). Degradation rates of co-metabolized herbicides tend to remain constant over time.
Chemical decomposition is degradation driven by chemical reactions, including hydrolyzation (reaction with hydrogen, usually in the form of water), oxidation (reaction with oxygen), and disassociation (loss of an ammonium or other chemical group from the parent molecule). The importance of these chemical reactions for herbicide degradation in the field is not clear (Helling et al. 1971). Herbicides may be immobilized by adsorption to soil particles or uptake by nonsusceptible plants. These processes isolate the herbicide and prevent it from moving in the environment, but both adsorption and uptake are reversible. In addition, adsorption can slow or prevent degradation mechanisms that permanently degrade the herbicide. Adsorption refers to the binding of herbicide by soil particles, and rates are influenced by characteristics of the soil and of the herbicide. Adsorption is often dependent on the soil or water pH, which then determines the chemical structure of the herbicide in the environment. Adsorption generally increases with increasing soil organic content, clay content, and cation exchange capacity, and it decreases with increasing pH and temperature. Soil organic content is thought to be the best determinant of herbicide adsorption rates (Farmer and Aochi 1987, Que Hee and Sutherland 1981, Helling et al. 1971). Adsorption is also related to the water solubility of an herbicide, with less soluble herbicides being more strongly adsorbed to soil particles (Helling et al. 1971). Solubility of herbicides in water generally decreases from salt to acid to ester formulations, but there are some exceptions. For example, glyphosate is highly water-soluble and has a strong adsorption capacity. The availability of an herbicide for transport through the environment or for degradation is determined primarily by the adsorption/desorption process (WHO 1984). Adsorption to soil particles can stop or slow the rate of microbial metabolism significantly. In other cases, adsorption can facilitate chemical or biological degradation (Farmer and Aochi 1987). Adsorption can change with time and, in most cases, is reversible (i.e. the herbicide can desorb from the soil or sediments and return to the soil solution or water column). Movement/Volatilization Movement through the environment occurs when herbicides are suspended in surface or subsurface runoff, volatilized during or after application, evaporated from soil and plant surfaces, or leached down into the soil. Although generally studied and discussed separately, these processes actually occur simultaneously and continuously in the environment (Hutzinger 1981). Volatilization occurs as the herbicide passes into the gaseous phase and moves about on the breeze. Volatilization most often occurs during application, but also can occur after the herbicide has been deposited on plants or the soil surface. The volatility of an herbicide is determined primarily by its molecular weight. Most highly volatile herbicides are no longer used.
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Volatility generally increases with increasing temperature and soil moisture, and with decreasing clay and organic matter content (Helling et al. 1971). The use of a surfactant can change the volatility of an herbicide (Que Hee and Sutherland 1981). In extreme cases, losses due to volatilization can be up to 80 or 90% of the total herbicide applied (Taylor and Glotfelty 1988). Of the herbicides described in detail in this handbook, only 2,4-D and triclopyr can present significant volatilization problems in the field (T. Lanini, pers. comm.).
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Module Ten Handout G
Behavior in the Environment (from The Nature Conservancy Handbook, Chapter 6 on Herbicide Properties)
Perhaps the most important factor determining the fate of herbicide in the environment is its solubility in water (Hutzinger 1981). Water-soluble herbicides generally have low adsorption capacities, and are consequently more mobile in the environment and more available for microbial metabolism and other degradation processes. Esters, in general, are relatively insoluble in water, adsorb quickly to soils, penetrate plant tissues readily, and are more volatile than salt and acid formulations (Que Hee and Sutherland 1981). Soils An herbicides persistence in soils is often described by its half-life (also known as the DT50). The half-life is the time it takes for half of the herbicide applied to the soil to dissipate. The half-life gives only a rough estimate of the persistence of an herbicide since the half-life of a particular herbicide can vary significantly depending on soil characteristics, weather (especially temperature and soil moisture), and the vegetation at the site. Dissipation rates often change with time (Parker and Doxtader 1983). For example, McCall et al. (1981) found that the rate of dissipation increased until approximately 20% of the applied herbicide remained, and then declines. Nonetheless, half-life values do provide a means of comparing the relative persistence of herbicides. The distribution of an herbicide in the soil is determined primarily by the amount, type, and surface area of clays and organic matter in the soil, the amount and quality of soil moisture, and soil temperature and soil pH (Helling et al. 1971). Most natural soils have pH values between 5 and 8 (V. Claassen, pers. comm.). Rainfall and the amount of leaching that has occurred strongly influence these values. In wet areas and/or coarse soils, cations can be leached out, leaving the soil acidic. In arid and semi-arid regions, soils retain cations and are more alkaline. Acidic soils can also be found in bogs where organic acids lower the soils pH. Water Water bodies can be contaminated by direct overspray, or when herbicides drift, volatilize, leach through soils to groundwater, or are carried in surface or subsurface runoff. Amounts of leaching and runoff are largely dependent on total rainfall the first few days after an application. Total losses to runoff generally do not exceed five to ten percent of the total applied, even following heavy rains (Taylor and Glotfelty 1988). High soil adsorption capacity, low rates of application and low rainfall reduce total runoff and contamination of local waterways (Bovey et al. 1978). The behavior of an herbicide in water is dictated by its solubility in water. Salts and acids tend to remain dissolved in water until degraded through photolysis or hydrolysis. Esters will often adsorb to the suspended matter in water, and precipitate to the sediments. Once in the sediments, esters can remain adsorbed
to soil particles or be degraded through microbial metabolism. Highly acidic or alkaline waters can chemically alter an herbicide and change its behavior in water. The average pH of surface waters is between five and nine (Hutzinger 1981).
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Module Ten Handout H
Environmental and Human Toxicity (from The Nature Conservancy Handbook, Chapter 6 on Herbicide Properties)
The toxicology information is for the technical grade of the herbicide unless otherwise noted. In some cases, it is not the herbicide itself that is the most toxic component of the applied formula. Adjuvants, such as petroleum solvents (e.g. diesel fuel, deodorized kerosene, methanol), can be highly toxic (Ware 1991). In addition, impurities resulting from the manufacturing process can be more toxic than the active ingredient itself. Birds and Mammals An herbicides toxicity is described by its LD50, which is the dose received either orally (taken through the mouth) or dermally (absorbed through the skin) that kills half the population of study animals. The oral LD50s reported here were determined for adult male rats. The dermal LD50s were determined for rabbits. The LD50 is typically reported in grams of herbicide per kilogram of animal body weight. LD50s are determined under varying circumstances so comparisons between different herbicides may provide only a rough sense of their relative toxicities. Dermal LD50 values may be more meaningful to herbicide applicators because they are more likely to be exposed to herbicide through their skin rather than by oral ingestion. In any event, very few people, even among applicators, are exposed to herbicide doses as high as the LD50. The LD50 does not provide any information about chronic, long-term toxic effects that may result from exposure to lesser doses. Sublethal doses can lead to skin or eye irritation, headache, nausea, and, in more extreme cases, birth defects, genetic disorders, paralysis, cancer, and even death. Impurities derived from the formulation of the herbicide and the adjuvants added to the formulation may be more toxic than the herbicide compound itself, making it difficult to attribute increased risks of cancer or other effects directly to an herbicide (Ibrahim et al. 1991). The most dramatic effects of herbicides on non-target plants and animals often result from the habitat alterations they cause by killing the targeted weeds. For example, loss of invasive riparian plants can cause changes in water temperature and clarity that can potentially impact the entire aquatic community, and the physical structure of the system through bank erosion. Removing a shrubby understory can make a habitat unsuitable for certain bird species and expose small mammals to predation. Aquatic Species An herbicides toxicity to aquatic organisms is quantified with the LC50, which is the concentration of herbicide in water required to kill half of the study animals. The LC50 is typically measured in micrograms of pesticide per liter of water. In general, ester formulations are more dangerous for aquatic species than salt and acid formulations because ester formulations are lipophilic (fat-loving), and
consequently, can pass through the skin and gills of aquatic species relatively easily. Ester formulations, additionally, are not water soluble, and are less likely to be diluted in aquatic systems. Soil Microbes Herbicides have varying effects on soil microbial populations depending on herbicide concentrations and the microbial species present. Low residue levels can enhance populations while higher levels can cause population declines. In many cases, studies are too short in duration to determine the true long-term impacts of herbicide use on soil microbes. Human Toxicology When proper safety precautions are taken, human exposure to herbicides used in natural areas should be minimal. Properly fitted personal protection equipment and well-planned emergency response procedures will minimize exposure from normal use as well as emergency spill situations. Exposure Agricultural workers are often exposed to herbicides when they unintentionally re-enter a treated area too soon following treatment. People who mix and apply herbicides are at the greatest risk of exposure. The most common routes of exposure are through the skin (dermal) or by inhalation (to the lungs). Accidental spills or splashing into the eyes is also possible and with some compounds, can result in severe eye damage and even blindness. Agricultural herbicide applicators are typically exposed to herbicide levels ranging from micrograms to milligrams per cubic meter of air through inhalation, but exposures through the skin are thought to be much greater (Spear 1991). Spilling concentrated herbicide on exposed skin can be the toxic equivalent of working all day in a treated field (Libich et al. 1984). Dermal exposure can occur to the hands (directly or through permeable gloves), splashes onto clothing or exposed skin, and anywhere you wipe your hands (e.g., thighs, brow). Some tests have found relatively high levels of dermal exposure to the crotch and seat of workers who got herbicide on their hands, and then touched or wiped the seat of their vehicles. Because adsorption through the skin is the most common route of exposure for applicators (Marer 1988), the dermal LD50 may provide more practical information on the relative toxicity of an herbicide rather than the oral LD50, which is based on oral ingestion. Toxic Effects A persons reaction to pesticide poisoning depends on the toxicity of the pesticide, the size of the dose, duration of exposure, route of absorption, and the efficiency with which the poison is metabolized and excreted by the persons body (Marer 1988, Ware 1991). Different individuals can have different reactions to the same dose of herbicide. Smaller people are, in general, more sensitive to a given dose than are larger people (Marer 1988).
Herbicides can poison the body by blocking biochemical processes or dissolving or disrupting cell membranes. Small doses may produce no response while large doses can cause severe illness or death. The effects may be localized, such as irritation to the eyes, nose, or throat, or generalized, such as occurs when the compound is distributed through the body via the blood stream. Symptoms can occur immediately after exposure or develop gradually. Injuries are usually reversible, but in extreme cases can be permanently debilitating (Marer 1988). Common symptoms of low-level exposure (such as occurs when mixing or applying herbicides in water) to many herbicides include skin and eye irritation, headache, and nausea. Higher doses (which can occur when handling herbicide concentrates) can cause blurred vision, dizziness, heavy sweating, weakness, stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, extreme thirst, and blistered skin, as well as behavioral alterations such as apprehension, restlessness, and anxiety (Marer 1988). Extreme cases may result in convulsions, unconsciousness, paralysis, and death. Impurities produced during the manufacturing process and adjuvants added to the formulation may be more toxic than the herbicide compound itself. Consequently, LD50s determined for the technical grade of the herbicide may not be the same as that for the brand name formulation. Combinations of herbicides furthermore, can have additive and synergistic effects in which a formulation of two or more herbicides is two to 100 times as toxic as any one of the herbicides alone (Thompson 1996). Labels should be read carefully for manufacturers warnings and safety precautions that may be required for a particular formulation.
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Module Ten Handout I

Cut-Stump Herbicide Wand
Application Tool
This home-made herbicide applicator wand was developed by Jack McGowan-Stinski (TNC Michigan Field Office) as a way to dab herbicides directly onto cut stumps. Easily constructed, its design can be modified for your particular requirements. It costs about $20 to make (and is even cheaper if you already have PVC glue and purple primer). The sponge-tip applicator stores herbicide in its PVC pipe chassis (marked A in Figure 1). A ball valve (B) is used to supply herbicide to the sponge reservoir (C). Herbicide in this small chamber leaks through a flow restricting drip plate (D), and moistens the applicator sponge (E). When the sponge reservoir is depleted of herbicide during use, a quick turn of the valve will recharge it. Rubber gaskets (rendered in grey in Figure 1) let the wand be refilled, or disassembled for cleaning. The ball valve has the important function of keeping the main reservoir separate from the sponge reservoir. If the sponge is pulled out of the wand, only the herbicide in the sponge reservoir will be able to leak out. Furthermore, the flow restrictor ensures that this leakage would be at a dribble. HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN PVC HERBICIDE WAND Parts Required Unless otherwise specified, all the parts are 1 inch diameter PVC fittings. 2threaded female caps 13/4-inch unthreaded female cap 4male couplings, threaded on the male end 145 degree elbow coupling, unthreaded 1ball valve, threaded on both female ends 1pipe piece 12 to 15 inches long 2pipe pieces 1 inch long 1heavy duty (cellulose) sponge 2 x 4 x 1.5 inches 41.25 inch rubber lavatory gaskets (see construction hints, below) Tools/Materials Required PVC purple primer and cement PVC pipe cutters or hacksaw Coarse file for PVC Drill with 1/16 inch and 3/4 inch bits Ruler Scissors (to cut sponge)
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Construction hints: When buying parts for the wand, remember that the wand has four threaded joins which are hand-tightened. Lavatory gaskets ensure the fits are leak proof. When selecting gaskets, try them out on the PVC connectors before you use them. You may need to double up gaskets to make a tight seal. Gaskets with too large of an inner diameter may leak, too. In general, refer to the construction schematics on our web site if you are unclear on any of the instructions (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/tools.html). A) Making the main reservoir: Cement a male threaded coupling onto each end of the 1215 pipe. Place a rubber gasket on one end, followed by a female threaded cap. With the rubber gasket in place, the fit should be leakproof when hand-tightened to a snug fit.
B) Making the sponge reservoir: Depending upon the details of the way your PVC fittings were molded, you may have to innovate to complete this part of the construction. Read this section completely before proceeding! First, cut the end off the 3/4 inch PVC cap, and drill two holes (1/16 inch) in it. The cap (or drip plate) should look like a large shirt-button. The cap should slide snugly into the unthreaded end of a threaded male coupling (you may need to file it a little). Cement it in place as far inside the male coupling as you can. Use a 1 length of pipe to cement the male coupling to the 45 degree elbow coupling. Use another 1 length of pipe to cement the other end of the 45 degree elbow to a male coupling. C) Making the sponge tip: Drill a 3/4 inch diameter hole into a threaded female cap. Make a sponge tip by cutting a square or columnar chunk out of a heavy-duty sponge. A tip 1 inch in diameter and 1.5 inches long should fit snugly in the hole. A metal pipe with sharpened ends can be used to cut out sponge tips. Cut out several, you will need them. D) Completing the wand: Using gaskets, screw the sponge tip to the end of the sponge reservoir nearest the 3/4 inch drip hole disk. Screw the other end into the ball valve. Screw the main reservoir into the other side of the ball valve. How to Use the Wand With ball valve in the closed position, pour the herbicide mix into the main reservoir and replace the fill-cap on the wand. Open the ball valve slightly to let herbicide enter the sponge reservoir. (You may need to loosen the fill-cap to let air into the main reservoir.) Once the sponge tip begins to saturate, close the ball valve (and if necessary, retighten the fill cap). Only a light touch of the saturated sponge tip is needed to apply herbicide to a cut-stump. Open the ball valve when more herbicide is needed in the sponge tip. Helpful Hints --by the wands inventor, Jack McGowan-Stinski (TNC MI) 1) During colder weather the ball valve may have to be left open to allow enough herbicide to saturate the sponge. Drip holes also can be made larger if faster herbicide flow is desired. 2) Do not allow left-over herbicide mix to remain in the reservoir in extreme temperatures. 3) Always clear drip holes of residue before using the applicator. A paper clip works well for cleaning out residues. 4) When the sponge becomes worn, replace it (recommended after every work day at a minimum).
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Volunteer Stewards Manual 5) When using the applicator during freezing conditions, duct tape a disposable chemical hand warmer around the section with the drip hole disk to reduce the chance of drip holes freezing shut. 6) Use an herbicide dye to check for leaks, monitor applications, and identify any exposure to the person using the applicator.
Wand variations While constructing the wand, feel free to innovate and make your own variations to suit your application and parts availability. Just make sure your wand construction does not result in herbicide leakage. For example, wand-originator Jack McGowan-Stinski recommends a slight variation to the wand in which the main handle reservoir is made out of a tube with one female end and one male end (Figure 4). (If you cannot buy a threaded male cap, you may have to construct one out of a regular cap and a threaded male converter, as shown in that figure.) With this configuration, additional tube reservoirs can be stacked together for greater capacity, yet can be broken down for easy transport. If you do this, make sure you are careful when transporting herbicide-soiled PVC connectors to and from your site!
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Module Ten Handout J
Glyphosate
M. Tu, C. Hurd, R. Robison & J.M. Randall Synopsis
Herbicide Basics
Chemical formula: N(phosphonomethyl) glycine Herbicide Family: None generally recognized Target Species: most annual and perennial plants Forms: salts Formulations: SL, EC Mode of Action: amino acid synthesis inhibitor Water Solubility: 900,000 ppm Adsorption potential: high Primary degradation mech: slow microbial metabolism Average Soil Half-life: 47 days Mobility Potential: low Dermal LD50 for rabbits: >5,000 mg/kg Oral LD50 for rats: 5,600 mg/kg LC50 for bluegill sunfish: 120 mg/L Trade Names: RoundUp, RoundUp-Pro, Rodeo, GlyPro, Accord, Glyphomax, Touchdown Manufacturers: Monsanto, Cenex/Land OLakes, Dow AgroSciences, Du Pont, Helena, and Platte.
Glyphosate is a non-selective, systemic herbicide that can control most annual and perennial plants. It controls weeds by inhibiting the synthesis of aromatic amino acids necessary for protein formation in susceptible plants. Glyphosate is strongly adsorbed to soil particles, which prevents it from excessive leaching or from being taken-up from the soil by non-target plants. It is degraded primarily by microbial metabolism, but strong adsorption to soil can inhibit microbial metabolism and slow degradation. Photo- and chemical degradation are not significant in the dissipation of glyphosate from soils. The half-life of glyphosate ranges from several weeks to years, but averages two months. In water, glyphosate is rapidly dissipated through adsorption to suspended and bottom sediments, and has a half-life of 12 days to ten weeks. Glyphosate by itself is of relatively low toxicity to birds, mammals, and fish, and at least one formulation sold as Rodeo is registered for aquatic use. Some surfactants that are included in some formulations of glyphosate, however, are highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and these formulations are not registered for aquatic use. Monsantos patent for glyphosate expired in 2000, and other companies are already selling glyphosate formulations.
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Herbicide Details Chemical Formula: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine Use Against Natural Area Weeds: Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, nonselective systemic herbicide that kills or suppresses many grasses, forbs, vines, shrubs, and trees. Care should be taken, especially in natural areas, to prevent it from being applied to desirable, native plants, because it will likely kill them. In terrestrial systems, glyphosate can be applied to foliage, green stems, and cut-stems (cut-stumps), but cannot penetrate woody bark (Carlisle & Trevors 1988). Only certain formulations of glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo) are registered for aquatic use, as glyphosate by itself is essentially non-toxic to submersed plants (Forney & Davis 1981), but the adjuvents often sold with glyphosate may be toxic to aquatic plants and animals. Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used herbicides in natural areas, because it provides effective control of many species. Natural area weeds that have been controlled with glyphosate include: bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and smooth brome (Bromus inermis). In TNC preserves, glyphosate has been used to control dewberries (Rubus spp.), bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata), and black cherry (Prunus serotina) at Kitty Todd preserve in Ohio, sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis) in Indiana preserves, leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and St. Johns wort/Klamath weed (Hypericum perforatum) in Michigan preserves, and bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and velvetgrass (Holcus lanatus) in Oregon and Washington preserves. In aquatic or wetland systems, glyphosate has successfully controlled common reed (Phragmites australis) in Delaware, Michigan, and Massachusetts preserves, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Indiana and Michigan preserves, reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) in Illinois preserves, and glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and hybrid cattail (Typha x glauca) in Michigan preserves. Mode of Action: Glyphosate kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme 5enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP), which is necessary for the formation of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. These amino acids are important in the synthesis of proteins that link primary and secondary metabolism (Carlisle & Trevors 1988). EPSPs are present in the chloroplast of most plant species, but are not present in animals. Animals need these three amino acids, but obtain them by eating plants or other animals. Glyphosate is therefore, relatively non-toxic to animals (Monsanto Company 1985). Certain surfactants or other ingredients that are added to some glyphosate formulations are toxic to fish and other aquatic species (EXTOXNET 1996). Glyphosate can also act as a competitive inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which is one of the precursors to aromatic amino acid synthesis. It also affects other biochemical processes, and, although these effects are considered secondary, they may be important in the total lethal action of glyphosate. Dissipation Mechanisms: Summary: Glyphosate is degraded primarily by microbial metabolism. Glyphosate is believed to be susceptible to photodegradation (Lund-Hoie & Friestad 1986), but the extent to which this occurs is uncertain. Glyphosate is not significantly degraded by other chemical mechanisms in the field. Glyphosate is strongly adsorbed to soil, which can slow microbial metabolism but prevents excessive movement in the environment. Glyphosate is non-volatile (T. Lanini, pers. obs).
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Volatilization Glyphosate does not volatilize readily when applied in the field (T. Lanini, pers. obs.). Photodegradation Although originally thought to be unaffected by sunlight (Rueppel et al. 1977), later studies found glyphosate to be susceptible to photodegradation (Lund-Hoie & Friestad 1986; Carlisle & Trevors 1988). Lund-Hoie and Friestad (1986) reported a half-life of four days for glyphosate in deionized water under UV light. Microbial Degradation Glyphosate is degraded primarily by microbial metabolism. Two steady rates of degradation have been identified (Rueppel et al. 1977). It has been hypothesized that the more rapid rate of degradation represents the metabolism of unbound glyphosate molecules, while the slower rate represents the metabolism of glyphosate molecules bound to soil particles (Nomura & Hilton 1977; Rueppel et al. 1977). The degradation of glyphosate is slower in soils with a higher adsorption capacity. Degradation rate was also affected by the particular microbial community of each soil (Carlisle & Trevors 1988; Malik et al. 1989). The primary metabolite of glyphosate is aminomethylphosphonic acid, which is non-toxic and degraded microbially at a somewhat slower rate than the parent compound (Nomura & Hilton 1977; Rueppel et al. 1977; Carlisle & Trevors 1988). A number of other minor, biodegradable metabolites have also been identified. Adsorption Glyphosate is water-soluble, but it has an extremely high ability to bind to soil particles. Adsorption of glyphosate increases with increasing clay content, cation exchange capacity, and decreasing soil pH and phosphorous content (Sprankle et al. 1975a,b; Hance 1976; Nomura & Hilton 1977; Rueppel et al. 1977; Glass 1987). Glyphosate is adsorbed to soil particles rapidly during the first hour following application and slowly thereafter (Sprankle et al. 1975b). Strong adsorption to soil particles slows microbial degradation, allowing glyphosate to persist in soils and aquatic environments. Because glyphosate rapidly binds to soils, it has little or no herbicidal activity (killing power) once it touches soil (Sprankle et al. 1975a; Hance 1976; Nomura & Hilton 1977). Glyphosate can also be inactivated by adsorption if mixed with muddy water. Adsorption prevents glyphosate from being mobile in the environment except when the soil particles themselves are washed away (Sprankle et al. 1975b; Rueppel et al. 1977; Roy et al. 1989a). Comes et al. (1976) found that glyphosate sprayed directly into a dry irrigation canal was not detectable in the first irrigation waters flowing through the canal several months later, although glyphosate residues remained in the canal soils. In most cases, glyphosate is quickly adsorbed to suspended and bottom sediments (Feng et al. 1990). Chemical Decomposition Glyphosate is not readily hydrolyzed or oxidized in the field (Rueppel et al. 1977; Anton et al. 1993; Zaranyika & Nyandoro 1993). Behavior in the Environment Summary: Glyphosate binds readily with soil particles, which limits its movement in the environment. It is degraded through microbial metabolism with an average half-life of two months in soils and two to ten weeks in water. In plants, glyphosate is slowly metabolized. Soils Glyphosate is highly water soluble, but unlike most water-soluble herbicides, glyphosate has a very high adsorption capacity. Once glyphosate contacts soil it is rapidly bound to soil particles rendering it essentially immobile (Roy et al. 1989a; Feng & Thompson 1990). Unbound glyphosate molecules are degraded at a steady and relatively rapid rate by soil microbes (Nomura & Hilton 1977; Rueppel et al. 1977). Bound glyphosate molecules also are biologically degraded at a steady, but slower rate. The half-life of glyphosate in soil averages two months but can range from weeks to years (Nomura & Hilton 1977; Rueppel et al. 1977; Newton et al. 1984; Roy et al. 1989a; Feng & Thompson 1990; Anton et al. 1993). Although the strong adsorption of Module Eleven - Handouts Version 12.31.08 Page 84 of 103
Volunteer Stewards Manual glyphosate allows residues to persist for over a year, these residues are largely immobile and do not leach significantly. Feng and Thompson (1990) found that >90% of glyphosate residues were present in the top 15 cm of soil and were present as low as 35 cm down the soil column in only one of 32 samples. Adsorption to soil particles prevents glyphosate from being taken-up by the roots of plants. Water Because glyphosate binds strongly to soils, it is unlikely to enter waters through surface or subsurface runoff except when the soil itself is washed away by runoff, and even then, it remains bound to soil particles and unavailable to plants (Rueppel et al. 1977, Malik et al. 1989). Most glyphosate found in waters likely results from runoff from vegetation surfaces, spray drift, and intentional or unintentional direct overspray. In most cases, glyphosate will dissipate rapidly from natural water bodies through adsorption to organic substances and inorganic clays, degradation, and dilution (Folmar et al. 1979; Feng et al. 1990; Zaranyika & Nyandoro 1993; Paveglio et al. 1996). Residues adsorbed to suspended particles are precipitated into bottom sediments where they can persist until degraded microbially with a half-life that ranges from 12 days to 10 weeks (Goldsborough & Brown 1993; EXTOXNET 1996). At least one study found that >50% of the glyphosate added directly to the waters of an irrigation canal were still present 14.4 km downstream (Comes et al. 1976). Vegetation Glyphosate is metabolized by some, but not all plants (Carlisle & Trevors 1988). It is harmless to most plants once in the soil because it is quickly adsorbed to soil particles, and even when free, it is not readily absorbed by plant roots (Hance 1976). The half-life of glyphosate on foliage has been estimated at 10.4 to 26.6 days (Newton et al. 1984). Roy et al. (1989b) found 14% and 9% of applied glyphosate accumulated in the berries of treated blueberry and raspberry bushes, respectively. These residues dissipated from the fruit with a half-life of <20 days for blueberries and <13 days for raspberries (Roy et al.1989b). Environmental Toxicity Birds and Mammals Glyphosate is of relatively low toxicity to birds and mammals (Evans & Batty 1986). The LD50 of glyphosate for rats is 5,600 mg/kg and for bobwhite quail, >4,640 mg/kg. EPAs Re-registration Eligibility Decision states that blood and pancreatic effects and weight gain were noted during subchronic feeding studies with rats and mice (EPA 1993). Other studies show developmental and reproductive impacts to animals given the highest dose. Newton et al. (1984) examined glyphosate residues in the viscera of herbivores following helicopter application of glyphosate to a forest in Oregon and found residue levels comparable to those found in litter and ground cover (<1.7 mg/kg). These residue levels declined over time and were undetectable after day 55 (Newton et al. 1984). Although carnivores and omnivores exhibited much higher viscera residue levels (5.08 mg/kg maximum), Newton et al. (1984) concluded that carnivores were at lower risk than herbivores due to the lower relative visceral weights and a proportionally lower level of food intake. Batt et al. (1980) found no effect on chicken egg hatchability or time to hatch when an egg was submerged in a solution of 5% glyphosate. Sullivan and Sullivan (1979) found that black-tailed deer showed no aversion to treated foliage and consumption of contaminated forage did not reduce total food intake. Significant impacts to bird and mammal populations due to large-scale habitat alterations following treatment of forest clearcuts with glyphosate have been reported (Morrison & Meslow 1984; Santillo et al. 1989a,b; MacKinnon & Freedman 1993). Aquatic Species Glyphosate itself is of moderate toxicity to fish. The 96-hour LC50 of technical grade glyphosate for bluegill sunfish and rainbow trout are 120 mg/L and 86 mg/L, respectively. Fish exposed to 5 mg/L of glyphosate for two weeks were found to have lung damage and liver damage was observed at glyphosate concentrations of 10 mg/L (Neskovic et al. 1996). The technical grade of Module Eleven - Handouts Version 12.31.08 Page 85 of 103
Volunteer Stewards Manual glyphosate is of moderate toxicity to aquatic species, and the toxicity of different glyphosate formulations can vary considerably. For example, Touchdown 4-LC and Bronco have low LC50s for aquatic species (<13 mg/L), and are not registered for aquatic use. On the other hand, Rodeo has relatively high LC50s (>900 mg/L) for aquatic species and is permitted for use in aquatic systems. The surfactant in Roundup formulations is toxic to fish; however, Rodeo has no surfactant, and is registered for aquatic use. The surfactant X-77 Spreader, which is often used in conjunction with Rodeo, is approximately 100 times more toxic to aquatic invertebrates than Rodeo alone (Henry et al. 1994). The surfactant MONO818 is included in Roundup formulations because it aids the break-down of surface tension on leaf surfaces, but it may also interfere with cutaneous respiration in frogs and gill respiration in tadpoles (Tyler 1997 a,b). In addition, MONO818 is highly toxic to fish (Folmar et al. 1979; Servizi et al. 1987). The LC50 of MONO818 is 2-3 mg/L for sockeye, rainbow, and coho fry (Folmar et al. 1979; Servizi et al. 1987; Tyler 1997 a,b). The LC50 of Roundup for bluegill sunfish and rainbow trout is only slightly higher at 6-14 mg/L and 8-26 mg/L, respectively. Similarly for Daphnia, the 96-hour LC50 of glyphosate alone is 962 mg/L, but the LC50 of Roundup drops to 25.5 mg/L (Servizi et al. 1987). Roundup is therefore not registered for use in aquatic systems. Despite these toxicity levels, Hildebrand et al. (1980) found that Roundup treatments at concentrations up to 220 kg/ha did not significantly affect the survival of Daphnia magna or its food base of diatoms under laboratory conditions. In addition, Simenstad et al. (1996) found no significant differences between benthic communities of algae and invertebrates on untreated mudflats and mudflats treated with Rodeo and X-77 Spreader. It appears that under most conditions, rapid dissipation from aquatic environments of even the most toxic glyphosate formulations prevents build-up of herbicide concentrations that would be lethal to most aquatic species. Other Non-Target Organisms Roberts and Berk (1993) investigated the effects of Roundup on chemoattraction of the protozoa Tetrahymena pyriformis and found that it significantly interfered with chemoreception but not motility. Doses of glyphosate <10 ppm were stimulatory to soil microflora including actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi, while concentrations > 10 ppm had detrimental impacts on microflora populations in one study (Chakravarty & Sidhu 1987). While some short-term studies (< 30 days) found glyphosate caused significant impacts to microbial populations, Roslycky (1982) found that these populations rebound from any temporary increase or decrease within 214 days. Similarly, Tu (1994) found that microorganisms recovered rapidly from treatment with glyphosate and that the herbicide posed no long-term threat to microbial activities. Application Considerations: Glyphosate can be applied using conventional, recirculating, wet apron, hooded and handoperated sprayers; controlled drop, rope-wick, roller, and carpet applicators; mistblowers; injectors; and wipe-on devices (Carlisle & Trevors 1988). Feng et al. (1990) found that 10 meter buffer zones limited unintentional effects through chemical drift and off-target deposits into streams during application, while Marrs et al. (1993) concluded that 20 meters was a safe buffer width. Liu et al. (1996) found that increasing the glyphosate concentration was more effective in controlling weeds than increasing the droplet size. Thielen et al. (1995) concluded that the cations of hard water, including Ca++ and Mg++, can greatly reduce the efficacy of glyphosate when present in a spray solution. Addition of ammonium sulfate or other buffer can precipitate out heavy elements in hard water if added before the herbicide is mixed with water. When glyphosate is used as an aquatic herbicide, do not treat the entire water body at one time. Treat only one-third to one-half of any water body at any one time, to prevent fish kills caused by dissolved oxygen depletion. Safety Measures:
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Some glyphosate formulations are in EPA toxicity categories I and II (the two highest categories) for eye and skin exposure. Care should be taken and protective clothing worn to prevent accidental contact of these formulations on skin or eyes. Human Toxicology: EPA classified glyphosate as a Group E carcinogen or a chemical that has not shown evidence of carcinogenicity in humans (EPA 1993).
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Module Ten Handout K
Triclopyr
M. Tu, C. Hurd, R. Robison & J.M. Randall Synopsis Triclopyr is a selective systemic herbicide used to control woody and herbaceous broadleaf plants along right-of-ways, in forests, and in grasslands and parklands. It has little or no impact on grasses. Triclopyr controls target weeds by mimicking the plant hormone auxin, causing uncontrolled plant growth. There are two basic formulations of triclopyr - a triethyamine salt, and a butoxyethyl ester. In soils, both formulations degrade to the parent compound, triclopyr acid. Degradation occurs primarily through microbial metabolism, but photolysis and hydrolysis can be important as well. The average half-life of triclopyr acid in soils is 30 days. Offsite movement through surface or sub-surface runoff is a possibility with triclopyr acid, as it is relatively persistent and has only moderate rates of adsorption to soil particles. In water, the salt formulation is soluble, and with adequate sunlight, may degrade in several hours. The ester is not water-soluble and can take significantly longer to degrade. It can bind with the organic fraction of the water column and be transported to the sediments. Both the salt and ester formulations are relatively non-toxic to terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. The ester formulation, however, can be extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Because the salt cannot readily penetrate plant cuticles, it is best used as part of a cut-stump treatment or with an effective surfactant. The ester can be highly volatile and is best applied at cool temperatures on days with no wind. The salt formulation (Garlon 3A ) can cause severe eye damage.
Herbicide Basics
Chemical formula: [(3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid Herbicide Family: Pyridine (Picolinic acid) Target Species: Broadleaf herbs and woody species Forms: salt & ester Formulations: EC, SL Mode of Action: Auxin mimic Water solubility: 430 ppm (acid), 23 mg/L (ester), 2,100,000 mg/L (salt) Adsorption potential: Intermediate (higher for ester than salt) Primary degradation mech: Microbial metabolism, photolysis, and hydrolysis Average Soil Half-life: 30 days Mobility Potential: Intermediate Dermal LD50 for rabbits: >2,000 mg/kg Oral LD50 for rats: 713 mg/kg LC50 for bluegill sunfish: 148 mg/L Trade Names: Garlon and Access

Manufacturers: Dow Agro-Sciences and Platte
Triclopyr acid
Triethylamine salt
Butoxyethyl ester
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Herbicide Details Chemical Formula: [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid Use Against Natural Area Weeds: Triclopyr is used to control broadleaf herbs and woody species (WSSA 1994). It is particularly effective at controlling woody species with cut-stump or basal bark treatments. Susceptible species include the brooms (Cytisus spp., Genista spp., and Spartium spp.), the gorses (Ulex spp.), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Triclopyr ester formulations are especially effective against root- or stem-sprouting species such as buckthorns (Rhamnus spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), because triclopyr remains persistent in plants until they die. Even though offsite movement of triclopyr acid through surface or sub-surface runoff is a possibility, triclopyr is one of the most commonly used herbicides against woody species in natural areas. Bill Neil, who has worked extensively on tamarisk/saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) control, concluded that Pathfinder II , a triclopyr ester formulation by DowElanco, is the most cost effective herbicide for combating saltcedar. On preserves across the U.S., triclopyr has provided good control of tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), salt cedar (Tamarix spp.), glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius), and Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum). TNC preserves in Hawaii have successfully used triclopyr to control blackwood acacia (Acacia melanoxylon), bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa), corkystem passionflower (Passiflora suberosa), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), Florida prickly blackberry (Rubus argutus), Mexican weeping pine (Pinus patula), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum), tropical ash (Fraxinus uhdei), and velvet leaf (Miconia calvescens). Triclopyr can also be used in forest plantations to control brush without significant impacts to conifers (Kelpsas & White). Spruces (Picea spp.) can tolerate triclopyr, but some species of pine (Pinus spp.) however, can only tolerate triclopyr during the dormant fall and winter months (Jotcham et al. 1989). Mode of Action: Triclopyr is an auxin mimic or synthetic auxin. This type of herbicide kills the target weed by mimicking the plant growth hormone auxin (indole acetic acid), and when administered at effective doses, causes uncontrolled and disorganized plant growth that leads to plant death. The exact mode of action of triclopyr has not been fully described, but it is believed to acidify and loosen cell walls, allowing cells to expand without normal control and coordination. Low concentrations of triclopyr can stimulate RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis leading to uncontrolled cell division and growth, and, ultimately, vascular tissue destruction. Conversely, high concentrations of triclopyr can inhibit cell division and growth. Dissipation Mechanisms: Summary: Both the ester and amine formulations are degraded by sunlight, microbial metabolism, and hydrolysis. In soils, both the ester and amine formulations will degrade rapidly to the parent compound, triclopyr acid. The acid and salt formulations bind well with soils, and therefore, are not likely to be mobile in the environment. The salt however, does not readily adsorb and can be mobile. The ester can be highly volatile (T. Lanini, pers. com.). Volatilization Ester formulations of triclopyr can be highly volatile, and care should be taken in their application. The potential to volatilize increases with increasing temperature, increasing soil moisture, and decreasing clay and organic matter content (Helling et al. 1971). Photodegradation Both the ester and salt formulations are degraded readily in sunlight to the parent compound, triclopyr acid, which is also photodegradable. A study of photolysis found the half-life of triclopyr acid on soil under midsummer sun was two hours (McCall & Gavit 1986). Photodegradation can
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Volunteer Stewards Manual be particularly important in water. Johnson et al. (1995) found triclopyr acid dissolved in water had a half-life due to photolysis of one to 12 hours. Microbial Degradation Microbial metabolism accounts for a significant percentage of triclopyr degradation in soils. In general, warm, moist soils with a high organic content will support the largest microbial populations and the highest rates of herbicide metabolism (Newton et al. 1990). Johnson et al. (1995a) found that microbial degradation of triclopyr was significantly higher in moist versus dry soils, and higher at 30 C than at 15 C (DT50 is 46 days versus 98 days in dry soils, and 57 days versus 199 days in moist soils, respectively. Additionally, the presence of sunlight plays a role in the rates of microbial metabolism of triclopyr. Johnson et al. (1995a) found that microbial metabolism was slowed when soil was deprived of light. Chemical Decomposition Hydrolysis of both the salt and ester to the acid form occurs readily in the environment and within plants (Smith 1976). McCall and Gavit (1986) reported that the ester was converted to an acid with a half-life of three hours, and that the rate of hydrolysis in water increased with an increase in pH. Adsorption Adsorption temporarily or permanently immobilizes triclopyr, but adsorption is not degradation. Adsorption is more important for the immobilization of the ester than of the salt formulation. The ester binds readily with the organic component of the soil, with adsorption rates increasing as organic content increases and soil pH decreases (Pusino et al. 1994; Johnson et al. 1995a). The salt form is soluble in water and binds only weakly with soil (McCall & Gavit 1986). The strong bond between the ester and soils accounts for the relatively low mobility of the ester in soils, whereas the salt form is much more mobile (McCall & Gavit 1986). In practice, however, both compounds are degraded rapidly to triclopyr acid, which has an intermediate adsorption capacity. Behavior in the Environment Summary: In soils, both formulations are degraded by photolysis, microbial metabolism, and hydrolysis to the parent compound, triclopyr acid. Triclopyr acid has an intermediate adsorption potential, limiting movement of the acid in the environment. The acid degrades with an average half-life of 30 days. In water, the salt will remain in the water column until it is degraded, which can occur in as little as a few hours under favorable conditions. The ester formulation, however, is not water-soluble and can take significantly longer to degrade in water. Within plants, both the salt and ester formulations are hydrolyzed to the acid form, and transported through the plant. Residues can persist in the plant until the tissues are degraded in the environment. Soils Both the ester and salt formulations degrade rapidly in soils to triclopyr acid, and thereafter, behave similarly in soils. Adsorption, photodegradation, microbial metabolism, and volatility, can all play a role in the dissipation of triclopyr from soils. The reported half-life of triclopyr in soils varies from 3.7 to 314 days, but averages 30 days, depending on the formulation applied and the specific soil and environmental conditions. If soil conditions are warm and moist, microbial metabolism can be the primary means of degradation (Newton et al. 1990). Johnson et al. (1995a) reported an average half-life of triclopyr acid in four laboratory soils of 138 days, but this time varied significantly with soil temperature. At 15C half-lives ranged from 64314 days, while at 30C half-lives were 9-135 days (Johnson et al. 1995). In Southwest Oregon, Newton et al. (1990) found 24-51% of triclopyr residues remained after 37 days in a dry and cool climate. Following an increase in warmth and moisture, however, dissipation increased dramatically and triclopyr residues exhibited a half-life of 11-25 days. In a study of triclopyr persistence in soil and water associated with rice production, triclopyr had a half-life of less than ten days in the three soil types tested (Johnson et al. 1995b). In a pasture near Corvallis, Oregon, the half-life of triclopyr acid was estimated to be 3.7 days (Norris et al. 1987).
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Because of the importance of photodegradation and a decrease in the size of microbial populations with soil depth, triclopyr located deeper in the soil column (>15 cm) degrades more slowly than residues near the surface (Johnson et al. 1995a). Traces of triclopyr residues have been found at soil depths of 45 cm as late as 477 days after application (Newton et al. 1990). Sandy soils that are highly permeable may therefore retain triclopyr longer. Most studies, however, found that triclopyr generally does not tend to move in significant quantities below the top 15 cm of soil (Norris et al. 1987; Newton et al. 1990; Stephenson 1990; Johnson et al. 1995a). Water In water, the two formulations can behave very differently. The water-soluble salt is degraded in the water column through photolysis and hydrolysis (McCall & Gavit 1985). The ester, however, is not water-soluble and can be persistent in aquatic environments. The ester binds to organic particles in the water column and precipitates to the sediment layers (McCall & Gavit 1986). Bound ester molecules will degrade through hydrolysis or photolysis to triclopyr acid (Smith 1976), which will move back into the water column and continue to degrade. The rate of degradation is dependent on the water temperature, pH, and sediment content. Triclopyr acid has an intermediate soil adsorption capacity. Thus, movement of small amounts of triclopyr residues following the first significant rainfall are likely (McCall & Gavit 1986), but further leaching is believed to be minor (Newton et al. 1990; Stephenson et al. 1990; Thompson et al. 1991). Movement of triclopyr through surface and subsurface runoff in areas with minimal rainfall is believed to be negligible (Newton et al. 1990; Stephenson et al. 1990). In southwest Oregon, Norris et al. (1987) found that neither leaching nor long-distance overland water flow contributed significant amounts of the herbicide into a nearby stream, and concluded that the use of triclopyr posed little risk for non-target organisms or downstream water users. Triclopyr can, however, enter waterways via aerial drift and inadvertent overspray. When the acid was applied to rice paddy fields, residues remained in the water column and were not found in significant amounts in the soil (Johnson et al. 1995b). Degradation in water was rapid and showed a half-life of four days. Vegetation Both the ester and salt formulations are hydrolyzed to the acid after entering plant tissue. The acid tends to remain in plants until they die or dop leaves and begin to decay (Newton et al. 1990). Newton et al. (1990) reported that triclopyr in evergreen foliage and twigs showed remarkable persistence. Although concentrations of triclopyr in the soil will decrease quickly and remain low through the winter, levels can rise again in the spring if a new supply of contaminated foliage falls from defoliating crowns (Newton et al. 1990). The residues of some herbicides in fruit have been shown to persist up to one month (Holmes et al. 1994). There is therefore a potential for long-term exposure of triclopyr to animal species that eat wild fruit. In non-target plants, triclopyr soil residues can cause damage via root uptake (Newton et al. 1990). Environmental Toxicity Birds and Mammals Triclopyr is regarded as only slightly toxic to birds and mammals. The oral LD50 for rats is 630729 mg/kg. The LD50s for mallard ducks and bobwhite quail are 1,698 mg/kg and 2,935 mg/kg, respectively. Newton et al. (1990) predicted that triclopyr would not be present in animal forage in doses large enough to cause either acute or chronic effects to wildlife, and concluded that the tendency for triclopyr to dissipate quickly in the environment would preclude any problems with bioaccumulation in the food chain. Garlon 3A can cause severe eye damage to both humans and wildlife, due to the high pH of its water-soluble amine salt base. Care must be taken during mixing and application to prevent accidental splashing into eyes. In a study of the potential effects of herbicide residues on forest songbirds, sub-lethal doses of triclopyr ester (500 mg/kg in the diet for 29 days) were found to cause weight loss and behavior alterations in zebra finches (Holmes et al. 1994). In a 1987 study of triclopyr metabolism using one cow, all traces of triclopyr were eliminated from the cows urine within 24 hours, and no Module Eleven - Handouts Version 12.31.08 Page 91 of 103
Volunteer Stewards Manual residues were detected in its milk or feces. This study, however, did not track whether any triclopyr was absorbed into the cows tissues, or whether the triclopyr recovered in the urine was still active (Eckerlin 1987). Aquatic Species Triclopyr acid and the salt formulation are slightly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. The LC50 of the acid and the salt formulation for rainbow trout are 117 mg/L and 552 mg/L, respectively, and for bluegill sunfish 148 mg/L and 891 mg/L, respectively. The ester formulation is highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates, with an LC50 (96-hour) of 0.74 mg/L in rainbow trout and 0.87 mg/L in bluegill sunfish (WSSA 1994; EPA 1998). The hydrophobic nature of the ester allows it to be readily absorbed through fish tissues where is it rapidly converted to triclopyr acid. The acid can be accumulated to a toxic level when fish are exposed to sufficient concentrations or for sufficient durations. The extent to which the toxic effects of the ester are reduced by degradation is poorly understood. Studies have shown that the ester formulation degrades rapidly to less toxic forms (Thompson et al. 1991). Kreutzweiser et al. (1994) however, has shown that there is a significant chance of acute lethal effects to fish exposed to low level residues for more than six hours. In addition, delayed lethal effects were seen in fish exposed to high concentrations for a short duration. Considering that Thompson et al. (1991) concluded that organisms subjected to direct overspray were exposed to a high level of herbicide for short periods of time while organisms downstream were exposed to low levels for longer periods, the findings of Kreutzweiser et al. (1994) are of concern. Nevertheless, most authors including the authors of the fish mortality study have concluded that if applied properly, triclopyr would not be found in concentrations adequate to kill aquatic organisms. As a measure of precaution, however, Kreutzweiser et al. (1991) suggest that some water bodies remain at risk of lethal contamination levels including shallow and slow moving water bodies where dissipation is slow, and heavily shaded streams that experience reduced photodegradation. Other Non-Target Organisms Triclopyr inhibited growth of four types of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with conifer roots at concentrations of 1,000 parts per million (ppm) and higher (Estok et al. 1989). Some evidence of inhibition of fungal growth was detected in bioassays with as little as 100 ppm triclopyr. Typical usage in forest plantations, however, results in triclopyr residues of only four to 18 ppm on the forest floor (Estok et al. 1989). Application Considerations: Application Under Unusual Conditions: Several natural area managers have found that Garlon 4 and 3A are effective when applied in mid-winter as a cut-stump treatment against buckthorns (Rhamnus cathartica and R. frangula). It is often easier to get to these plants when boggy soils around them are frozen. Randy Heidorn, Deputy Director for Stewardship of the Illinois Nature Preserve Commission (INPC), recommends three protocols to increase the safety of triclopyr ester application in winter: (1) use a mineral oil based carrier; (2) make sure that at the time of application, no water is at or above the ground surface, and no snow or ice is present that might serve as a route to spread the herbicide following a thaw, and; (3) initiate a monitoring program to assess ambient water concentrations of triclopyr ester in communities that seasonally have water at or above the ground surface with little or no discharge (i.e. bogs). Safety Measures The salt formulation in Garlon 3A can cause severe eye damage because of the high pH of its water-soluble amine salt base. Care should be taken to prevent splashing or other accident contact with eyes.
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Human Toxicology Because studies into the carcinogenicity of triclopyr have produced conflicting results, EPA has categorized triclopyr as a Group D compound, or a chemical that is not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. The salt formulation in Garlon 3A can cause severe eye damage.
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Module Ten Handout L

DATE OF APPLICATION: AREAS/ UNITS TREATED:
Pesticide Application Record

PARK:
PESTICIDE USED: (% ACTIVE INGREDIENT OF CONCENTRATED FORM)

ROUNDUP PRO (41%) RODEO (53.8%) FUSELADE II (24.5%) OTHER ( %)
MIXING RATIO (HERBICIDE: WATER): MIXTURE % ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
MIXTURE AMT REUSED (DATE, SITE) __________________

AMT MADE AMT UN-USED AMT APPLIED = = =
PESTICIDE AMT IN REUSED

AMT IN MADE = = __________
APPLICATION METHOD: PLANT(S) CONTROLLED:
START TIME:______________________ COMPLETION TIME: ___________________________ HERBICIDER HOURS: ______ OTHER HOURS (Cutters, Haulers, etc.)_____________ WEATHER: CONDITIONS TEMP SIGNS POSTED: # WHERE SIGNS REMOVED: # DATE TIME DATE WINDSPEED/ DIRECTION TIME
INDIVIDUALS NOTIFIED:
APPLICATOR SIGNATURE(S):
SUPERVISORS SIGNATURE: Module Eleven - Handouts Version 12.31.08 Page 94 of 103
Module Ten Handout M Release of Liability by Volunteers Using Herbicides (from Natural Area Preservation) In consideration of receiving permission from organization name to use herbicides in designated parkland for the purpose controlling invasive trees and vegetation, I, the undersigned, state and agree as follows:
1.
I agree to abide by the instructions given to me by the organization name Coordinator, Technician or other staff associated with the restoration activities. I understand that I must comply with all the training and safety requirements of my volunteer position as a certified pesticide applicator / volunteer pesticide applicator. I further understand that it is my responsibility to use herbicides only if I have received appropriate organization name training, have been certified to do so, am confident that I can apply safely, and am wearing the proper personal protective equipment.
2.
3. I further agree I will not undertake any activity until I have been informed of, and understand my role in, the restoration activities, including the actions I am to take in those activities. 4. I understand that the activities in which I will be participating may be inherently dangerous and/or involve strenuous physical activity. I agree to take all reasonable precautions to avoid injury to myself and to others and damage to property in connection with restoration activities.
5.
I agree to waive and release the organization name, its officers, directors, employees and other volunteers, from all claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs and expenses resulting from the injury to or the death of any person or persons, or because of damage to property that may arise out of, or as a consequence of, my negligent or intentional acts while using herbicides during restoration activities. This waiver, however, is not intended to prevent me from claiming such benefits as may be afforded under the organization names Volunteer Liability Insurance Policy. By signing below, I acknowledge that I understand the contents of this release, that I have presented this release to the representative of organization name set forth below, and that I am at least 18 years of age. _____________________ Date ______________________ Print
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6.
_________________________________ Signature of organization name Representative ____________________________ Signature of Volunteer

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Module Ten Handout N
Job Description: Volunteer Herbicide Applicator (from Natural Area Preservation)
Volunteer herbicide applicators will be carefully screened, certified and trained to ensure a high level of safety and compliance with established procedures when conducting restoration activities. Volunteers will only use the cut-stump and drill and fill herbicide application methods to help complete restoration projects. Responsibilities: 1. Assist organization name staff in restoration efforts by applying herbicides in a safe and responsible manner to carry out mutually agreed upon restoration activities. 2. Stay current and comply with all herbicide program protocols, safety techniques, and applicable laws and regulations. 3. Notify and coordinate with the organization name Technician prior to every herbicide application in parks. Submit pesticide application records and maps of treatment areas to the Technician after each application event. 4. Meet with organization name staff to mix herbicides, and get; herbicides, spill kit, and documentation sheets. All of which must be returned as soon as possible (within three days). Skills Involved: Familiarity with the cut-stump and drill and fill herbicide application methods. Ability to calculate appropriate herbicide mixtures for the restoration activity at hand. Physical and intellectual ability and readiness to respond to potentially hazardous situations that require immediate action and attention. Safety & Training: Volunteer Herbicide Applicators must pass a State exam to become a certified Commercial Pesticide Applicator within the State of Michigan. Cost for the exam is $75.00, which organization name will reimburse to volunteers once they have successfully passed the certification exam and their probationary training period. Each volunteer will receive instructions and information concerning the site and the scope of the restoration projectincluding why the project is being done, what needs to be accomplished, and how to carry out the project safely. Each herbicide applicator will be trained for basic safety, as well as handling and mixing procedures prior to applying any herbicides. Prior to application, volunteers must consult the Citizen Registry (filed at organization name) to check for individuals who have requested notification of any pesticide applications near their homes. Applicators are required to notify any person from the list who resides within 100 yards of the area of application. Herbicide applicators must wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including: eye protection, chemical resistant gloves, long-sleeved shirt, long pants (or Tyvek), chemical-resistant boots, and ear protection.
Volunteers should always be alert and watchful when applying and handling herbicides in an effort to minimize accidents (e.g. reduce possible pesticide contamination of surface and groundwater sources).
Herbicide Certification Requirements: 1. Must be at least 18 years of age. 2. Minimum of one year Volunteer Stewarding experience with organization name. 3. Commitment to receive training and pass field skills tests. 4. Must be a certified Commercial Pesticide Applicator for the State of Michigan. 5. Authorization and approval by organization name Manager is required to become a Volunteer Herbicide Applicator. 6. Must conduct a minimum of two probationary field visits (totaling 8 hours) alongside field staff. After these two events, organization name staff will conduct an evaluation to determine the volunteers ability to work autonomously. 7. Sign and date the Release of Liability by Volunteers using Herbicides form, to be kept on file with organization name.
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Module Ten Handout O
Study Guide to Passing the Pesticide Applicator Exam (from Natural Area Preservation)
This guide has been designed and written with you, the casual pesticide applicator, in mind. Use this guide as a study aide in your journey through the wonderful world of pesticide applicator training. Remember this is only a guide. You still must read through and study the Pesticide Applicator Core Training Manual (Part A) and one of the category manuals (Right-of-Way, Forest, or Ornamental). And relax! You only need to get a 70% to pass and receive your certification. Furthermore, its all multiple choice. So knock em dead; the invasives that is! And remember, glyphosate kills everything plant-like. Proceed with caution. Key Study Ideas Take your time. No need to hurry. Give a day for each chapter. Be able to answer the learning objectives after you study the chapter. Review them the following day before moving on to the next chapter. If you can answer the learning objectives you will pass easily. Answer the review questions after answering the learning objectives. The simplest answer is generally the correct one. Key Pesticide Application Concepts The label is the law: ALWAYS Integrated approaches are ALWAYS the best (identify the pest and its susceptibility before evaluating whether pesticide use is appropriate and deciding the technique to use). Chapter 1: Principles of Pest Management You will be asked about the steps in implementing integrated pest management. Think about the most thorough and robust methods of controlling a pest. Make sure you know why a particular species is considered a pest. The goal of this chapter is to prevent pest control failures. Think of what options will allow you to succeed in your goal of controlling pests Chapter 2: Laws and Regulations You will be asked about which laws and regulations address which aspects of pesticide use (know the acronyms and regulation numbers), and you will be asked about the basic requirements of the law. EPA regulates pesticides through Office of Pesticide Program (OPP). The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is the law. Records must be made of many things (know them), and provided upon request.
Department of Transportation (DOT) has specific rules on transport of pesticides. Michigan laws recodified into Act 451, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, in 1995, including protection of surface waters from pesticide. Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA) is in charge of pesticides in Michigan. Regulation 636: criteria for registered applicator standards, records must be kept (one year from time of application), Regulation 637: standards for pesticide use. LABEL LAW!!! Regulation 640: requirements for LARGE quantities of pesticide.
Chapter 3: Pesticides You will need to know different categories of pesticide and their characteristics and function, along with their interactions with each other and other chemicals. -cide. Latin for to kill. Ex., Miticide is a compound that kills mites. Can be classified many ways: by the pest managed, the function, mode of action, application technique, chemistry, and regulatory status. Know as many examples as you can for each classification, particularly the pests managed. Inorganic means no carbon, generally some type of mineral. Organic means yes carbon, may be natural or synthetic. Botanical comes from plants, and microbial comes from virus (rare), fungi, or bacteria (Bt). What is the mode of action and how does this relate to resistance. Inert ingredients may still be harmful to human health or environment. Know as many examples of formulations as you can, and their basic properties. i.e. emulsifiable concentrate (EC) for dispersing the active ingredient as very small droplets into another liquid, for a variety of pests and application equipment, or granules (G) for dispersing active ingredient into soil or water for grub or mosquito control. Adjuvants are substances added to a formulation. Know examples and why they are used, i.e. Surfactants (surface active ingredients) such as spreaders that coat the treated surface evenly, foaming agents that reduce drift, and compatibility agents or buffers that help with mixing. Have you been keeping up on the learning objectives and answering the review questions? Chapter 4: Pesticide Labeling and Registration You will need to understand the different parts of pesticide labeling, and how to interpret the terminology used. Always read the label and labeling (included brochures, leaflets, pamphlets). THE LABEL IS THE LAW. The labeling tells you
everything about ingredients, formulation, safety, hazards, equipment statement, environmental, physical, and chemical hazards, and directions for use. Be careful of Brand Name products. Similar brand names may have different active ingredients. Vice-versa, different brand names may have the same active ingredient in the same formulation. Four levels of toxicity: Danger and Poison, Danger, Warning, and Caution. Which is the most toxic? Occasionally, some directions will be referenced in other publications such as an MSU bulletin.
Chapter 5: Pesticides in the Environment You will be asked about ways in which pesticides enter and affect the environment, and ways to minimize those effects. Point-source pollution can be identified (pesticide spill on a road), non point-source can not be identified and is diffuse (all the run-off from all the farms polluting the Gulf of Mexico.) Sensitive areas include: nature areas w/ endangered species, gardens, surface waters, schools, hospitals, food or feed processing facilities, areas where people live, work, or are regularly present. Pesticides may move from where they are applied. Volatilization (liquid turning into gas) is important when the temperature gets high and there is air movement. Runoff is when the pesticide moves in water across the landscape. Pesticides can also move into the groundwater by percolating through porous soils. Think of the factors that would cause a liquid or gas to move in nature or in a building: wind, ventilation, spills, clothing, animals. Most microbial activity occurs within the top 12 inches of soil. Pesticides with chlorine resist degradation. Most groundwater pollution is non point-source. Chapter 6: Pesticides and Human Health You will be asked about ways in which pesticides enter and affect the human body. Hazard = toxicity + exposure. The best way to avoid or minimize hazard is to know what you are using and how to use it. Read and follow the label. Exposure can happen whenever pesticides are handled. The genital area is the most absorptive. Other highly absorptive areas include: scalp, ear canal, forehead, through cuts and scrapes, and hot, sweaty skin. Acute exposure is the most common type of pesticide poisoning. LD50 is the Lethal Dose of pesticide that would kill 50 percent of the population. Lower LD50 (or LC50) means higher toxicity! This means less chemical is needed to cause a fatality.
LD50 only measures the amount of pesticide exposure that will cause death. It does not give information on chronic exposure or other, less serious toxic effects of poisoning. The best first aid is to stop the source of pesticide exposure. Insecticide Carbamates and Organophospates require special attention as they work on the nervous system. Organophosphates are involved in more pesticide poisonings than any other: interfere with cholinesterase causing muscles to continuously twitch; irreversible in the body, thus causing chronic exposure problems. Carbamates have effects that are reversible over time. If pesticide gets into the lungs it can travel around the body VERY quickly.
Chapter 7: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) You will need to know ways to minimize personal exposure to pesticides. Regulation 637 states that you must use the PPE listed on the pesticide label. Greatest risk and potential for exposure occurs during mixing, loading, or applying the pesticide. Latex has natural pores and is not good as PPE. Materials must be chemically-resistant to the solvents in the pesticide formulation, rather than the pesticide itself. Check the formulation. At a minimum, no skin should be exposed: use long sleeves, pants, gloves and boots. Launder protective clothing separate from family clothing! Any clothing saturated in pesticide should be disposed of. Use hot water, liquid detergent, and hang dry if possible. WASH YOUR HANDS. Chapter 8: Safe Pesticide Handling You will be asked about ways to mix, transport and store pesticides to minimize the risk of a spill, and what to do if a spill occurs. Always be prepared for spills, injuries and poisonings. What emergency supplies are needed? What precautions will limit accidents from occurring? Keep water source free of pesticides. Triple-rinse or pressure-rinse. Apply pesticide so that you are backing out of the area being treated. Common sense always applies. Avoid getting pesticide on yourself, others, non-target plants, animals, insects, or water. Only apply pesticide to that which needs to be.
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Now make sure youve reviewed all the learning objectives and answered the review questions. Do you feel confident? You should! If you can answer these questions, the exam will be a piece of cake. Remember, this guide is not inclusive. It is only here to guide you along and give you things to think about. The two best bits of advice we can give are to take your time studying and relax. Reading the chapter and answering both the learning objectives and review question should only take about an hour. Though it may seem like a substantial investment of time, the benefits will be profound. The knowledge gained by studying will allow you to make informed decisions on pesticide application. It will also keep you and others safer because of your ability to handle accidents properly. Furthermore, you will now have one of the most important, and powerful, tools available to restorationists. You will save many hours of backbreaking work with a proper application of herbicide. Say goodbye to re-sprouting buckthorn and honeysuckle forever!
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Volunteer Stewards Manual Module Ten Handout P Certification Exam Frequently Asked Questions (from Natural Area Preservation)
Which tests do crew and volunteers need to take? Certified Commercial Applicator ($75 test fee) 1. The Core Exam Part A 2. One of the following: Right-of-Way (6), or Forest Pest Management (2), or Ornamental Pests (3B). Aquatic (5) is only necessary if applying pesticide in a manner where there is potential for it to come into contact with standing water (i.e. not bloody glove, but yes for foliar spray). This is not necessary for regular activities. Note that state law does NOT require volunteers to be certified when applying general use herbicides correctly under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. What happens if I take the test but dont pass it? No additional fee is charged for re-taking the exam. You may re-take the exam anytime within 6 months, except you are not allowed to re-take the exam during the same session. You are allowed to re-take it the same day if another test session is offered later in the day and there is an opening in that session. If you pass the core exam and one or more category exams, but you fail one of the other category exams: a.) If you dont really need that category, you can ask them to delete that category from your record and issue your certification without it. b.) If you do need that category, you can re-take it within 6 months, and you are certified in the categories that you did pass, but your card wont be issued until you pass in that category. How do I add a category or renew my certification? To add a category, you must pay the $75 test fee, but you only need to take that category exam (you do not need to take the Core exam). To renew, you must wait until the renewal notice is issued, usually in October of the year in which your license expires. You may not renew early. If you want your state records to show continuous certification (such as for trainers of Registered Applicators), you must renew before your certification expires on December 31. Example: Your license expires at the end of the year but you want to add a category in August. You must take the category exam in August ($75), and you must take the Core Exam and the category exam after you receive your renewal notice in October ($75).
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Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Number Eleven

Handouts and Forms

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

I also confirm the following:

Power equipment was used only by the following people: Name(s):

Name Signature Date

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Length of call _________

CALLERS VOICE o Calm o o Angry o o Excited o o Slow o o Rapid o o Soft o o Loud o

Laughing Crying Normal Distinct Slurred Nasal Stutter

o Disguised o Accent o Familiar

If voice is familiar, who does it sound like?

BACKGROUND SOUNDS o Street noises o o Crockery o o Long distance o o Booth o

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual Position_____________________________________

Telephone: O (Home) O (Work) O (Cell) O E-mail:

Reasons for Applying

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Previous conservation/environmental experiences including any volunteer experience:

Other relevant skills background or interests:

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Three Handout A Park Leader(s) Group (if any) Activity

Workday Preparation Checklist (from Natural Area Preservation) Date Time

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Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Three Handout B

Group Stewardship Info Gathering Email (from Natural Area Preservation)

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Three Handout C

Group Stewardship Processing Sheet (from Natural Area Preservation)

Additional comments / past work events:

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual

Volunteer Steward Planning Feedback Form (from Natural Area Preservation)

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Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Three Handout E

Volunteer Steward Event Evaluation (from Natural Area Preservation)

Staff support (who?): Other:

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Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Three Handout F Report

Monthly Stewardship Project Management (from Natural Area Preservation)

Monthly Report FOR MONTH ENDING Volunteer/Outreach Activities

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Volunteer Stewards Manual

Module Three Handout G

Module Eleven Handouts

Volunteer Stewards Manual