AN---: BASIC AEROODYNAMICS

TOPIC ANALYSIS
CHAPTER TOPIC ANALYSIS NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 The atmosphere Behavior of Air Theory of Lift Low speed Aero foils High lift Devices High Speed Aerodynamics Tests and Revision Total NO. OF HOURS

5 9 13 12 5 13 7
64

1. THE ATMOSPHERE 1.0) The atmosphere: Relevance to Aerodynamics 1.1)Introduction to the atmosphere, various layers of Atmosphere 1.2)Explanation of various layers of atmosphere with respect to variation of temperature, Pressure and density with change in altitude 1.3) Explanation of the diagram showing variation of temperature, pressure,

5Hrs

density, relative humidityand viscosity of air with change in altitude

1.4) Physical properties of air 1.5) Fluid pressure 1.6) Composition of air: Explanation of constituents of air using tabular presentation

1.7) Standard Atmosphere: Explanation of standard atmosphere, International Standard Atmosphere(ISA)

1.8)

Temperature: 1.81) Measurement of temperature 1.82) Conversion Factors

1.9)

Pressure : 1.91 )Pressure altitude 1.92 )Density altitude 1.93 )Effect of pressure on density

1.94) Effect of temperature on density 1.95)Effect of humidity on density 1.96)Density surface 1.97)ICAO standard Atmosphere- Table

2. BEHAVIOR OF AIR
2.1)Speed of sound 2.1a) Bernoulli's Equation and Equation of continuity 2.2) Dynamic pressure ,static pressure, total pressure 2.3) Explanation of total pressure in terms of dynamic and static pressure 2.4) Air Speed and Ground Speed 2.5) Methods of measuring Air speed 2.6) Pitot static tube: General features, Types of Pitot tubes in use, location Conciderations for pitot tube systems 2.7) AIR SPEED TERMINOLOGY: 2.71) 2.72) 2.73) 2.74) Indicated air speed(IAS) Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) Equivalent Air Speed (EAS) True Air Speed (TAS)

9Hrs

2.8) The venturi tube: variation of pressure ,speed, across venturi tube

3.THEORY OF LIFT
3.1) The circulation theory of lift 3.2) Flow of Air past a circular cylinder 3.3) Flow past a two dimensional Aerofoil 3.4) Streamline pattern past an Aerofoil

13Hrs

3.5) Explanation of Air flow about an aerofoil with different amounts of Circulation imposed-diagrams 3.6) Vortex Flow- Explanation of Vortex flow ,conditions for vortex flow 3.7) Formation of Vortex 3.8) Magnus Effect and the wake behind the aerofoil 3.9) Boundary Layer- Definition of boundary layer, laminar and turbulent boundary layers, boundary layer characteristics 3.10) 3.11) Reynolds number- Explanation, Definition of boundary layer Effect of Reynolds number on boundary layer, CRITICAL

REYNOLDS number , Scale effect

4. LOW SPEED AEROFOILS

4.1) Introduction and general requirements of aerofoil

12Hrs

4.2) Aerofoil terminology, explanation of a typical aerofoil with diagram

4.2) 4.3)

Forces acting on an aerofoil- Explanation with diagram Types of Aero foils:

4.31)High lift aero foils 4.32)General purpose conventional aero foils 4.33)High speed aero foils 4.34) Ideal aerofoil charectaristics 4.4)Different aerofoil sections- diagrams

4.5) Factors affecting the performance of the aerofoil -RAF 15,Clark Y,NACA-4 digit and 5 digit series 4.6)Pressure distribution around an aerofoil 4.7) Centre of pressure(CP), Aerodynamic centre, pitching moment 4.8)Finite wing terminology 4.81)Generation of lift in a wing 4.9) Aspect ratio and stalling angle 4.10) Sweep back wings ,Effect of sweep back on stalling 4.10 a)Wing tip vortices 4.11) Drag, components of total drag-zero lift drag, lift dependant drag 4.12) Slats and flaps- brief explanation

5.HIGH LIFT DEVICES

5.1 )Introduction to high lift devices

5Hrs

5.2 )Flaps, purpose of flaps, action of the flaps, effect of flaps and slats on lift 5.3) Types off flap- plain/camber, split ,tap ,slotted, double slotted, Fowler 5.4) Principle of operation of SLATS, automatic Slots, use of slots

6. HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS

6.1)Introduction: Effect of various speeds on co-efficient of lift 6.2)Compressive Lift 6.3) Vortex lift, Effect of vortices on Coefficient of lift 6.4)Effect of compressibility on Drag: 6.41) Interference Drag 6.42) Trim Drag 6.43) Wave Drag, Effect of wave drag

13Hrs

6.5) Transonic and supersonic Aerodynamics: 6.51) Introduction- speed of sound, mach number, free stream mach number local mach number,Critical mach number, Detachment mach number, critical drag rise mach number

6.52 )Pressure waves, pressure waves from a stationary source, pressure wave pattern from sub-sonic, sonic source 6.52)Pressure waves from moving source pattern from a super sonic Source 6.6) Mach waves 6.7) Large pressure waves 6.8) Shock waves- Formation of bow shock wave 6.9) Wing surface Shockwaves 6.10) Conditions for shock wave generation 6.11) Bottom surface 6.12) Top shockwave 6.13)Nature of shockwave-physical effects of a shockwave 6.14) Normal shock wave

6.15) Oblique shockwave 6.16)Shock stall and Sonic Boom DETAILS OF CONTENTS 1.THE ATMOSPHERE 1.1 Introduction to atmosphere and its various layers: The basic constituents of atmospheric air, Various percentage concentrations of constituents are explained. 1.2 Explanation of the important four layers of atmosphere, the variation of three important Parameters-temperature, pressure, relative humidity of air in atmosphere when altitude is Increased from sea level upwards 1.3 Explanation of the graphical representation of variation of temperature, pressure and Relative humidity with altitude . 1.4 Physical properties of air are discussed in brief 1.5 Fluid pressure: Meaning of fluid pressure, its relation to aircraft- general points 1.6 Composition of air :The various constituents of air are explained for atmosphere In a tabular column for better appreciation 1.7 Standard atmosphere: Explanation of the term standard atmosphere, International Standard Atmosphere(ISA) 1.8 Temperature: Various units of temperature measurement, absolute temperature 1.9 Measurement of temperature- common methods available for measurements 1.10Conversion factors for units commonly used in various countries 1.11 Pressure: Meaning, units of pressure measurement 1.12 Pressure altitude: Explanation of pressure altitude 1.13 Effect of pressure on density: explanation 1.14 Effect of temperature on density: explanation 1.14 Effect of humidity on density: explanation 1.15 Density altitude: Meaning of density altitude I.16 ICAO Standard atmosphere: International civil aviation organization (ICAO) Standard atmosphere as per ISA(International standard atmosphere) 2.BEHAVIOR OF AIR 2.1 Speed of sound- general explanation of the term 2.2 Dynamic pressure, static pressure and total pressure: Meaning of these three important Terms and difference between the three pressures 2.3 Explanation of total pressure in terms of dynamic and static pressure 2.4 AIR SPEED and GROUND SPEED: Explanation and the difference between the two 2.5 Common methods used for measurement of ground speed, airspeed, major difference Between the two speeds 2.6 Pitot static tube assembly- general features, types in use in fighter aircrafts, in transport Aircrafts and in helicopters 2.7 AIR SPEED TERMINOLOGY in use and their meaning: Indicated Air Speed(IAS) Calibrated Air Speed(CAS) Equivalent Air Speed(EAS) True Air Speed(TAS) 2.8 The VENTURI TUBE: Variation of pressure, speed across venture tube 3.THEORY OF LIFT 3.1 The circulation theory of lift: Assumptions like air is non viscous or inviscid ,and two

dimensional flow being used for basic explanation of circulation theory of lift are explained 3.2Flow of air past a circular cylinder is explained with the help of a diagram 3.3 Flow of air past a two dimensional aerofoil is explained using diagram of air flow over two dimensional aerofoil 3.4Streamline pattern of air flow past an aerofoil is explained with a diagram 3.5 Explanation of airflow about an aerofoil with different amounts air circulation imposed on it with help of diagrams 3.6 Vortex flow: Explanation of vortex flow and the meaning of KUTTA CONDITION 3.7 Formation of vortex, effect of vortex flow in general 3.8 Magnus effect and wake behind the aerofoil explanation of both the terms 3.9 Boundary layer- Definition, laminar and turbulent boundary layers, characteristics of boundary layer 3.91 Reynolds number:-Explanation, definition of Reynolds number 3.92 Effect of Reynolds number on boundary layer, Explanation of CRITICAL Reynolds number, scale effect 4.LOW SPEED AEROFOILS 4.1 Introduction and general requirements of aerofoils: Explanation of how the drag decrease for air flow over a flat plate having a thickness to a curved ,thin surface 4.2Aerofoil terminology and explanation of a typical aerofoil with diagram: explanation of some typical terms like chord line, chord length, mean camber line 4.3 Forces acting on an aerofoil-explain with diagram 4.4 Types of aerofoils: Explanation of various aerofoils like: high lift aero foils, general purpose conventional aerofoils, high speed aero foils 4.5 Different aero foil sections diagrams and their explanation 4.6 Factors affecting the performance of aerofoils- contour, thickness, finishing in an aerofoil 4.7 Pressure distribution around an aerofoil- changes in pressures in upper and lower side of an aerofoil and its effect on lift generated 4.4 Centre of pressure(CP): Definition of CP 4.5 Genral theory of generation of lift in a wing 4.6 Aspect ratio and stalling angle: explanation of the terms 4.7 Sweep back wings,effect of sweep back on stalling in an aircraft 4.8 Drag, components of total drag- zero lift drag, lift dependent drag: explanation of the terms 4.9 Slats and flaps: explanation of terms and purpose of slats and flaps 5. HIGH LIFT DEVICES 5.1 Introduction to high lift devices the basic requirement of high lift devices 5.2 Flaps, purpose of flaps, action of flaps on lift, action of slats on lift:explanation 5.3 Types of flaps commonly used:Plain/camber, split, zap, slotted , double slotted, Fowler flaps 5.4 Principle of operation of slats: automatic slots, use of slots- explanation 6. EFFECT OF COMPRESSIBILITY ON LIFT 6.1 Introduction and effect of various speeds on coefficient of lift(CL)- General explanation 6.2 Compressive lift- general explanation 6.3 Effect of compressibility on drag- general discussions on interference drag and trim drag 6.4 Wave drag and effect of wave drag- basic explanation 6.5Transonic and Supersonic Aerodynamics: explanation of terms like speed of sound, mach number, free stream mach number, local mach number, critical drag rise mach number 6.6 Pressure waves, pressure waves from a stationery source, pressure wave pattern from sub-sonic, sonic source- basic explanation of the terms 6.7 Pressure waves from moving source, pattern from a super sonic source 6.8 Mach waves basic explanation 6.9 Large pressure waves-basic explanation 6.10 Shock waves- formation of bow shock waves- explanation of terms 6.11 Wing surface shock waves- explanation of the term 6.22 Conditions for shock wave generation- explanation of conditions needed for shock wave generation 6.23 Bottom shock wave explanation 6.24 Top shock wave explanation 6.25 Nature of a shock wave-and explanation of physical effects of a shock wave 6.26 Normal shock wave explanation of the term 6.27 Oblique shock wave explanation of the term

Reference: 1. Fundamentals Of Flight: Vol I Basic Aerodynamics By Dr O.P. Sharma and Lalit Varma 2. Mechanics of Flight :BY KERMODE A.C