Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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International cooperation
Bull chosen to provide the Rokkasho supercomputer: International research on controlled nuclear fusion Euro-MPs visit Cadarache Overhauling the worlds medical radioisotopes market ICOS: a future European network for monitoring greenhouse gas sources and sinks 6th edition of ENEF Nanogenotox, towards harmonization of European nanotoxicology Chronic diseases Franco-Tunisian energy cooperation The stars of the battery world 40th anniversary of ICN Pitesti Prolongation and extension of the CEA-UJV Agreement Characterization techniques in sight Inauguration of the I2EN and the JANNuS platform
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Personal fulfilment
A transatlantic summer Dreaming of a final at the MIT The International Institute of Nuclear Energy
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Scientific insights
Energetic colors Predicting the toughness of steel A shorter pyrolysis process Soleil en Tte moves into solar cooling
contents
Spotlight on
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Energy
SImUlATION wORkINg FOR NUClEAR ENERgY
Predicting and optimizing Simulation at the heart of the cycle Complementing experimentation
Strategic recycling Herschels gaze reveals gas filaments Understanding breakage Nanoparticles detection in an ambient environment The biological bases of access to consciousness revealed The CSEM, where science meets society Simulation atmospheric transport Artificial intelligence and learning When the chips are down Alzheimers disease building on imaging with Cati Oikopleura, accelerated evolution in zooplankton Improved screening of prostate cancer
Whats on
Forum France-MIT Explosives detection conference Warsaw Science Festival IAEA General Conference
Research
AT THE HEART OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Quantum physics on a large scale From fundamental physics to medical imaging Electronic circuits for telecoms and computers High critical temperature materials Opening the door to new technological advances
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CEA News is edited by the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission - Communication Division - Headquarters - 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex - France www.cea.fr / ceanews.contact@cea.fr CEA News is a synthesis of articles and press releases published by CEA Publication Director: Xavier Clment Contributors to this edition: Claire Abou, Sophie Aniel, Claude Ayache, Patrick Cappe de Baillon, Xavier Clment, Pascale Delbourgo, Daniel Iracane, Florence Klotz, Elisabeth de Lavergne, Lucia Le Clech, Frdric Mondoloni, Brigitte Raffray Graphic design: MAKASSAR Printed on Symbol Freelife paper (40% recycled, 60% FSC-certified) Cover: Installation for studying air flow through a series of heating cylinders, simulating a portion of the radioactive waste package storage room. Artechnique/CEA Credits: P.Allard/REA - p.4 bottom / P.Avavian - p.6 top, p.21 / L.Chamussy/Sipa - p.6 centre / P.Dumas - p.11 bottom / C.Dupont - p.8 bottom, p.19 / ESA/Herschel/ Spire/Pacs M.Faugre - p.8 bottom / L .Godart - p.3, p.28, p.30 bottom / PF.Grosjean - p.11 bottom, p.30 top / J-F Mangin, V. El Kouby, M. Perrin, Y. Cointepas, C. Poupon - p.24 / Photodisc - p.31 top / S.Renard - p.5 / F.Rhodes - p.29 bottom / P.Stroppa - p.4 top, p.7 bottom, p.10, p.14, p.16, p.17, p.24 / A.Thevenot - p.31 bottom / D.Touzeau - p.23 / F.Vrignault p.18
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Frdric Mondoloni
Within the CEA, we are analysing the strengths and weaknesses of our expertise, in the light of the Fukushima accident. Possible new areas of research are explored. Although France is not facing so large earthquake events, the CEA will study margin quantification in greater depth, as this issue is vital to demonstrate the robustness of facilities. It will also strive to improve descriptions of the physical phenomena at stake in a meltdown scenario, to develop more accurate measuring instruments and to consolidate accident management means. As a highly nuclear nation and a long-standing technical partner Work will also be done to secure the capacity to treat large of Japan, France is greatly involved in the post-Fukushima volumes of radioactive waste. Lastly, the Fukushima events analysis and in international debates, through its experts, brought to light the difficulty of taking action in post-accident researchers and industrial undertakings. Within the framework conditions. Thus, research will also of its G8 presidency, the country took focus on improving our remotethe initiative in organizing a seminar on operation systems, developed nuclear safety in Paris, on 7 June. The THE CHALLENGE with EDF and Areva, for greater results of the seminar were then used OF THIS IN-DEPTH REAPPRAISAL mobility in hostile environments, to prepare the International Atomic more rugged electronics and more OF NUCLEAR SAFETY LIES IN Energy Agency (IAEA) conference modern software. which 151 countries attended from PROVING THE CREDIBILITY Nuclear energy is still a credible 20 to 24 June, in Vienna, Austria. OF NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR solution for the future given Nuclear accidents know no boundaries, THE FUTURE OF MANKIND the advantages it offers in an and the international community has increasingly energy-craving world displayed a clear ambition to adopt a with diminishing fossil resources. However, we must obviously collaborative approach to safety. A consensus has been reached learn from the current crisis to further improve nuclear safety. on several points: promote the highest nuclear safety standards; The accident must first be analysed in detail to take the test the resistance of the 440 plants in operation worldwide necessary remedial measures on a technical and organisational and regularly conduct peer controls; examine the need scale. Those lessons and best practices must then be correctly to update international conventions; develop cooperation disseminated and implemented in all countries using nuclear and transparency; and improve accident preparedness and energy. management. The IAEA is the rightful international instrument of this new way of working. This latter point is a sensitive one as the current crisis confirms the extent to which each accident has repercussions France continues to develop bilateral relations with countries internationally. Major international talks engaged in the seeking to acquire or develop nuclear energy. The CEA plays an months following the event will continue in the coming years, important part in these relations, in technical matters naturally, but leading to more stringent safety obligations on each nuclear also through its role at the heart of governmental strategy. To many energy-using nation, firstly under their primary responsibility, countries, our model in which a research organisation provides but also under stronger commitments to the international the Government with expertise is a key factor given the States community. primary responsibility in nuclear energy development and control. ix months have now passed since the Fukushima nuclear accident struck Japan. It also deeply moved every other nation. People have been anxious ever since. Governments, nuclear operators and international groups and associations are working to draw the lessons we can learn from it. The technical and organisational analysis of the accident, of what did and did not work, is vital if nuclear energy is to contribute to the energy mix of the future.
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In the words of
3
international cooperation
Bull chosen to provide the Rokkasho supercomputer: International research on controlled nuclear fusion
CEA, mandated by the European domestic agency to build Iter and the Broader Approach (F4E, Fusion For Energy), chose Bull to equip, maintain and operate the future computer center to be installed at Rokkasho (Japan), as part of the International Fusion Energy Research Center. This facility is designed to enable the most advanced modeling/simulation to be performed in the field of plasma and materials for controlled fusion. It will be made available to European and Japanese researchers in January 2012, for a period of 5 years. This computer center is one of the components of the Broader Approach research program which complements the Iter program initiated in November 2006 under the cooperative agreement between Japan and Europe. The power of the supercomputer installed will exceed one million billion operations per second (petaflop) and will be the third machine designed and developed by Bull to achieve this level of performance. The new supercomputer is designed to be operational round-the-clock. Its peak power of nearly 1.3 petaflop makes it among the most powerful systems in the world. It has memory of more than 280 terabytes and a high-speed storage system of more than 5.7 petabytes supplemented by a secondary storage system with a capacity of 50 petabytes. Bull is responsible for designing and building the electrical and liquid cooling infrastructures within the computer rooms. It will also be in charge of installing, maintaining and operating the supercomputer and peripherals for a period of 5 years. For all of these services, it will rely on the expertise of its local partner, SGI Japan, Ltd. F4E entrusted CEA with responsibility for this operation, owing to its expertise in the field of high-performance data intensive computing. Operational control of the computer center will be handled on-site by a CEA director, assisted by a deputy director from the JAEA agency.
In May 2011, a visit to the Iter construction site and the Tore-Supra fusion research facility in Cadarache was organized at the initiative of members of the European Parliaments budget and budgetary control committees. They were thus able to see for themselves the progress being made by the project. It was an opportunity for Bernard Bigot, the High Representative for the Iter project in France, to restate the firm support of the host country. The Euro-MPs will be drafting a report on their visit for the next meeting of the European Parliament.
These shortages were caused by the increasing unavailability of the ageing nuclear research reactors used for this production. Within the High Level Group, France was represented by CEA, which operates one of the five main reactors supplying the market. This market is small, but is strategic and global and requires significant adaptation: the group produced a detailed analysis of how this market works and proposed a new economic model designed to guarantee the necessary future long-term production levels.
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ICOS: 6th edition of ENEF a future European network for monitoring greenhouse gas sources and sinks
On May 19th and 20th, 2011, the sixth edition of the ENEF (European Nuclear Energy Forum) was held in Prague. This edition, occurring shortly after the accident in Fukushima, saw intense debate in which stress tests were the principal focus. In the opening session, the Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic and Slovakia as well as Eric Besson, the French Minister of Industry, Energy and the Digital Economy have clearly spoken out against the idea of taking into account in these tests the risk of terrorist attacks. In his speech, Mr. Herv Bernard, Deputy Chairman of CEA, reminded the audience of Frances energy strategy and presented the challenges of R&D to continue the safe operation of nuclear power plants, highlighting the mission of the CEA in this field.
Four atmospheric observatories in Europe are beginning a measurement campaign to demonstrate the feasibility of a European network for monitoring greenhouse gas sinks and sources. The future ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observing System) atmospheric network is supported in France by CEA, CNRS, UVSQ and ANDRA and will become an environmental research infrastructure devoted to high-resolution observation of carbon exchanges (carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases) between the Earths surface, the surface of the oceans and the atmosphere. With the support of the European Commission, it will involve more than 40 research laboratories from about twenty countries. The demonstration experiment that has just started is the testing of the coordinated working of the system on a very small and thus far simpler network. The definition and construction of the atmospheric measurements system are being controlled by the Laboratory of climate and environment sciences (LSCE, CEA/ CNRS/UVSQ). For the purposes of this project, a reference atmospheric station designed by this laboratory was installed at Houdelaincourt in eastern France and incorporated into the Observatoire Prenne de lEnvironnement (long-term environment observatory). The experimental network comprises three other atmospheric stations of this type, in Ireland, the Netherlands and Finland. If the demonstration experiment proves conclusive, the reference station designed at the LSCE will be replicated and deployed to more than 50 sites throughout Europe. UVSQ
Universit Versailles Saint Quentin.
This joint action involving 18 research organizations form 13 member states of the European Union aims to develop an initial common approach to identifying the DNA toxicity of the nanoparticles present on the market (silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and carbon nanotubes). The exercise consists in running the same detection tests both in vitro (on cells) and in vivo (on animals) using the same batches of marketed nanoparticles.
CEAs expertise of radioactive tracing and imaging was therefore called on for the upstream toxicokinetic studies on carbon nanotubes (identification of target organs). The strength of this program is that it envisages European scale harmonization of methods to evaluate potential DNA toxicity, a key step in screening for the long-term toxicity of nanoparticles.
Chronic diseases
Nanovector based therapies are very much in fashion. The proof is the launch of the Biba project for intestinal diseases, involving eight European partners, coordinated by CEA-Leti with a view to developing an anti-inflammatory corticoid and/or an immunosuppressor encapsulated in a biodegradable nanovector. The goal is to improve the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, which are widespread in Europe, and to mitigate the common side effects.
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International cooperation
5
E-ON During a visit to Tunisia, on July 4 , 2011, by Eric Besson, French Minister of Industry, Energy and the Digital Economy, the CEA and Soitec signed with the Tunisian national electricity and gas company (STEG) a statement of intent. The statement concerns the setting up of a demonstration unit combining Soitecs Concentrix concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) technology with various electricity storage systems developed by the CEA, and lithium-ion batteries in particular.
th
German operator for Generation, Renewables, New Build & Technology, Gas and Trading.
Impedance
Impedance is the ratio between the complex amplitude of a sinusoidal value (electrical voltage) and the complex amplitude of the induced value (electrical current).
There are various different goals for this project: - In terms of energy policy, to strengthen its energy security and independence by harnessing its solar resources. The intended role of the storage systems is to regulate the intermittence of renewable energies and to maximize the electricity contributed to the grid so as to improve its management. - From a scientific perspective, this demonstration unit will help enhance knowledge of how CPV solar plants and storage systems operate over the long term in real usage conditions. It will lead to the development of skills in Tunisia and the sharing of expertise in new energy technologies through the creation of joint FrancoTunisian research teams. Soitec A world leader in generating and manufacturing revolutionary
semiconductor materials.
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Valrie Pcresse, Minister for Higher Education and Research and Eric Besson, Minister for Industry, Energy and the Digital Economy, inaugurated the International Institute for Nuclear Energy (I2EN) and the JANNuS platform in Saclay, on June 27th, 2011. This joint inauguration took place in the presence of Bernard Bigot, CEA Chairman, Catherine Cesarsky, High Commissioner for Atomic Energy, members of parliament and local elected officials, representatives from the world of research, with the Director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics at the CNRS, Jacques Martino, and from higher education, with the President of Universit Paris XI-Sud, Guy Couarraze. The I2EN, headed by Marie-Franoise Debreuille, began its activities in September 2010. In the field of nuclear energy, the Institute is the French party to bilateral cooperation in the field of training and orientation guidance for foreign students arriving in France. It can call on the expertise of 24 partners: academic establishments, research organizations, industrial firms in the sector and supervisory ministries. The I2EN enables foreign students looking to embark on a career in the nuclear energy sector in their own countries to gain access to training programs specifically tailored to their needs. It is also the French point of entry to a European and international network of centers of excellence for a sustainable nuclear future. The JANNuS platform is an experimental research facility shared by the Saclay and Orsay sites. It offers experimental simulation of the long-term behavior of nuclear materials subjected to neutron irradiation, in order to improve modeling and gain a clearer understanding of irradiation induced ageing effects.
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International cooperation
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ENERGY
Fuel cycle reactor physics safety
One first family of platforms corresponds to the five main nuclear disciplines: neutronics, thermohydraulics, behavior of materials under irradiation, structural mechanics and chemistry. The second family of platforms is multidisciplinary and intended for specific applications: reactor physics, fuel, fuel cycle frontend and back-end, waste disposal. Finally, simulation relies on generic tools that allow integration of the software, the use of data intensive computing if necessary and the inclusion of uncertainty into the codes.
iven the diversity of systems and individual cases, numerical simulation is based on a range of versatile software platforms, developed through French and international partnerships and sometimes used in combination with each other.
3D analysis of two-phase flows in a PWR secondary system, using the Genepi code.
With the development of computers and of computing power, no project is today beyond numerical simulation and its computer codes. This activity now complements modeling and experimentation and has become an essential tool in running nuclear energy R&D projects. The clearly stated objectives are to be able to predict and build on knowledge and to shorten the process development circuits. These are all key issues, combined with fascinating prospects for CEAs researchers.
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Heating of core and hot manifold following flow rate drop (max. temperature reached approx. 850C).
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Spotlight on Energy
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In the field of vitrification, the nuclear energy department simulates the physical phenomena at work in the cold-crucible or hot-pot production of molten glass (coupled thermal, hydraulic, electromagnetic phenomena). These simulations help optimize the operation of todays kilns and design those of the future. For the actual glass formulations, simulation helps choose and optimize the chemical elements necessary for fabricating glass that meets certain predetermined requirements. With regard to long-term behavior, simulation of the formation and propagation of the cracks that occur during cooling after pouring of the glass (Vestale project) is already in progress, jointly with the University of Strasbourg. The same goes for the construction of a model applicable to the radioactive package and its validation through experimental observation of an inactive package. It is after all impossible to observe the cracking of a radioactive package using a scanning electron microscope. This tool will thus be able to predict the evolution of the cracks under pressure from the rocks, known as lithostatic constraints, following disposal.
Glass damaGe:
Shielded compartments and a line of glove boxes for testing liquid-liquid extraction processes in Atalante.
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Complementing experimentation
Exploring a large number of scenarios, something that is made possible by simulation, enables behavior to be tested in a wide range of conditions, improving the way in which the corresponding confirmation experiments can be defined. Therefore, far from replacing experimentation, simulation offers a new way of improving it. Even if a computer code can be adapted to the constraints of industry, tests remain necessary in order to validate an entire process. Development of a model is based on an iterative process combining calculations with experiments: comparison with experimental results then helps fine-tune the model. Perfecting the model requires specific, dedicated experiments. Simulation is therefore occupying an increasingly important place in the organization and content of a test program. For example, for industrial scale qualification of a process, it will in particular help minimize experimentation in the field.
StudyIng
thermohydraulics
wIth CatharE
A new version of the Cathare-3 thermohydraulics software, called V1-, has just been developed by the nuclear energy department. The main functionalities usable in this version, in addition to the basic modules needed for PWR LOCA calculations, include ways of improving physical modeling taking account of an additional liquid field for droplets as well as major changes to the 3D module for an easier and more precise description of a PWR reactor vessel. This first step is a major milestone and will be followed by optimization of the calculation time and implementation on an industrial demonstration case. The V1 version, which should be available in late 2012, is a binding commitment under the terms of a contact between CEA and the Government.
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Spotlight on Energy
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ANUBIS neutronics code for the operation and safety of research reactors.
PLEIADES FUEL
simulation platForm
It is now possible to model the azimuthal asymmetry of fuel pellet fragments in the Alcyone application (PWR code) of the Pleiades fuel simulation platform, a joint CEA - EDF - Areva development. This application can simulate the behavior of PWR rods in service and in particular the pellet-cladding interaction. As this interaction can lead to a loss of cladding leak tightness, it entails a reduction in the maneuverability of the French NPPs in service. To provide a clearer description of this pellet-cladding interaction, a 3D study was needed to comprehend how the mechanical loadings are locally situated.
Using the Toutatis 3D computer code, simulation of a fuel pellet and its cladding under irradiation. In red, maximum swelling of the pellet; in blue, minimum swelling.
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apOllO3 nEutrOnICS COdE: NEW DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE Fast neutron reactor
The Apollo3 multi-reactor series neutronics code is at the development stage, in order to meet the needs of the CEA programs, particularly the Sodium fast neutron reactor, under a cooperative agreement with Areva and EDF. It will be the standard neutronics computing platform for the Astrid 4th generation reactor prototype as of the detailed design phase. Development of Sodium fast neutron reactor technology requires kinetic neutronics studies (resolution of the unsteady state Boltzmann equation). These studies are at present mainly conducted using point kinetics. This approach has the advantage of being fast, but it requires detailed studies for effective and correct definition of the problem data. 3D kinetic computing, which can follow on from the usual steady-state 3D calculations, is a means of avoi-ding this pitfall, but the capacity of the neutronic codes currently used for FNR calculations make it hard to use this working method. The development in Apollo3 of 3D kinetics with hexagonal geometry is thus a priority for CEA if it is to be able to address the needs of the Sodium FNR program.
Astrid prototype.
FIRST MAJOR DELIVERABLE OF THE F-BRIDGE PROJECT, the Fruit oF european collaborative work
The European F-BRIDGE project (Basic Research for Innovative Fuel Design for GEN IV systems) aims to strengthen the ties between basic research and applied problems concerning the behavior of ceramic fuels and cladding. A summary document was drafted for the purposes of this project. It is the result of joint work by European scientists from CEA, Imperial College (UK), PSI (Switzerland) and SCK (Belgium) organizations. This document deals with modeling methods used at an atomic scale and their validation for the description of UO2 fuel under irradiation. For this project, studies combining modeling and characterization in a multi-scale approach are carried out. The tools used for atomic scale modeling and electronic and potential structure calculations, which are extensively deployed in materials science, constitute its foundation.
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Spotlight on Energy
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RESEaRch
Fundamental physics medical imaging electronics
AT THE HEART
OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Superconductivity was discovered 100 years ago, but has not yet given up all its secrets, despite its numerous applications. The ability to control this phenomenon at high critical temperatures is still the physicists Holy Grail
Aude Ganier Les Dfis du CEA n159 April 2011 Luc Barbier Le journal de Saclay n51 April 2011
What is superconductivity?
Matter is only apparently inert. At the atomic level, everything is on the move, movement that can be measured by temperature. Absolute zero (-273.15C) however does not signify complete immobility. As the temperature drops, an electric current circulates with greater ease but, as one approaches absolute zero, below what is known as a critical temperature, the electrical resistance of certain materials suddenly disappears, with the material becoming a super conductor, in which the electrons circulate without any dissipation of energy. When the electric current passing through the superconductor exceeds a certain threshold (critical current), the material regains its ordinary properties and once again becomes resistive. Another equally surprising property characterizes superconductors: the Meissner effect. When a magnet is placed above a superconductor, a circular electric current is created in the latter, which cancels out its magnetic field. The force between this current and the magnet explains its levitation. This is different from the repulsion forces observed between the like poles of two magnets. If the superconductor is moved or turned over, the magnet follows it, as if connected by a mysterious bond!
Tore-Supra Tokamak.
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uperconductivity was an immense bonus for experimental physics, but was actually discovered by chance, by the physicist Heike Kammerlingh-Onnes, exactly one hundred years ago With no less than 17 awarded Nobel prizes associated with the subject, it has revolutionized medicine, radically changed particle physics and opened up new avenues for managing fusion energy. Transport, telecommunications, electronics, computing, geophysics and even archeology can also utilize its properties. At CEA, many teams are looking to penetrate its mysteries in order to develop instruments and imagine ever more advanced applications
the coupling between electrons and phonons, allows this pairing to take place. The electron pairs then form a wave that propagates through the material without experiencing any collision, allowing conduction with no loss of current. This phenomenon can however only take place at very low temperature, when the material atoms vibrate very little, otherwise the electron pairs break up, explains Christophe Marcenat, head of the CEA-Inac laboratory in Grenoble. Everything therefore depends on the temperature. For most materials, referred to as conventional superconductors, the critical temperature is close to absolute zero (0 K or -273C), which demands extremely costly cooling with liquid helium.
MIlEStOnES In SupErCOnduCtIvIty
1911 Heike Kammerlingh-Onnes discovers that, when cooled to very low temperatures, certain metals conduct current perfectly, with no resistance: the concept of superconductivity is born. Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discover that superconductors have the property of expelling the surrounding magnetic field. This property is called the Meissner effect. John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper and John R. Schrieffer develop the BCS theory that explains superconductivity in metals and alloys. Alexei A. Abrikosov proposes the hypothesis of the existence of a magnetic vortex in certain superconductors. 1962 1933 Brian David Josephson gives us the Josephson effect: when two superconducting materials are close to each other, although not in contact, pairs of electrons pass from one to the other via the tunnel effect, leading to an electric current being established. Johannes Georg Bednorz and Karl Alexander Mller discover new high critical temperature (high Tc) superconductors, cuprates. An international research team discovers a new family of high critical temperature superconductor materials, pnictides (iron based). 1986
1957 1957
2008
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CMS is one of the detectors at the LHC, the Cerns collider devoted to the study of the Higgs boson.
Magnetoencephalography: no fewer than 300 sensors continuously measure the magnetic fields emitted by the currents circulating through the brain. The brains activity is represented by time and space coordinates to understand the dynamics of information processing.
The accelerator cavities, another component of the particle accelerators, also become more powerful through the use of superconductor materials. The intense electrical fields are produced inside a type of resonance chamber, through which the particles travel. More precisely, an antenna outputs a microwave, which is amplified and stored in the cavities with specially optimized geometry. It is this very high frequency electromagnetic field that accelerates the particles. It creates intense electric currents on the inner walls of the cavities, which heat up and could melt if made of copper. A large part of the energy input is thus lost in the form of heat. Using superconducting niobium is a means of improving efficiency by a factor of 100,000 when compared with copper. In recent decades, just over a hundred engineers and technicians at Irfu have acquired the expertise needed to design, build, cold-test and integrate superconducting coils and cavities. Irfu thus equipped the Soleil synchrotron in Saclay. The new Spiral 2 ion accelerator at the Ganil in Caen will benefit from the work of the physicists at the SupraTech platform created by CEA and CNRS in 2008 at Saclay, currently designing the 12 accelerator cavities and the associated cryostats. This accelerator for radioactive atomic nuclei should shortly be entering service to study highly unstable species that do not exist on Earth but which are commonplace in certain regions of the Universe. Similarly, for the European E-Xfel facility, located near Hamburg, Irfu is supplying about a hundred cryomodules 12 meters in length, each containing eight superconducting cavities. All of these systems will be integrated at the CEA center in Saclay. E-Xfel, scheduled for start-up in 2014, will be an extremely powerful source of X-rays, combined with a linear electron accelerator.
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Finally, the cavity specialists at Irfu are also involved in the accelerator project, which could one day supersede the LHC. This machine, called the International Linear Collider, would comprise two linear accelerators smashing electrons and positrons into each other. It is designed to study the new areas of physics anticipated as a result of the discoveries made possible with the LHC. Over and above fundamental physics, superconductivity is also of interest for research into fusion energy, in particular through the use of the tokamak magnets that are able to create a magnetic field capable of confining the plasma in which the fusion reactions take place. Here again, CEA occupies pride of place: We originated the cable concept used in Iters superconductor magnets and we provide significant technical support for the Magnets Group in this international project based at Cadarache, explains Jean-Luc Duchateau, an engineer at CEA-IRFM. Electromagnet Coil or series of coils which create a magnetic field when Irfu Institute of research into the fundamental laws of the Universe. Niobium is not completely superconducting at microwave frequencies: its
resistance is however reduced by a factor of 100,000.
Cable selected for ITER consisting of 6 petals containing 864 strands of 4,000 niobium-tin filaments, 3 microns thick.
E-Xfel European X-ray Free Electron Laser. Positrons are anti-matter particles associated with electrons. They are very
similar and in particular differ in the sign of their charge.
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Superconductivity is also an essential tool for medical imaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), constituting a major factor in its performance. MRI is able to see the soft organs of the body, by revealing their water concentration. To do this, it uses an intense, stable and uniform magnetic field which can only be achieved with a superconducting magnet which orients the magnetic moments of the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms present in the water molecules. Irfu and Siemens are currently designing a future 11.7 tesla MRI for human applications, at NeuroSpin in CEA/Saclay. Construction of such a powerful magnet (the worlds first), called Iseult, involves assembling 45 metric tons of coils. The coil is made from several thousand kilometers of niobium-titanium superconducting wire about one millimeter in diameter. Once cooled and kept at very low temperature (1.8 K, or in other words -271C) by means of liquid helium, this material is capable of carrying 400 times more current than conventional copper wires, explains Pierre Vdrine, Iseult project manager. Finally, it will be possible to develop MRI using a low magnetic field. Todays MRI systems, with their noisy magnets, are too rare and too expensive (costing more than a million euros) and patient waiting lists are too long. Tomorrow, thanks to the sensitivity of the new superconducting sensors, simple copper coils will be sufficient to built lighter devices consuming less power and which could be taken to the patients bedside in the event of an emergency, whether or not the patient is carrying a metal implant, as well as being able to monitor very premature births. Other imaging techniques, such as magnetoencephalography (used to measure brain activity in real-time by detecting magnetic fields occurring in the brain) and magnetocardiography, (used to measure the activity of the heart in real-time by detecting the magnetic fields in it) are also based on superconductivity, by means of sensors capable of detecting very low magnetic fields. These magnetometers, called Squids, are based on superconductor loops, including a junction with an insulating barrier (Josephson junction). However, the researchers at Iramis are innovating with combined sensors coupling a high critical temperature superconductor loop with a giant magnetoresistive junction. This will eventually enable magnetic fields 50 billion times weaker than that of the Earth to be detected!
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Handling of alkaline (sodium, potassium, etc.) or alkaline-earth (strontium, barium, etc.) metals in a glove box containing a controlled atmosphere.
Spin Quantum property inherent in a particle, which determines its magnetic orientation.
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Scientific insights
Solar eNergy
Nuclear eNergy
EnErgEtIC
predicting
COLORS
Organic dyes that are capable of converting photons into electrons have enjoyed rapid early development. They are intended for a new type of photovoltaic cells known as Grtzel cells, which are far cheaper to produce than silicon panels. Furthermore, they can be flexible and transparent making them suitable for installation on windows and require less light in order to function. One problem however remains: the dyes generally used contain ruthenium, a rare element, some derivatives of which are highly toxic. In 2009, a team from CEA-Inac in Grenoble, which until then had been working on polymerbased organic photovoltaic cells, began to look at new dyes, this time without ruthenium. The starting point was a visit by a delegation of researchers from the Korean Institute of Science and Technology who were working on another aspect of these cells: the semiconductor oxides to which the dyes have to bond. Two years later, there are already tangible results, with experimental cells achieving efficiency levels of 6% (the commercial viability threshold is about 10%) and a patent is pending. Their efficiency now has to be improved, perhaps by using new oxides, and their ageing has to be studied. Instead of the nanoparticles of titanium dioxide currently used, the laboratory is exploring the potential of multi-metal oxides (with the Koreans) or of zinc (with CEA-Leti).
Patrick Philippon Les Dfis du CEA n160 May 2011
Modelling of the mean stress and strain state in each grain of a microstructure, performed several times with different microstructures.
Euratom is focusing on the question by launching the Perform 60 project to tackle the issue at a number of different scales, from the atom to the massive material. Ludovic Vincent, a researcher at the CEA nuclear energy division, is interested in the populations of iron grains and carbide particles that make up steel. These elements do not all react in the same way to a macroscopic mechanical load. This is what in the end gives the steel its probabilistic behavior, he explains. To predict this, he uses a numerical model to represent these microstructures, along with the local stresses occurring in a reactor. A first milestone has just been reached, with experimental validation of this model in CEAs Lon Brillouin laboratory (CEA/CNRS) in Saclay, which uses an observation technique based on neutron diffraction. This non-destructive method is used to see the stress fields in a test specimen subjected to tensile testing. Given the size of the neutron beam, this is a statistical observation on a large number of grains, grouped into families according to their crystalline orientation. This proven model needs to be further fine-tuned, in particular incorporating the effects specific to irradiation damage.
Patrick Philippon - Les Dfis du CEA n 159 - April 2011
Inac Leti
Euratom
European public body responsible for coordinating atomic energy research programs.
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BiofuelS
Liten
Biomass
Solar eNergy
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eNergy
Strategic recycling
The lithium-ion batteries used in todays mobile phones and other portable devices generally contain two rare and expensive elements: cobalt and/or nickel. This is why CEA-Liten in Grenoble has developed new active, efficient and less costly materials, such as lithium-iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium titanate (LTO). Their low cost can paradoxically constitute an economic handicap when it comes to recycling, explains Richard Laucournet, a researcher at CEA-Liten. This is because a European directive sets high recycling targets for batteries and cells. Industrial firms in this sector today achieve an economic balance by reselling cobalt and nickel. The new active materials in the batteries, which are less costly because they no longer contain these two elements, would therefore be economically uninteresting for recycling To find a way out of this dead-end, CEA-Liten is developing a new recycling process that produces materials that can be reused for battery manufacturing. Once discharged and dismantled, the batteries are crushed and washed using a non-toxic, inexpensive solvent, to recover the copper, aluminum and steel. The rest undergoes more specific physical/ chemical treatment to extract the carbonaceous materials on the one hand and the active materials on the other. The iron obtained in phosphate form and the lithium in phosphate or carbonate form can be directly reused for LFP and LTO synthesis. All that now remains to be done is to check the degree of purity and quality of the materials obtained. This process will have the advantage of recovering the lithium, considered to be a strategic element, in particular in the hybrid and electric vehicle industrial sector. Discussions are in progress with a view to creating a French industry in this field.
Patrick Philippon - Les Dfis du CEA n 160 May 2011
aSTroPHySicS
HERSCHELS GAZE
Combination of images obtained with the Herschel cameras. In blue, a hidden nebula illuminated by a massive star.
Gould Belt
Partial ring of stars with a diameter of about 3,000 light years, whose age is estimated at between 30 and 50 million years.
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Understanding breakage
Physicists at Saclay are seeking to understand exactly what happens in glass at the instant it breaks. A fragile material such as glass or plexiglas can break slowly, over a period of several days. One theory, put forward in the 1950s, gives a good description of what happens in the case of this slow break. However, if this happens rapidly, in a few microseconds for example, then the phenomena observed no longer comply with the theory and the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This uncertainty is in no way a problem for engineers designing aircraft, boats or rockets as, for each material, they are perfectly aware of the mechanical stress thresholds at which the rupture process can begin. It all starts with a crack, which progresses along the material, thus tearing it. At the end of the 1990s, physicists began to wonder about the speed of crack propagation. They observed that this couldnt exceed half the maximum value predicted by the theory. So how can this anomaly be explained? In 1999, an Israeli team showed that for the higher speeds, the cracking front splits up into numerous secondary cracks that absorb some of the available energy, to the detriment of the main crack. The effect of this phenomenon is to slow down the progress of the main front, hence the speed deficit observed. Iramis, in the CEA Saclay centre. They brought to light another anomaly, accompanied by a change in the appearance of the plexiglas: the rupture surface observed under the microscope suddenly became covered in miniature fish scales! Specific, circular micro-cracks develop ahead of the main front. When the main front then catches up with them, these scales are formed ahead of it, thereby accelerating the progress of the main crack instead of slowing it down. At higher speeds, the micro-cracking phenomenon already mentioned then becomes predominant. This research, which could appear highly fundamental, is of great interest to geophysicists who are looking to understand why an earthquake can propagate at very high speeds. It could also inspire innovations in materials science.
Agns Deslis - Le Journal de Saclay n50 February 2011
MaTerialS
Iramis
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NaNoTecHNology
LIBS
The LIBS allows laser analysis of the chemical composition of all types of materials.
Neurology
Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging can today be used to map the brains information highways.
According to Stanislas Dehaene and JeanPierre Changeux, it is this last step that marks access to consciousness. Their idea is that this firing up of the prefrontal network and the synchronization of neuronal activity in these regions can only be triggered once a minimum level of activity has been reached during the previous steps. Consciousness would therefore correspond to the availability of information within a neuronal workspace, enabling the signal to reach the long-term memory. This hypothesis allows the interpretation various clinical situations in which access consciousness is altered or inhibited, such in the case of a general anesthetic, coma, psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia.
Press release - May 2011
of to as or
experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious Processing, neuron, 28 april 2011. stanislas dehaene (1,2,3,4) &Jean-Pierre changeux (4,5) doi 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018
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SeiSMology
Example of a magnitude 4.8 earthquake in the Black Sea (star) felt in Eastern Romania and Bulgaria. An abnormally high number of visitors to the CSEM website was observed immediately following the earthquake (5 minutes), in areas where it was felt (right-hand figure: red dots: diameter of dot linked to the number of visitors). The scope of the zone in which the earthquake was felt can be confirmed in the hours immediately following by collecting more than 200 questionnaires (left-hand figure, diameter of dots linked to the number of questionnaires filled out).
www.emsc-csem.org
www.seismicportal.eu
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eNViroNMeNT
Simulation
ATmOSPHERIC TRANSPORT
With numerical simulation, it is now possible to predict the displacement of atmospheric pollutants across the planet or, on a smaller scale, the path of a toxic plume through city streets. Explanation... How were radioactive particles released during the accident at the Fukushima power plant dispersed throughout the environment? In the weeks following the accident, teams from the Dase (environmental assessment and monitoring department) at CEA Bruyresle-Chtel, near Paris, conducted simulations to answer this question Calculating the evolution of atmospheric pollutant concentration over time and in space based on numerical simulation is a skill developed by the Dase. There is a vast range of possible fields of application: assessment of the health consequences of releases from industrial facilities, monitoring of sites to ensure compliance with non-proliferation (NPT) and comprehensive nuclear test ban (CTBT) treaties, evaluation of NRBC (nuclear, radiological, biological and chemical) threats, and so on. Prior knowledge of three-dimensional meteorological flows as realistic as possible is necessary to simulate the atmospheric transport and dispersion of pollutant. Modeling can then take into account effects such as the influence of the terrain or the effects induced by buildings at the scale of a city. The simulations are performed in forward or backward mode. Forward mode consists of calculating the dispersion of an initial quantity of matter placed in suspension in the atmosphere, while backward mode allows us, going back in time, to locate spatially and temporarily the release point from measurements issued from a network of monitoring stations. The characteristic scales range from the entire planet to the street. An additional constraint is that the response times required can be very short, for example in emergency situations.
Japan:
Artificial
For David Mercier, head of the Intelligence, models, learning laboratory at the CEAList institute, Artificial intelligence, or AI, is based on the creation of mathematical or computer tools, whose architecture draws on all the forms of intelligence that exist in nature. With other teams specializing in data analysis, robotics or sensorial interfaces between the real and virtual worlds, his team is contributing to AI research.
The beginnings
In the 1950s, the founders of artificial intelligence believed that they would be able in just a few years to create systems capable of matching human intelligence. This goal proved harder to achieve than they imagined, but the process was at least under way. AI can today be defined as a trans-discipline bringing together a variety of complementary scientific fields, from cybernetics to knowledge formalization methods, which is capable of equaling human intelligence for certain specific tasks.
Like them, artificial neural networks manage situations involving a host of factors and are capable of learning, rather like an athlete that repeats the same action thousands of times in order to learn it, states David Mercier.
multi-sensor intelligence
Another example of the application of knowhow at CEA-List is its contribution to the analysis of seismic data, performed by the researchers at CEAs Bruyres-le-Chtel center. The aim is to automate the processing of data collected by the seismometers recording earthquakes and explosions, by developing algorithms capable of isolating significant signals from the background noise, identifying their nature, differentiating between near or far events and then precisely locating them. CEA-List is cooperating on other projects, whether recognizing the biological signature of pathogenic bacteria in order to develop health monitoring systems, or detecting specific shapes in writing in order to create handwriting recognition tools.
position calculated on March 28th 2011, at global scale, of the contaminated air masses from the Japanese plant. the simulations were made assuming a scenario involving continuous release since March 12th 2011. a strong dilution with the distance of the radioactive particles is observed, as well as limited passage between the two hemispheres. the colors show the levels of pollutant concentrations, from the lowest (in violet) to the highest (in red).
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Smart energy distribution solutions (smart grids) address the intermittent operation problem.
Collective intelligence
Another approach to artificial intelligence, known as distributed or multi-agent is inspired by the collective intelligence of social insects. As explained by David Mercier, An isolated ant or bee has minimal intelligence, but interactions between individuals in the colony lead to complex behavior patterns, such as organizing the collection of food. Robotics in particular uses multi-agent algorithms. For example, to enable a robot to climb stairs, it can be equipped with numerous small components, each of which performs only one basic function, but interaction between them constructs a more elaborate one. Multi-agent systems are often associated with sensors. This approach is used to help blind people move around and position themselves: pedestrian sensors continuously record the persons position, direction and speed in relation to a precise map such as that of the metro, a district or a museum.
List
Numbers
The human brain has more than one hundred billion neurons.
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NeuroPaTHology
Clean room lithography zone, one step in the manufacture of 300 mm 3D chips.
Alzheimers disease
BUIlDINg ON ImAgINg wITH CATI
Providing early diagnosis of the disease and rapidly finding effective treatments are the two challenges facing scientists when dealing with Alzheimers disease. The Image Acquisition and Processing Center, Cati, has just been launched against this backdrop and as part of the national Alzheimer Plan. The role of this consortium, the creation of which was entrusted to CEA (I2BM) by the French Alzheimer Foundation, is to establish dialogue between clinical research and algorithmic image processing research. Initially, Cati will pool the data from the French radiology and nuclear medicine centers in order to assess the quality of the PET and MRI images obtained on patients, and to analyze them. This work will then lead to standardization of the imaging protocols and more effective diagnosis. It will also enable clearly identified patient cohorts to be created, on whom the pharmaceutical industry could then call, for effective testing of potential drug treatments.
MicroelecTroNicS
Cerebral atrophy caused by Alzheimers disease,with initiation of the process in the hippocampus (in red).
I2BM
Biomedical imaging institute.
A multidisciplinary approach
Imakinib: bio-markers against cancer In the fight against cancer, kinase inhibitors are a particular therapeutic target. Imakinib is an ambitious project which aims to develop specific biomarkers that can be detected in positron emission tomography imaging, through kinase inhibitors. Co-financed by Oso and run by an industrial consortium comprising Oncodesign, Guerbet and ArianaPharma, it will allow the development of new radio-tracers, backed by CEA expertise and skills on the Cyceron platform in Caen. AstraZeneca-NeuroSpin agreement signed In late 2010, the AstraZeneca company and NeuroSpin signed an agreement for a 20 years clinical trial on a cohort of subjects aged between 60 and 70, to look for a means of reaching an early diagnosis of Alzheimers disease. This trial will be carried out using the 3 and 7 Teslas high and very-high resolution MRI systems at NeuroSpin.
BioActif n7 April 201
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Oikopleura, accelerated
geNoMic
evolution in zooplankton
A planktonic organism called Oikopleura dioica is an extremely interesting biological model when studying the plasticity of the genome: easy and rapid multiplication in captivity, ultra-compact genome, close cousin to the vertebrates, absence of certain DNA repair mechanisms, strong exposure to mutagenic solar radiation, etc. Thanks to this organism, the members of an international consortium, in particular comprising the Norwegian Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology in Bergen and the Genoscope in vry, has just published results which call into question the presumed links between the order of genes and the morphology of living creatures. The DNA sequencing of the Oikopleura dioica in fact revealed a gene organization that is completely different from that of neighboring species. Finally and for the first time, the researchers were able to observe the modification of the structure of genes through the addition of eliminable regions called introns.
oNcology
Improved screening
Faced with the most common cancer among men in the Western Hemisphere, scientists are looking for more reliable, predictive analysis methods. Metabolomics is currently looking like the most promising solution. In 2010, prostate cancer had the unenviable reputation of being the number one cancer and fourth cause of mortality among men in France. The diagnostic methods presently used (rectal exam, blood assay of the PSA protein secreted by the prostate) are not reliable enough. The goal is to achieve reliable and early detection of aggressive forms of this cancer, an area where the metabolomic approach is looking very promising. The approach involves an analysis of all small molecules (metabolites), some of which are volatile and contained in the biological media (urine, plasma, cells, etc.) The researcher can access the products of the organisms genes, but also natural substances resulting from food and the chemical products present in an individuals environment. He can thus visualize the interactions between the persons physiological working and what that person is in contact with on a daily basis. This is valuable information for improving our understanding of multi-factor pathologies such as prostate cancer, explains Christophe Junot, a researcher at the biology and technologies institute in Saclay.
OF PROSTATE CANCER
A multidisciplinary approach
To detect and evaluate the progress of the cancer, Christophe Junots team therefore looks for biomarker metabolites in the urine. This involves ionizing the organic molecules in a sample, using techniques based in particular on mass spectrometry. When the ions produced are subjected to an electrical field, they can be individually identified according to their mass/ charge ratio. Signal processing gives a spectrum offering a wealth of information about the metabolites present. The successive use of software and statistical analysis tools then separates out the ions of interest. By means of comparison, it is then possible to differentiate between a healthy and a sick individual and to identify the discriminating molecules. The analyses carried out over the past year show that there are molecular signatures characteristic of those who are ill, but are they specific to this cancer? The researchers do not yet know and are currently working on identifying them.
Sverine Bouvart Le Journal de Saclay n51 April 2011
Biomarker
Measurable biological parameter, whose concentration variations can reveal the presence of a pathology or the patients exposure to a toxin.
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Personal fulfilment
summer
A TRANSATlANTIC
The MINATEC Summer Program organizes exchanges for Masters and PhD students (micro and nanotechnologies, biotechnologies and materials sciences) in the form of ten-week research courses. Six French Phelma students will thus be leaving for a laboratory at UPENN (University of Pennsylvania) while four UPENN students and three from LSU (Louisiana State University) will be going to CEA. A number of related activities (scientific visits, leisure activities, etc.) will be proposed both to them and to the students of the Grenoble INP Summer School. The Summer Program is the result of transatlantic cooperation between researchers and administrative staff, with financial support from MINATEC, the American National Science Foundation, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Rhone-Alpes region.
Whats on
http://www.mit-france-energies.com
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The Science Picnic took place on Saturday 28 May 2011 in Warsaw. Every year, this science festival brings together nearly 250 exhibitors laboratories, schools and universities, technology companies from 20 countries and attracts nearly 100,000 visitors. The organizers of the Picnic were Polskie Radio and the Copernicus Science Center.
To coincide with the International Year of Chemistry and the Franco-Polish Marie Curie-Skodowska Year, the French hall this year housed a number of entities, including CEA Marcoules Visiatome, which presented experiments on nuclear chemistry and energyrelated applications.
A meeting was also organized on this occasion between the CEA Visiatome delegation and the popularization and public communication center in Swierk. It followed on from the twinning agreement between these two entities signed in April 2011, and allowed an exchange of practices and the definition of a joint communication program for the future.
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BERLIN LONDON
Jean-Marc CAPDEVILA jean-marc.capdevila@diplomatie.gouv.fr Jean-Claude PERRAUDIN jean-claude.perraudin@cea.fr
BUDAPEST
Grard COGNET gerard.cognet@cea.fr
MOSCOW
Patrice BERNARD nucleaire.moscou@diplomatie.gouv.fr
WASHINGTON
Cyril PINEL cyril.pinel@cea.fr
NEW DELHI
Sunil FELIX sunil.felix@cea.fr
BRUSSELS EU
Bernard SALANON bernard.salanon@cea.fr
PARIS
CEA Headquarters ceanews.contact@cea.fr
BEIJING
Alain TOURNYOL du CLOS service@servnuc.com
SEOUL
Jean-Yves DOYEN jeanyvesdoyen@kornet.net
www.cea.fr
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