ENU 4133 Reynolds Transport Theorem

January 19, 2012

Fluid in Motion

To Analyze uid in motion, we must take one of the two approaches: (1) describe the detailed ow pattern at every point ( x, y, z) in the eld (Chapter 4-Dierential approach). (2) work with a nite region, make a balance of ow in versus ow out, and determine gross ow eects such as the force or torque on a body or the total energy exchange (Chapter 3Integral approach).

Approaches (Scales) of Fluid Mechanic Analysis

Control volume analysis with general balance equations. Estimates gross parameters. (Chapter 3) Dierential analysis (viscosity, Navier-Stokes, turbulence modeling). Estimates spatially/temporally-detailed parameters. (Chapter 4) Experimental/dimensional/empirical analysis. Can estimate either type of parameter, depending on data available. (Chapter 5) Each method is useful for dierent types of problems.

Integral Relations for a Control Volume

Statics uid problems require only the density of the uid and knowledge of the position of the free surface. But most ow problems require the analysis of uid motion dened by the geometry, the boundary conditions, and the laws of mechanics. All the laws of mechanics are written for a system. A system is dened as an arbitrary quantity of mass of xed identity. Everything external to this system is denoted by the term surroundings, and the system is separated from its surroundings by its boundaries.

Systems
System vs. surroundings, boundaries. A system is a xed quantity of mass, denoted by m. Neglect nuclear reactions, where mass can be changed to energy. Mass: dm =0 dt (1)

Neglect nuclear reactions, where mass can be changed to energy. Momentum: F =m Energy: dE Q W = dt Heat added to system, work done by system. (3) dv dt (2)

State/Constituitive Relations

All these laws involve thermodynamic properties. We must use state relations when we use these equations.

p = p(, T ) e = e(p, T ) = (p, T )

(4) (5) (6)

Termed state relations in text and often in thermodynamics. The more general term is constitutive relations, which also covers things like htc = htc(Re, Pr , k, Dh , ...). htc: heat transfer coecient

Control Volumes

Some volume in space in which average parameters are calculated. Bounded by (closed) control surface. The physical volume may be a function of time either due to deformation or translation. Control volumes can be xed, moving, and deformable.

Physical Laws for CVs

Mass/continuity Linear momentum Angular momentum Energy Mass, linear momentum, and energy are predominant.

Volume Rate of Flow through an Arbitrary Surface Fig 3.1

Figure 3.1

Flow Rates
Dierential area dA on a surface, with normal vector n:

dV = VdtdA cos = (V n)dAdt dV = (V n)dA dt Q=

s

(7) (8) (9)

(V n)dA =
s

Vn dA

For control volumes, n is outward-pointing, so Q > 0 implies outow, Q < 0 implies inow.

m=
s

Vn dA

(10)

Reynold Transport Theorem

Reynold Transport Theorem: allows us to apply all basic laws to a specic region rather than to individual masses. Convert system analysis to a control-volume analysis. We need to relate the time derivative of a system property to the rate of change of that property within a certain region

Fixed Control Volume Fig 3.3

Fixed Control Volume

Consider property B (energy, momentum, etc.): = dB dm (11)

: intensive value. (Amount of B per unit mass in any small element of uid). Reynolds transport theorem: BCV BCV =
CV

dm dV
CV

(12) (13) +
CS

= d dt

d (Bsyst ) = dt

dV

V ndA

(14)

In the limit as dt approaches zero, an instantaneous change of B in the system is the sume of the change within C.V., plus outow, minus the inow.

Separating Inow and Outow

Taking V , dA, and as functions around the surface: d (Bsyst ) = dt d (Bsyst ) = dt +
CS

d dt d dt

dV dV

+
CS

V ndA

(15) (16)

V cos dAout
CS

V cos dAin d mout d min(17)

CS

d (Bsyst ) = dt

d dt

dV

+
CS

Generation/destruction terms?

Error in White

Immediately below Equation 3.10a, the text claims that d m = Vn dA is a dierential mass ux. It is, in fact, a dierential mass ow rate. Mass ow rate: m, SI units of kg s1 . Mass ux: G , SI units of kg m2 s1 .

Fixed vs. Moving C.V.s

Fixed C.V.: d dt dV =
CV

()dV t

(18)

For a constant velocity, moving C.V., this doesnt apply and Vr (relative velocity Vr = V Vs ) must be used: d (Bsyst ) = dt d dt dV +
CS

Vr ndA

(19)

Control Volume of Constant Shape but Variable Velocity and Arbitrarily Moving and Deformable Control Volume only useful in unusual circumstances, not in scope of class.

One-dimensional Inow/Outow
Often, a C.V. will not have an open surface, but rather a surface that is closed to ow except at specic inlets/outlets. In this case: d (Bsyst ) = dt +
CS

d dt

dV V cos dAout
CS

(20) V cos dAin (21) i mi,in

inlets

d (Bsyst ) = dt +

d dt
outlets

dV i mi,out

mi

= i Ai Vi

(22)

Example 3.1 in the text is a nice treatment of this. In-class examples for Sections 3.1 & 3.2: P3-7, P3-9 (both v. 6 and v. 7).