Internet Research in Structural Design I

Submitted by: Uzziel Abib P .Gabiola

Submitted to: Engr. Ramela B. Ramirez

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB

Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings which normally carry uniformly distributed loads. Depending upon how it is reinforced, reinforced concrete slab is classified into the following types:

TYPES OF SLABS 1. 2. 3. 4. One way solid slab Two way solid slab Ribbed floor Flat slab or girder less floor (solid or ribbed)

Each type of floor system has its own advantages in application depending upon the following considerations: 1. Spacing of the column 2. The magnitude of the loads to be supported 3. The length of the span 4. Cost of construction One-way Solid Slab One way slab is the common type of reinforced concrete floor system made of solid slab supported by two parallel beams. This type of floor system is adopted when the supporting beams are almost rectangular in floor plan. One way concrete slab is designed by making an imaginary strip of 12 inches or 30 centimetres wide perpendicular with the beam that supports the floor. This imaginary strip is considered as a beam, hence, the design steps and method for rectangular beam is applied where the width is equal to 0.30 m and the depth is the thickness of the slab. The depth of the floor is purely dependent upon the span and the magnitude of the superimposed load.

Unlike beams and girders, floor slab needs no web reinforcement or stirrups. However, in case of heavy load where the shearing stresses maybe greater than the allowable value, the depth of the slab is increased. Two-way Solid Slab Slab that are supported on four sides where the floor panel is nearly square in plan is generally economical to employ the two directions reinforcing bars placed at right angles with each other. This type of reinforcement transmitted the load of the floor to the four sides support. The ACI Code on the Thickness of slab provides that : Thickness of the slab shall not be less than 10 cm nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The spacing of the reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and the ratio of reinforcement shall be at least .0025. Placement of Steel Bars Where no bend bars are used in slab reinforcement, straight bars are used for both the top and the bottom reinforcement. The bottom bars are extended at least 15 centimeters in to the supporting beams or walls. Top bars are extended up to span of the adjacent panels. Ribbed Floor Slab Unlike the one way and the two way slab designed to carry heavier load, the ribbed floor is an economical type of floor construction applicable only to medium span with light or medium load. A ribbed floor slab consists of small adjacent T-Beam wherein the open spaces between the ribs are filled with clay tile, gypsum tiles or steel forms. Generally, the tiles measure 30 x 90 cm. with 10, 15, 20, 25 and 40 cm. placed at 40 cm on centre making the ribs 10 cm. wide. The concrete surface layer placed on top of the tiles ranges from 5 to 6.5 cm thick. The reinforcement of a ribbed floor system consist of two bars placed at the lower part of the rib where one is bend-up and the other straight, or sometimes, straight bars are either 5 mm steel bars or wire mesh which runs at right angle with the ribs.

Flat Slab Flat slab are rectangular slab directly supported by columns without beam or girders. The slab is either uniform in thickness or provided with square symmetrical area directly above the column reinforced with bars running in two directions. The increases area directly above the column is call Drop Panel or simply Drop. Likewise, a flared head is employed in the construction of a flat slab floor making a capital of the column. When the column design is not provided with capital, a straight flat underneath is provided in the slab throughout the system called Flat Plate Construction. The flat slab floor system is generally economical not only in terms of materials but also labour. It is the most suitable type of construction for industrial building having a wider live load and also for buildings where the use of capital is not objectionable. The advantages of the flat slab construction are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Simplified frame work Better light in the absence of beam and girder Advantage in height for a clear storey heights Uniform surface for suspended water sprinkler system Piping and shafting Absence of sharp corners Better resistance to fire

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE Reinforced concrete analysis is performed at a given section for either axial force or bending moment or transverse shear loads. The axial force and bending moment analysis usually idealizes the stress-strain behaviour of the concrete with a rectangular stress block to simplify the calculations. More detailed, moment curvature analysis may be performed with more complex stress-strain relationships.

Reinforced Concrete Analysis Types: 1. Axial Force and Bending Moment a. 2. Pure flexure design example

Moment Curvature Analysis

Axial Force and Bending Moment: Reinforced concrete analysis for axial force and bending moment is usually performed by assuming a given strain value at the extreme compression fibre with a linear strain distribution over the depth of the section. The stress distribution typically assumes a rectangular stress block with a depth equal to some fraction of the neutral axis depth and a magnitude equal to some fraction of the concrete compressive strength.

Design Parameters: a. Stress and strain Depth to neutral axis = c Maximum concrete strain = Concrete compressive strength = f'c Reinforcing yield strength = fy Stress block Ratio of average concrete stress = Ratio of stress block depth = 1

b.

c.

Reduction factors (American, ACI 318) Reinforced reduction factor for tension and flexure =

 Reinforced reduction factor for comp and flexure = Note: Strength reduction factors are used in the American codes, both ultimate strength design and load-resistance factor design. These factors are applied to the computed strength based on the mode of failure. d. Resistance factors (Canadian, CSA A23.3) Concrete resistance factor = c Reinforcement resistance factor = r Note: Resistance factors are used in the Canadian codes and are applied directly to the material strengths without regard to the mode of failure. Moment Curvature Analysis Reinforced concrete design calculations normally assume a simple material model for the concrete and reinforcement to determine the moment capacity of a section. The Whitney stress block for concrete along with an elasto-plastic reinforcing steel behavior is the most widely used material model in American codes.

The actual material behavior is nonlinear and can be described by idealized stress-strain models. Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria uses the Park complex strain hardening model for reinforcing steel behavior and Mander's confined and unconfined models for concrete behavior.

Moment curvature analysis is a method to accurately determine the load-deformation behavior of a concrete section using nonlinear material stress-strain relationships. For a given axial load there exists an extreme compression fiber strain and a section curvature ( = / c in radians/length) at which the nonlinear stress distribution is in equilibrium with the applied axial load. A unique bending moment can be calculated at this section curvature from the stress distribution. The extreme concrete compression strain and section curvature can be iterated until a range of moment-curvature values are obtained.

References: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. http://www.ehow.com/about_5533555_types-concrete-slab-designs.html http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT%20Kharagpur/Design%20of%20Con%20Struc/pdf/m8l19.pdf http://faculty.delhi.edu/hultendc/AECT480-Lecture%206.pdf http://www.ce-ref.com/1-way_slab.htm http://structsource.com/pdf/Momcurv_web.pdf Fajardo, Max B. Jr, Simplified Construction Methods.Manila, Philippines.