Lect 17

Physics 212
Lecture 17
Faradays Law
d B emf = E d = dt
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 1
Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Oscar Peterson Kenny Barron Dave Brubeck Thelonius Monk Marcus Roberts
Why? Time to return to classic jazz Most unique piano player?? Check out the Jazz Biography CD (couldnt find a picture) great recordings from 40s and 50s
Also: MUST SEE DVD: Straight No Chaser: 2000
Your Comments
Everything is coming together, electricity and magnetism...woah! Teardrop =( I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IS GOING ON! I think the best way to understand electricity would be to put a fork into an outlet. THIS LECTURE IS WAY TOO HARD The falling loop problem DEMOS The most difficult part of this section is determining which direction a current is induced when it has a changing magnetic flux through it.
Well go through the concepts in some detail again.
Checkpoints and demos!
I never thought I would B INtroDUCED to a concept as confusing as this Man, this stuff if giving me acid reFLUX.
Hour Exam II Wed. Oct. 26: Lect 9-18
Signup for conflicts TODAY! (Hard deadline Thu. Oct. 20 10:00 p.m.)
05
Faradays Law:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
Looks scary but its not its amazing and beautiful !
A changing magnetic flux produces an electric field.
Electricity and magnetism are deeply connected

*Remember: we started by applying
F = qv B
to wires
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop.
A
Think of B as the number of field lines passing through the surface There are many ways to change this
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
Change the B field
A
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
Move loop to a place where the B field is different
A
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
Rotate the loop
A
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
Rotate the loop
A
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
Rotate the loop
A
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop. 2) The emf will make a current flow if it can (like a battery).
Checkpoint 1a
A copper loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field as shown. You are looking from the right.
Suppose the loop is moving to the right. The current induced in the loop is: A. zero B. clockwise C. counterclockwise
Since the loop is not rotating there is a constant B*dA. d(B*dA)/dt is zero The current induced must cause a B field that opposes the flux. Since there is an increasing flux to the left in this case, the induced current will be clockwise to induce a magnetic field to the right. The current induced in the loop will create a magnetic flux that will oppose the magnetic field that created it.
Checkpoint 1a
Suppose the loop is moving to the right. The current induced in the loop is: A. zero B. clockwise C. counterclockwise
Motional emf is ZERO vXB=0 no charge separation no E field no emf The flux is NOT changing B does not change the area does not change the orientation of B and A does not change
Checkpoint 1b
Now suppose the that loop is stationary and that the magnetic 1b is Checkpoint field decreasing in time. The current induced in the loop is: A. zero B. clockwise C. counterclockwise
No motion means no current is being induced. It will want to increase flux in the opposite direction, ie the direction of the original field. The induced current opposes the change in flux, and since the B-field induces a clockwise current, the changing B-field will result in a counterclockwise current.
Checkpoint 1b
Looking from right

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Now suppose the that loop is stationary and that the magnetic 1b is Checkpoint field decreasing in time. The current induced in the loop is: A. zero B. clockwise C. counterclockwise X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Motional emf is ZERO There is no motion of conduction electrons ! HOWEVER: The flux IS changing B decreases in time current induced to oppose the flux change clockwise current puts back B that was removed THIS IS NEW !! Faradays Law explains existence of emf when the motional emf is ZERO!
Clockwise restores B
Now suppose that the loop is spun around a vertical axis as shown, and that it makes one complete revolution every second.
Checkpoint 1c
The current induced in the loop: A. Is zero B. Changes direction once per second C. Changes direction twice per second
the current would be zero since the flux would cancel out. The current experiences sinusoidal change, so in one period (second), the current will change directions once. It goes from increasing field lines through the loop to decreasing field lines through the loop twice per rotation
Now suppose that the loop is spun around a vertical axis as shown, and that it makes one complete revolution every second.
Checkpoint 1c
The current induced in the loop: A. Is zero B. Changes direction once per second C. Changes direction twice per second
Current changes direction every time the loop becomes perpendicular with the B field emf ~ d/dt (B dA = max) d/dt (B dA ) = 0
X O
dA
dA
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop. 2) The emf will make a current flow if it can (like a battery). 3) The current that flows generates a new magnetic field.
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop. 2) The emf will make a current flow if it can (like a battery). 3) The current that flows induces a new magnetic field. 4) The new magnetic field opposes the change in the original magnetic field that created it. (Lenz Law)
dB/dt
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop. 2) The emf will make a current flow if it can (like a battery). 3) The current that flows induces a new magnetic field. 4) The new magnetic field opposes the change in the original magnetic field that created it. (Lenz Law)
Demo
dB/dt
Faradays Law:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
Executive Summary:
emfcurrentfield a) induced only when flux is changing

b) opposes the change
A horizontal copper ring is dropped from rest directly above the north pole of a permanent magnet
Checkpoint 2
(copper is not ferromagnetic) Will the acceleration a of the falling ring in the presence of the magnet be any different than it would have been under the influence of just gravity (i.e. g)? A. a > g B. a = g C. a < g
Please do not display this in lecture but that picture on this checkpoint with the falling conducting loop looked a LOT McDonalds like french fries.
THe induced emf will try to resist the increasing magnetic field from the magnet so it will produce a magnetic field opposite to that and fall faster. The force by the B field will always be horizontal and will not affect the vertical force on the ring. Some of the gravitational potential energy gets dissipated as heat AS the Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide loop is falling
22
Checkpoint 2
F
X O
B B
Like poles repel Ftotal < mg a<g
This one is hard ! B field increases upward as loop falls Clockwise current (viewed from top) is induced
Checkpoint 2
HOW IT WORKS Looking down B

B I I
IL X B points UP Ftotal < mg a<g
This one is hard ! B field increases upward as loop falls Clockwise current (viewed from top) is induced Main Field produces horizontal forces Fringe Field produces vertical force
Demo !
dropping magnets e-m cannon
Calculation
A rectangular loop (height = a, length = b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction. What is the direction and the magnitude of the force on the loop when half of it is in the field?
y
a v0
B b x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
Conceptual Analysis
Once loop enters B field region, flux will be changing in time Faradays Law then says emf will be induced
Strategic Analysis
Find the emf Find the current in the loop Find the force on the current
Calculation
A rectangular loop (height = a, length = b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction.
y
emf =
d B dt
a v0
x
What is the magnitude of the emf induced in the loop just after it enters the field? (A) = Babv02
y
(B) = Bav0 (C) = Bbv0 (D) = Bav0 (E) = Bbv0
a v0
B x x x x x x x b x x x x x x x a x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
Change in Flux = dB = BdA = Bav0dt
In a time dt it moves by v0dt
The area in field changes by dA = v0dt a
d B = Bavo dt
Calculation
y
emf =
d B dt
a v0
x
What is the direction of the current induced in the loop just after it enters the field? (A) clockwise (B) counterclockwise (C) no current is induced
emf is induced in direction to oppose the change in flux that produced it

y
a v0
x
Flux is increasing into the screen Induced emf produces flux out of screen
Calculation
y
emf =
d B dt
a v0
x
What is the direction of the net force on the loop just after it enters the field? (A) +y (B) -y (C) +x (D) -x
Force on a current in a magnetic field:

y
F = IL B
b a
B x x x x x x x v0 I x x x x x x x Force on top and bottom segments cancel (red arrows) Force on right segment is directed in x direction.
x Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 28
Calculation
y
emf =
d B dt
a v0
x
What is the magnitude of the net force on the loop just after it enters the field? (A) F = 4aBvo R (B) F = a 2 Bvo R
2 (C) F = a 2 B 2vo / R
F = IL B
= Bav0
(D) F = a 2 B 2vo / R
F = IL B
y
F = ILB since L B
b a
B x x x x x x x v0 I x x x x x x x
x
Bavo I= = R R
B 2 a 2vo Bavo F = aB = R R
ILB
Follow-Up
A rectangular loop (sides = a,b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in a the z direction. What is the velocity of the loop when half of it is in the field?
y
t = dt: = Bav0 B x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
v0
Which of these plots best represents the velocity as a function of time as the loop moves form entering the field to halfway through ? (A) (B) (C) D) (E)
X
b a Fright B x x x x x x x v0 I x x x x x x x
This is not obvious, but we know v must decrease Why?
Fright points to left Acceleration negative Speed must decrease

Follow-Up
A rectangular loop (sides = a,b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction. What is the velocity of the loop when half of it is in the field?
y
b a
v0
B x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x = Bav0
x
Which of these plots best represents the velocity as a function of time as the loop moves form entering the field to halfway through ? dv (A) (D) F = a B v/R = m Why (D), not (A)?
2 2
dt
F is not constant, depends on v
a 2 B 2v dv F = =m R dt
v = vo e t
a2 B2 where = mR
Challenge: Look at energy
Claim: The decrease in kinetic energy of loop is equal to the energy dissipated as heat in the resistor. Can you verify??

Lect 17

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Lect 17

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Physics 212

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 1

Also: MUST SEE DVD: Straight No Chaser: 2000

Checkpoints and demos!

Hour Exam II Wed. Oct. 26: Lect 9-18

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 3

Looks scary but its not its amazing and beautiful !

A changing magnetic flux produces an electric field.

Electricity and magnetism are deeply connected

Change the B field

Move loop to a place where the B field is different

Rotate the loop

Rotate the loop

Rotate the loop

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 11

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 12

Looking from right

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 15

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 17

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 18

emfcurrentfield a) induced only when flux is changing

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 21

Like poles repel Ftotal < mg a<g

HOW IT WORKS Looking down B

IL X B points UP Ftotal < mg a<g

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 25

(B) = Bav0 (C) = Bbv0 (D) = Bav0 (E) = Bbv0

Change in Flux = dB = BdA = Bav0dt

In a time dt it moves by v0dt

The area in field changes by dA = v0dt a

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 26

emf is induced in direction to oppose the change in flux that produced it

Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 27

Force on a current in a magnetic field:

This is not obvious, but we know v must decrease Why?

Fright points to left Acceleration negative Speed must decrease

F is not constant, depends on v

Challenge: Look at energy

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