PathwayforlowcarbonofficebuildingsinThailand: Targetof80%inReducingCarbonEmissionby2050

Submittedby RapeePraditsathawong 119328354

TowardsthedegreeofMasterofScienceintheArchitecturalEngineering:Environmentaldesignat theUniversityofBath.DepartmentofArchitectureandCivilEngineering

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1. CurrentsituationofEnergyconsumptioninThailand 1.1 Introduction Duringthelast20years,governmentpoliciesgraduallyturnedthemajoreconomicalpart ofThailandfromagriculturetoindustry(Phdungsilp,A.,2010:4808).Asaresult,theGDPgrowthrate steadilyincreasesform6.2%in2004toreach7.8%inthepreviousyear(NESDB,2010:1)and ThailandwasalsorecordedasthesecondbiggesteconomyintheSoutheastAsiaregionwith176US$ ofGDPpercapitain2006(Shrestha,R.M.,etal,2007:3179).Ontheotherhand,thenationalenergy consumptionhasbeensignificantlyincreasingtosupporttheeconomicgrowth.Moreoverithas resultedintheriseofcarbondioxideemissionlevelwhichisthemaincauseofglobalwarming. Inordertopreventthesituationfrombeingmorecritical,theMinistryofthe SustainabilityofUrbandevelopmentofThailandhasestablishedthepathwaytoreducingthe emissionofCarbondioxideby80%withintheyear2050from1990.Thestrategieswillbefurther enumeratedinthisreport. 1.2 EnergyconsumptionbyeconomicsectorsinThailand FromtheNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentBoard(NESDB),thegrowthrateof 2010GDPofThailandaccountsfor7.9%whichwascausedbytheinvestorsrelianceontherecovery ofworldfinancialsituation(MinistryofEnergy,2011:1).Thissituationtendedtoleadtheenergy consumptionincreasinginmanysectorsinthefollowingyear,particularlyforthecommercialpart.

Figure1:TheFinalEnergyConsumptionbyEconomicSector2010 (Source:MinistryofEnergy,Thailand,2011:6)

Accordingtofigure1,theenergyconsumptionforcommercialbuildingswhichincludethe officebuildingsaccountformorethan5,500Kilotonsintheyear2010whichisconsideredasthe fourthbiggestconsumptionsector.However,thegrowthratefromthepreviousyearisthehighest onewhichrepresents11.7%fromlastyear,whereasinthepreviousyear,therateincreasedonly 0.6%. Inthelast20years(19902010),theenergyuseinThailandwascontinuallyincreasedbythe averagerateof4.4%peryearuptothepresenttimethattheenergyuseaccountsfor2.3timesofthe rateinyear1990asshowninfigure2.Therewasadramaticallyriseofthegrowthrateduringthe year19921996whichtendstobethebiggestconstructiongrowth,howevertheratesignificantly

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droppedduringtheeconomiccrisisperiod(Shrestha,R.M.,etal,2007:3179)thefollowingyearsand changedtoincreaseagainin1999.

Figure2:Thailandenergyuseinthepastandthefuturetrendbysector (Source:Ministryofenergy,2011:3)

FromtheFigure2,atthecurrentyear,theincreasingrateforthecommercialbuildings (whichincludestheenergyuseintheofficebuildings)hasgrownupto3.7timesfromlastyear.Inthe next20years,ifthereisnoenergycontrol,theenergyuse(BAU)willdoubleuptoreach151,000 Ktoeandthepercentageofcommercialbuildingswillaccountfor10%ofallfinalenergyconsumption withintheyear2030.

Figure3:ThailandCommercialDesignatedBuildings2009 (Source:TheGreenEarth,2009:4)

ThestatisticfromTheGreenEarth(2009:4)infigure3demonstratesthatthemajorityofall commercialbuildingsareofficeswhichcontainmorethan700unitswiththepercentageof37.89of

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alldesignatedbuildings.Ifconsideringforthewholesharesinthecommercialconstructionby buildingtypethatwasresearchedbytheDepartmentofAlternativeEnergyDevelopmentand Efficiency(DEDE),theofficebuildinghasthelargestquantitywithashighpercentageas66% (Kofoworola,F.O.andGheewala,S.H.2009:1077).Moreover,thecommercialbuildingsectoristhe largesttotalelectricityconsumptionpartwiththepercentageof44%.Therefore,itcanbeconcluded thattherelevantresearchresultsorsuggestionsonofficebuildingenergystrategiescouldpositively affectondecreasingtheenergyconsumptionaswellastheeconomy(Ibid,2009:1077)

Figure4:Constructionpermissionbytype (Source:Kofoworola,F.O.andGheewala,S.H.2009:1077)

1.3 EnergyEfficiency

Figure5:NetEnergyconsumptionfrommodelbythelevelofenergyconservation (Source:MinistryofEnergy,2011:36)

InThailand,theenergyefficiencyinlargebuildingsisassessedbycomparingenergyuseper areaineachbuildingtypewhichiscurrentlynamedreferencewiththevaluesthatarecalculated

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fromtheenergyusewhenappliedwiththeminimumstandard(BEC)andthehigherstandard(with thecorelationcircumstances)in3levels;HEPS,ECON,ZEV(MinistryofEnergy,2011:35).Asshown inthefigure5,theenergyconsumptioninofficebuildingwhichappliedwiththeBECstandardis reducedby48kWh/m2y.Thepercentageoftheconservationfromreferenceis21.92%.When applyingtheHEPS,thefigurewilldecreasetoonly141kWh/m2ywhichmeansapproximately35.62% ofenergyisconserved.Toconclude,theenergyinofficebuildingsinThailandisstillinefficiently employedatpresenttime,therefore,thefurtherdevelopmentshouldbeobtained. 1.4 CarbonemissionbyeconomicsectorsinThailand

Figure6:TheEstimatedCO2EmissionByTypefromEnergyConsumption (Source:MinistryofEnergy,Thailand,2011:10) Accordingtothedatainfigure6,thehighestamountofCO2emissionwasfromthe transportationsector.Ontheotherhand,residentialandcommercialpartreleasedtheleastamount ofCO2in2006,andhasbeenthesmallestportionuntil2010fromtheestimateddata.However,in thelastyear,itcontainedthehighestincreasingratewhichaccountsforapproximately5.89%from lastyear,whereasthetransportationhasonly0.58%growthrate. Although,theportionforresidentialandcommercialpartisthesmallestone,itshouldbe realizedthattheelectricitypowerwhichisthelargestemissionpartisalsothemainenergysupplyfor residencesandcommercialbuildings.Fromtheenergyconsumptiondata(MinistryofEnergy,2011: 15)allthecommercialpartsinfigure7(whichincludetheofficebuildings)thataredividedinto3 sectors;smallbusiness,business,governmentandnonprofitableorganizationsectorsrepresented nearly30%ofallelectricitysuppliedbythegrid.Consequently,itcanbeassumedthat30%of82,517

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ktonofelectricalpowersectorwhichis24,755.1ktonwascausedbythepowerconsumptionin commercialbuildings.Fromabovementionedstatements,theofficebuildingsshouldalsoconsidered asthehighpercentageinenergyconsumptionaswellascarbonreleasingwhichshouldberestrained.

Figure7:Electricityusebysector (Source:MinistryofEnergy,2011:15)

2. Opportunitiesandthreatsforbuildinglowcarbonoffices 2.1 Opportunities ClimateofThailand Thailandissituatedintheequatorialtropicalclimatezonewith3definedseasons.The averagetemperaturevariesfrom2034Cinoneyear(CAIAsiaSecretariat,2006:1).Owingtothe climatecondition,mostofofficebuildingsinThailandrequireonlycoolingonairconditioningsystem fortheHVACsystem. 2.1.1 Energyhierarchy 1) Energydemandreduction Accordingtotheofficebuildingresearch(Kofoworola,O.F.andGheewala,S.H., 2009:1080),theairconditioninginThaiofficeisusuallycentraltypewithoutproviding separatedtemperaturecontrol.Moreover,thetemperatureisusuallysetbetween2324C whichislowerthanthestandardindoorairsetpointtemperatureof26C(ANSI/ASHRAE standard55204)andleadstothestateofovercoolingindoorair.Furthermore,thecomfort temperatureforequatorialzonescouldbehigherthanstandardtemperatureduetothe acclimatizationofpeople(T.Chalermwat,S.etal,2001citedbyKofoworala,O.F.and Gheewala,S.H.2009:1080).Accordingtothestatistic(Ibid,2009:1080),theincreaseof1Cof setpointtemperaturecouldsavetheenergyforapproximately7%ofallelectricity consumption.

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Forlightingsystem,decreasingthelightingloadwillleadto2derives;saving lightingenergyconsumptionandreducingtheloadfromairconditioningsystemsowingto theindirectheatgainedfromlightsources(Busch,J.F.,1993:197).Thereductionofdemand canbeachievedbyapplyingthesensorsforoccupantswiththelightingsystems (Kofoworola,O.F.andGheewala,S.H.,2009:1080).However,thissystemisstillrarelyfoundin Thailandoffices. Shuttingdownallthesystemsduringthelunchtimefor1hourisanoptionto reducetheenergy.Followingwiththisscenarioinaperiodofoneyear,itwasestimatedthat 12.5%ofthebuildingenergycanbeeliminatedasshowninfigure9,thusitcanbeassumed that1.1x104GWh/yrofelectricitypowerwillbereducedforthewholecountryscale (ibid,2009:1080). 2) Efficiencyofcurrentenergy

Figure8:OperationphasepercentageelectricitydistributionbyenduseinThaioffices (Source:Kofoworola,O.F.andGheewala,S.H.,2009:1080)

Fromthefigure8,themajorpartofelectricitydistributionisairconditioning systemwhichistotallyfromcoolingsystemswhichaccountsformorethanhalfofall distributions.Therefore,changingthetypeofchillersinthissystemtothelowercapacitiy onecanassistimprovingtheefficiency.Fromthedataasshowninfigure9(Kofoworola,O.F. andGheewala,S.H.,2009:1080),itwasfoundthat17%ofelectricityinresearchedoffice buildingscouldbereducedbythismethod. LargefaadeoftheofficebuildingisthemainmarketingstrategyinThailand, ontheotherhand,itisalsoconsideredasthethermalobtainingfromthesolarradiant. Consequently,thedecreasingofwidowtowallratio(WWR)(ibid,2009:1081)couldreduce indoorcoolingload.Accordingtotheresearch,atleast2%ofreducingofenergyconsumption occurred,ifWWRisreducedby0.05(from0.50to0.45)asshownonfigure9.Furthermore, thewidowglazingisrecommendedandprovedtobeeffectivemethodofpreventingheat gainwhilelettingthenaturallightcomeinsidethebuildings.

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Figure9:Analysisofenergysavingstrategiesbyphase (Source:Kofoworola,O.F.andGheewala,S.H.,2009:1082)

3) Energysupplyoptions Consideringthegeography,climate,andlocationofThailand,itisabundantwith renewablesources,especiallybiomass,solarenergyandwindenergy. Biomass Sinceagricultureisoneofthemaineconomicsector,thewastesandresidues fromthissectorandrelatedindustriesareusefulsourceforbiomass,whilebiogasesfrom wastewaterformlivestockfarm(Amatayakul,W.andGreacen,C.S.,2002:10).Theabilityof generatingtheelectricityfrombothofthemisincreasingwiththedevelopmentofsource efficiencysupportedbythegovernment. SolarEnergy Solarenergyisconsideredasoneofthemostpotentialrenewableenergy.It wasestimatedthatthemeanenergyobtainedfromsunradiantwouldaccountedfor18 MJ/m2/day(Amatayakul,W.andGreacen,C.S.,2002:11).Manytypesofsolarenergysystems arebroadlypromoted,especiallyforthephotovoltaiccells(PVs)whichhasbeenrecordedthat morethan50,000m2ofthemwereinstalledandalsohadtheannualgrowthrateof2,500m2. Moreover,withtheadvantageofitslowmaintenancewithallstaticcomponents,solarcells canalsobecombinedwithbuildingenvelope,especiallyforcladding(Chow,D.etal,2008: 5).Thus,thisalternativeenergysupplycouldbethemostappropriateoptionandcanpossibly beappliedwiththemajorityoflowcarbonofficebuildinginThailandinthenearfuture. WindEnergy Theinfluenceofmonsoonsonthesouthernareasandthewestmountainleads tothesuitabilityofinstallingwindturbine,duetotheaveragewindspeedof6.4m/s (Amatayakul,W.andGreacen,C.S.,2002:12).Thereisnowanencouragementfromthe governmentontheinvestment,however,theoperationalturbinewillproducenoiseandalso tendstobewiththeoverestimatedinstallationcost(Amatayakul,W.andGreacen,C.S.,2002: 12).

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2.2 Threatsandobstacles 2.2.1 Economicalfactors Thecostforefficiencylightingsystemsinnewbuildingisstillhigh,consequently, theprojectownerspossiblyignoretoapplyenergysavinglightingsystemsand equipmentswiththeirbuildings.Thiswascausedbythelackofthelocalsuppliers,sosuch equipmentshadtobeimportedfromoverseamarketswiththehightaxrates (Busch,J.F.,1993:207).Inadditiontothisreason,thelocalownersorinvestorstendedto belackofdataforchoices,detailsandthelifecyclecostsassociatedwiththeiruse (ibid,1993:206). ForthealternativelowcarbonenergysuppliesinThailand,mostofthemrequire thehighinvestmentforinstallation.Forinstance,thephotovoltaicsystemthatis consideredasthemostappropriatedoptionforofficebuilding,butthecostofinstallation isashighas5timesofthecurrentnormalexpenditureonaccountoftheimporteddevices (Amatayakul,W.andGreacen,C.S.,2002:12). 2.2.2 Lackoflowcarbonbuildingdatabase InThailand,severalstandards,legislationsandknowledgeweregatheredand adaptedfromotherdevelopedcountries.Thepublicdatabaseisstillinlimited accessibility,especiallyfromelectronicsources,suchastheinternet.Becauseofthis,the conceptoflowcarbonbuildingcouldbeaccuratelylearntbyverysmallportionof populationandthepublicawarenesstowardthisscenarioisstillinadequate. 2.2.3 Lackofresponsiblecentralorganization ThefragmentedregulationsandstandardsinThailandtendedtoconfusethe involvedparties.Currently,therearemanygovernmentdepartmentsthatareinchargeof enactingthelaws,standardandpurchasingtherelevantbuildingfacilities,nevertheless, mostofthebuildingusersdonotcorrectlyacknowledgeallofthemandcouldnot efficientlyemploythemtotheinfrastructure(Sreshthaputra,A.,2010:18). 2.2.4 Lackofcooperationandobviouswallah Thisproblemisobvioustothegovernmentofficebuildingpart,becauseofthe beingunimportantburdensintheirvisions.Thereareusuallyunobviouswallahstobe responsibleforbuildingfacilities,thereforethisdutiesarefinallyassignedtotheofficers wholackoffundamentalknowledgeofrelevanttechniques(Sreshthaputra,A.,2010:18). Thisleadstotheproblemofcooperationbetweentheeachbuildingmanagementandthe lowcarbonbuildingpolicyenforcement.

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3. Currentbuildinglegislation 3.1 ThailandBuildingEnergyCode Background EnergyDevelopmentandPromotionActB.E.2535(1992)wasthefirstbuildinglegislationthat wasreleasedintheyear1992whichwasthecoordinationbetweenthe2organizations;AIT(Asian instituteTechnology)andASEANUSAID.Thisbuildingcodecovered3maincomponentsofthe buildings;1)buildingenvelope,2)coolingsystemsinbuildingsand3)lightingsystems(Huang,Jand Deringer,J.2007:50).Afterthislawhasbeenusedforafewyears,therewasanimportant amendmentwiththeintroductionofmacroeconomicimpactassessmentunderthecooperation betweenDEDEwhichiscurrentlyresponsiblefordevelopingandimplementingthegreenbuilding codesandDanishInternationalDevelopmentAssistant(DANIDA)(Chirarattananon,S.2004:859). Forthefirstgenerationoflaw,therewas2maintechnicaltermsintroducedfortheevaluation ofthermalperformanceofalllargescaledbuildingenvelope;OTTV(OverallThermalTransferValue) andRTTV(RoofThermalTransfer)asshownbelow.

Figure10:OTTVequation (Source:MinisterialRegulationB.E.2538(1995)Clause7:5)

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Figure11:RTTVEquation (Source:MinisterialRegulationB.E.2538(1995)Clause7:6)

Thedevelopmentandtheachievementoftherevisedbuildingcodes Duringtheyear19952004,therewasasignificantchangeofThailandbuildingenergycodeof adaptingthesetwovaluesbyusingthesoftwareDOE2toanalyzetheenvironmentandclimatein Thailand,particularlyoneachtypeoflargescalebuildings(Ibid.2004:860).Initially,thesetwovalues wereslightlyadaptedfromSingaporeandHongKongcodeswhichtheirclimatesandlocationsare differentfromThailand.Inthelatertime,therewasanotherrevisionwiththeconsiderationof buildingcharacteristics.Thenewvaluestandardwasaccommodatedtobemoreaccurateand focusedontheyearlythermalgainoftheeachtypeofthebuildings(Chirarattananon,S.,2010:1743). ThemaximumallowanceOTTVforofficebuildingwassetas50W/m2,whiletheRTTVwasreduced from25W/m2to15W/m2toimprovethebuildingperformancecriterionasshowninfigure12.

Figure12:Minimumallowableenergyperformanceforbuildingenvelopeaccordingtothenewbuildingcode (Source:Chirarattananon,S.,etal.,2004:1744)

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Thelatestlegislationwasintheyear2009whichiscalledtheMinisterialRegulation B.E.2552.Themajorchangeofthisregulationistheadditionofdevelopedformationsforbuilding evaluations,theprincipleoftheaccuratecalculationmethodology,relevantcoefficientvaluesfor materialsandtheminimumpowerefficiencyofairconditioningsystems(MinistryofEnergy,2009). Accordingtotheresearchofthedevelopmentofbuildingregulation,theresultofapplyingthisnew codehassignificantlyincreasedtheenergysavingwiththepercentageof20%withthe12year buildinglifespan(Chiraratananon,S.,2010:1743). Implementation&Enforcement Since1995,thebuildingcodehasbeenmandatorywhichparticularlyconcentratedonexisting designatedbuildings(Huang,J.andDeringer,J.2007:51).Therehasalsobeenthepersonsinthelocal governmentofficesforinspectingthenewandretrofittedbuildingandissuingtheallowanceonthe documentations.Untilthecurrentlytime,theownersofthebuildingshavetousetheindicatedform calledBorPorAortoreporttheinformationofconstructionemploys,energyconsumptionand preservationtoDEDEonthespecifictimeperiod. Deficiencyofthecurrentbuildingcode Althoughduringthelast10yearsthereweremanyregulationsthathavebeenenforced,there seemedtobeonlythebyelaw,limitedaccomplishment.Otherdeficiencyisthatthereisno unmediatedconnectionbetweenenergyperformanceofschemesthatarevariousinbuildings, energyusesandthecostofenergydemand(Chiraratananon,S.,2010:1743).Furthermore,forthe commercialoffice,thisregulationseemstodirectthecontributorstofailtoreachtheaim,asmostof themtookthecodeastheidealgoal,whereasthecodeinformstheminimumrequisites (ibid,2010:1743). Otherproblemistheunorganizedinfrastructure.Thelackofcentralpartywhoisresponsible forgatheringthedata,criteriastandardandguidelineforlowcarbonbuildings (Sreshthaputra,A.,2010:18).Moreover,sincetherevisionsofthecodesdonotcovertheprevious versions,theyleadedtotheinadequateofclarityandthefragmentationofthelegislation.Asaresult, architects,designersandengineersmayencounterwithconfusionandindecision. 3.2 Labelingschemes Intheyear2009,therewasthecooperationbetweenTheAssociationofSiamese ArchitectsunderRoyalPatronage(ASA)andTheEngineeringInstituteofThailand(EIT)to establish the Thailand Green Building Institute that is responsible for providing the knowledge and releasing the new Thai green labeling. The first labeling scheme named ThaisRatingofEnergyandEnvironmentalSustainabilityforNewConstructionandMajor Renovation (TREEs) was officially launched in the January,2010 to generate a voluntary greenbuildingstandardinThailand,especiallyforthelargeandverylargescalebuildings. MostoftheprincipleshasbeenadoptedfromtheLEEDfromUSAwhichhasbeenbroadly usedforthereferencestandardattheearliertime.Thedifferencesareshowninfigure13.

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Figure13:ComparisonofLEEDandThaiGreenBuildingStandard (Source:Sreshthaputra,A.,2010:63)

This labeling was developed to fulfill the imperfection of applying the LEED standardwiththebuildingsinThailand.Thereweretwomaindefects;thelackofexperts inevaluationandtheincompatibilitywithThaienvironmentandclimate(JARKEN,2010). This standard is used to classify the green building into 3 levels; gold, silver and bronze fromthehighertolowerassessedscoresrespectively(APEC,2010:39).Sincethisstandard isstillnew,thefurtherdevelopmentonThaicontentwouldpossiblyintegratedinthenear future. 4. Theprinciplestoachievethetarget There are 5 principles with the expected percentage of carbon reduction of 15,25,30,10 for 4.1,4.2,4.3and4.4respectively. 4.1 Settingthemostpotentialpolicyasthepriority Thegovernmentshouldreleasetheclearstrategiesofenergysavingandsetthepriority onthemostefficientpolicy.Fromtheresearchontrendofcarbonemissionunderdifferentpolicies (Phdungsilp,A.,2010:4813),themostefficientoneondecreasingthe80ktoeofreleasedCO2isthe improvingefficiencyofairconditioningincommercialbuildings,whilethechangingofbehavioristhe secondlargestcarbonreductionpolicywiththehighestgrowthrateasdemonstratedonfigure14. Thus,thegovernmentshouldfocusondevelopingefficiencyoftheHVACsystemwhilecontinueon thepromotionofbehavioraladaptingpolicyasthesecondpriority.Withthisstrategy,theenergy consumptionintheyear2050couldbereducedby235Ktoewhichwillaccountfor15.16%ofallend useenergy.

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Figure14:EstimatedAvoidedCO2emissionsfromcommercialbuildingswithin20years (source:Phdungsilp,A.,2010:4814)

4.2 Stipulatingthehigherstandardofbuildingcodes. FromtheachievementofadoptingtherevisedOTTV,RTTVandchillercapacitiesinthelatest law,thefurtheradjustmentofthesevaluescouldeffectivelyreducethecarbonemissionssystemizing thebuildingcodes.Accordingtothestudy(Chirarattananon,S.etal,2010:1750)ontheadjustment theOTTV,RTTVandintroducedtheminimumperformanceofchillersystems,itwaspredictedthatby theyear2021,alltheenergyuseintheofficescouldbeeliminatedby632.5GWh(222.3GWhinMEA and410.2inPEAGWhasshowninfigure15).Thiswillaccountfor12.77%basedontheyear2001 whichisstillbyfarlessthanthetarget. Toachievethegoal,themaximumpermittedvaluesshouldbereadjustedontheassumption ofhighermaterialperformancesinfuture.ThepermittedOTTVvalueforofficebuildingthatis currently50W/m2andtheRTTVfor15W/m2shouldbeadjustedto40W/m2and10W/m2 respectivelyandthechillercapacitieswouldbereducedby10%toreducetheapproximately25%of energyconsumptionbasedontheassumptionofthereferredstudy.

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Figure15:EnergyandpeakdemandrequirementofMEA(MetropolitanElectricity)andPEA(Provincial Electricity)andenergysavingsfrombuildingsin2021undertheassumption (Source:Chirarattananon,S.etal,2010:1752)

4.3 Focusingonalternativeenergyandpassivedesign OwingtotheabundantofsolarradiantinThailand,integratingthecladdingofoffice buildingswiththephotovoltaiccellsshouldbeintenselypromotedtogetherwiththepassivedesign. Topersuadeandencouragetheownersandinvestors,thelifecyclecost(LCC)(Kofoworola,O.F.and Gheewala,S.H.,2009:1078)andpaybacktimeshouldbedemonstratedwiththerealofficeprojects. Onthehigherexpectation,theelectricitygeneratedbyverylargeofficebuildings(VLBs)shouldbe largeenoughtosupplytothegridby30%ofallelectricityconsumptioninthebuildingsbytheendof 2050. 4.4 ReinforcingtheThaiGreenBuildingInstitute Thisorganizationshouldbethecentralleaderofthehighergreenbuildingstandard.The basistoachievethisgoalistoenhancethedatabasesbyencouragingThairesearcherstodevelop newlocaltechnologiesorstrategiesfocusingonrealcontextsinThailand.Adequatefinancialsupport andeffectivehumanresourcesshouldbealsoprovided.Furthermore,themostimportanttaskisto settheTREEsasthemandatorystandardwithintheyear2020.Thismethodisexpectedtoreducethe energyconsumptionby10%.

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4.5 Financialaidontheequipmentmarkets Duetothelackoflocalhitechequipmentsuppliers,thesedeviceshavetobeimported fromdevelopedcountries.Thegovernmentshouldreducethetaxrateonthatrelevanttoolsor energysavingequipmentstosolvetheinvestorsfinancialproblemandsupportthepotentialof4.1 4.2and4.3scenarios.Anotherpathwayissubsidizingthelocalindustriesonmanufacturingthe productsneededforrenewableenergybyapplyingtheENCONfund(APEC,2010:9)whichcurrently supportsthelowcarbonprojects.

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