CCNA Exp2 - Chapter01 - Introduction To Routing and Packet Forwarding

Chapter 1-Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding
CCNA Exploration 4.0
Objectives

Identify a router as a computer with an OS and hardware designed for the routing process. Demonstrate the ability to configure devices and apply addresses. Describe the structure of a routing table. Describe how a router determines a path and switches packets
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Routers are Computers

Routers have many of the same hardware and software components
that are found in other computers including: CPU RAM ROM Operating System

Routers are at the network center A router connects multiple networks. This means that it has multiple
interfaces that each belong to a different IP network. Each network that a router connects to typically requires a separate interface. These interfaces are used to connect a combination of both Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs).

Routers determine the best path The primary responsibility of a router is to direct packets destined for
local and remote networks by: Determining the best path to send packets. Forwarding packets toward their destination.

Routers determine the best path


Router as a Computer
Describe the basic purpose of a router Computers that specialize in sending packets over the data network. They are responsible for interconnecting networks by selecting the best path for a packet to travel and forwarding packets to their destination Routers are the network center Routers generally have 2 connections: WAN connection (Connection to ISP) LAN connection PSTN connection
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Evolution of Routers
Multiprotocol devices providing pure data delivery with

minimal access control and QoS. Intelligent Network Services, this allowed us to provide security capabilities like integrated firewall and encryption. Integrated voice and data capabilities, allowing routers to provide voice gateway features for IP telephony. Today the router is an integrated platform for providing advanced services in security, content delivery, and voice.
Cisco Router Series
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Router Components
Router components and their functions
CPU - Executes operating system instructions Random access memory (RAM) - Contains the running copy of configuration file. Stores routing table. RAM contents lost when power is off Read-only memory (ROM) - Holds diagnostic software used when router is powered up. Stores the routers bootstrap program. Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) - Stores startup configuration. This may include IP addresses (Routing protocol, Hostname of router) Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS) Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are used to connect network. Examples of interface types: Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces Serial interfaces Management interfaces
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Router Components(refer to 1.1.2.1)
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Router Components
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Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Front Panel
LED
Color
Status
SYS PWR
Green
Router has successfully booted up and the software is functional. Slow, steady blinking when system is booting or in the ROM monitor.
Blinking when packets are transmitted or received on any WAN or LAN interface, or when monitoring system activity. Flash memory is busy. Do not remove the CompactFlash memory card when this light is on.
SYS ACT CF
Green Blinking green
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Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Back Panel
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Router Components
Router components
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Cisco IOS Software Architecture for 1800 Series
Identified IOS Software includes: Feature and Version
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Router Boot-up Process

Bootup Process
There are four major phases to the bootup process: 1. Performing the POST 2. Loading the bootstrap program 3. Locating and loading the Cisco IOS software 4. Locating and loading the startup configuration file or entering setup mode
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Verify the router boot-up process
The show version command is used to view information about the router during the bootup process. Information includes: Platform model number Image name & IOS version Bootstrap version stored in ROM Image file name & where it was loaded from Number & type of interfaces Amount of NVRAM Amount of flash Configuration register
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Verify the router boot-up process

The show version command can be used to help verify and
troubleshoot some of the basic hardware and software components of the router.
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Router Interfaces

Router Interface is a physical connector that enables a router to send or receive packets Each interface connects to a separate network Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a router Types of router interfaces: Fixed: Fastethernet Modular: Serial DSL ISDN Fastethernet
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Router Interfaces
Two major groups of Router Interfaces
LAN Interfaces: Are used to connect router to LAN network Has a layer 2 MAC address Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP address Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack
WAN Interfaces
Are used to connect routers to external networks that interconnect LANs. Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2 address may be used. Uses a layer 3 IP address
Router Interfaces
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Routers and the Network Layer

The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and
forward packets destined either for its own networks or other networks. A router is considered a Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding decision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IP packet, specifically the destination IP address. This process is known as routing.
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Routers and the Network Layer
Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2, and 3
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Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes

At a minimum, the documentation should include a topology diagram
that indicates the physical connectivity and an addressing table that lists all of the following information: Device names. Interfaces used in the design. IP addresses and subnet masks. Default gateway addresses for end devices, such as PCs.
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Basic Router Configuration
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Verifying Basic Router Configuration Issue the show running-config command Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the copy running-config startup-config command Additional commands that will enable you to further verify router configuration are: Show running-config - Displays configuration currently in RAM Show startup-config - Displays configuration file NVRAM Show IP route - Displays routing table Show interfaces - Displays all interface configurations Show IP int brief - Displays abbreviated interface configuration information
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Introducing the Routing Table
Routing Table is stored in ram and contains information about: Directly connected networks - this occurs when a device is connected to another router interface Remotely connected networks - this is a network that is not directly connected to a particular router Detailed information about the networks include source of information, Network address & subnet mask, and Ip address of next-hop router Show ip route command is used to view a routing table
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Introducing the Routing Table
The following analogies may help clarify the concept of connected, static, and dynamic routes: Directly Connected Routes. Static Routes. Dynamic Routes.
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Adding a Connected Network to the Routing Table
Once the interface is "up and have an ip address, the network of that interface is added to the routing table as a directly connected network.
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Static Routing
Static routes in the routing table
Includes: network address and subnet mask and IP address of next hop router or exit interface. Denoted with the code S in the routing table. Routing tables must contain directly connected networks used to connect remote networks before static or dynamic routing can be used. When to use static routes When network only consists of a few routers. Network is connected to internet only through one ISP. Hub & spoke topology is used on a large network.
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Static Routing
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Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing protocols are used by routers to share information
about the reachability and status of remote networks. Dynamic routing protocols perform several activities, including: Network discovery. Updating and maintaining routing tables.
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Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing features:
Automatic Network Discovery. Maintaining Routing Tables. IP Routing Protocols RIP (Routing Information Protocol) . IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol). EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol). OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System). BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).
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Routing Table Principles

3 principles regarding routing tables: Every router makes its decisions alone, based on the information it has in its routing table. One routers information in the routing table may not be the same as another routers routing table. Routing information about a path to a network does not provide information on how to return to the original network.
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Packet Fields and Frame Fields

Internet Protocol (IP) packet format contains fields that provide
information about the packet and the sending and receiving hosts Fields that are importance for CCNA students: Destination IP address. Source IP address. Version & TTL. IP header length. Precedence & type of service. Packet length.
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Packet Fields and Frame Fields

MAC Layer Frame Format MAC Frames are also divided into fields. They include:
Preamble Start of frame delimiter Destination MAC address Source MAC address Type/length Data and pad Frame check sequence
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Best Path and Metric

A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols to assess a
given route Metrics may be based on a single path variable or multiple variables of a path 2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are: Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must travel through to get to its destination. Bandwidth - this is the speed of a link also known as the data capacity of a link.
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Router Paths and Packet Switching

Equal cost metric is a condition where a router has multiple paths
to the same destination that all have the same metric To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load Balancing. This means the router sends packets over the multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table. Equal Cost Paths and Unequal Cost Paths: a router can send packets over multiple networks even when the metric is not the same if it is using a routing protocol that has this capability.
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Path Determination
Path determination enables a router to evaluate paths to a destination
& to establish the preferred way to handle the packet. One of 3 things happens when a router searches a routing table to find a route to destination Next hop determined. Exit interface determined. No route determined.
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Switching Function
Switching Function of Router is the process used by a router to switch
a packet from an incoming interface to an outgoing interface on the same router. A packet received by a router will do the following: Strips off layer 2 headers. Examines destination IP address located in Layer 3 header to find best route to destination. Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame. Forwards frame out exit interface.
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Switching Function(refer to 1.4.5)
Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
Step 3: Packet arrives at router R2
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
Step 4: The packet arrives at R3
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Summary

Routers are computers that specialize in sending data over a network. Routers are composed of: Hardware i.e. CPU, Memory, System bus, Interfaces Software used to direct the routing process IOS Configuration file Routers need to be configured. Basic configuration consists of: Router name Router banner Password(s) Interface configurations i.e. IP address and subnet mask Routing tables contain the following information Directly connected networks Remotely connected networks Network addresses and subnet masks IP address of next hop address
Summary
Routers determine a packets path to its destination by doing the following Receiving an encapsulated frame & examining destination MAC address. If the MAC address matches then Frame is deencapsulated so that router can examine the destination IP address. If destination IP address is in routing table or there is a static route then Router determines next hop IP address. Router will re-encapsulate packet with appropriate layer 2 frame and send it out to next destination. Process continues until packet reaches destination. Note - only the MAC addresses will change the source and destination IP addresses do not change.
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Chapter 1-Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding

CCNA Exploration 4.0

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Routers are Computers

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Routers are Computers

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Routers are Computers

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Routers are Computers

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Routers are Computers

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Routers are Computers

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Multiprotocol devices providing pure data delivery with

Cisco Router Series

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Router Components(refer to 1.1.2.1)

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Front Panel

Green Blinking green

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Back Panel

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Cisco IOS Software Architecture for 1800 Series

Identified IOS Software includes: Feature and Version

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Router Boot-up Process

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Router Boot-up Process

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Router Boot-up Process

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Verify the router boot-up process

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Verify the router boot-up process

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Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Hc vin mng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Routers and the Network Layer

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Routers and the Network Layer

Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2, and 3

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Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes

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Basic Router Configuration

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Basic Router Configuration

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Basic Router Configuration

Introducing the Routing Table

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Introducing the Routing Table

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Adding a Connected Network to the Routing Table

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