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A-
\
t'
IL
/!
^.
<
AT
HOJM V,
IN
^\\
THE WILDERNESS
v?i
I,OSI)OS
CO.
.'.
V.
WZ^
If
-i
Tln'InnHfiifii
l.nS
DON
HOHERT llAUinVICKK,
IHIIT,
H):>,
IMCCADl
Ll.Y
AT
IT.
A HANDBOOK
for
TRAVELLERS
and
EMIGRANTS.
BY
VAXCOUVER ISLAND'
ETC.
Cljirb
6bili0.
192
PICCADILLY
'
-\- L-'O^')
S
I-
^ C:>
AUG
^ 1921
10
H. R. H.
AXI>
O.C.B.,
&c.
&c.
(J^ljis
Xxiih
S(!Iork
IS,
MOST
HUMHI.K
sr,
IJVANT,
JOTIN
KEAST LORD,
INTRODUCTION.
-<>
to
camp
how
to
equip
and and
of pack-mules;
break, gear,
canoe or build
it
with bark
or hide,
slioes
;
manage
dog-sleighs,
home
or,
to
sum up
to
denominations.
save
it
travellers,
or,
and
forest
by
finding
them out
oxpCw3ive process.
Tw
VUl
^
INTRODUCTION.
else,
everything
there
is
a right
way and
a wrong
ai
way
some inexpHcable
in to
reason,
The experience
in
Rocky Mountains,
c>bservation, that a
enables
'
me
to state
g]
on
to speak,
lie
to travel.
Again and
again, friends
fitting
my gnidance, when
pursiut of spoi-t
far-olT lands as
o^l^er
and pleasure or
emigrants.
Hence
am
induced to
rough suggestions I
shall offer
may prove
into a
of use to those
to
wnture
^
INTRODUCTION.
IX
Yankee once
:
to Southern
Oregon
'
Stranger,
dollar a
man
his
sharp,
and
powder
he travels thim
parts.'
F.Z.S.
;
Late Naturalist to the British North American Boundary Commission Author of the 'Naturahst in Vancouver Island and British Columbia.
1]
CONTENTS.
-o-
CHAPTER
Home
the
I.
An Imaginary Journey AVhat in the Wilderness and Elsewhere word racking means Fitting out for a Journey Rules to be observed Geldings preferable to Mares Mules killed in the choice of Pack Animals by Magpie: and Blowing-flies Beware of Crupper Cuts What a Hoof Shooing advisable, if possible oiight not to be, and what it ought to be How to examine the Eyes Mules with Defective Vision dangerous to a The way to examine the Teeth degree Prevalence of Cataract Parrot-Mouthed Mules always lose condition Never work Pack Animals pack 1 Points of a good Pack Mule thin
'
'
'
'
....
II.
CHAPTER
Average worth of Pack Mules
effects of the Horse-tail
Cold Regions Poisonous Advantages of Sheds and IG Dryth The Bell-mare Value of a Horse's Tail Branding
in
Mortality
Rush
(cquisctum)
CHAPTER
Fur-Traders' System of Packing
III.
Journey
Disadvantages of the Cross-tree Pack-saddle Crimean Pack Saddles radically bad Desirability of the Aparejo How to mak(> an Apart jo Its Weight Evidences of Suffering In search of Pack Saddles The Rigging .63
Hope
'
'
Xll
CONTENTS.
CIIAPTEU
IV.
an ordinary
bridle-
Tethering
CHAPTER V
Wagons and Teaming
97
CHAPTER
The more
desirable form of
VI.
TentThe Lodge of the Savage The Sibley The Guble-ended Tent The Miner s Tent HalfTout TIh' Bell Tent to pitch a Tent and make it f^helter Tent Poles and Pegs How
.
It
secure
BeddingBedding for Tents or Log-housesBedstead, how Wand.'rer make-Systems of Packing up Bedding Tools necessary for a split a Log Traps to be The way to fell your first Tree How to
to
Hunter's
avoided
.
CHAPTER
VIII.
.
. , .
CHAPTER
VII.
emergency Tea and CoflFeo Cooking Utensils A Fryingpan equal to any Water Canteens more ornamental than useful The versus Rum and Ovens Camp KettlesPlan for making your o.vn Camp Baskets Iron Powder. How to bake a LoafFixed Flour better than Bisciiit-Yeast
t\
Ovens
131
CHAPTER
What
to
IX.
Fabrics preferable to all others-
Hat MosqnitoBoots INlocassins How to manage with Snow-shoes .139 bagFishing Gear A good day's Sport
. .
CHAPTER
X.
RiflosFirearms Muzzle-loaders Breech-loaders Guns vcrsus Pouch The better Plan for cleaning
Revolvers
Shot-bolt
.
149
CONTENTS.
Xlll
CHAPTER
I'acking
tlio
XI.
Roping and Covering Throwing the Riata to pack Barrels Slinging and fastening it Our March The abandoned Camp Entering the Timber 'Stringing out' and Counting Mules apt to lie down if halted page 158
.......
CHAPTER
XII.
Narrow
Passes
Trails Packmaster goes ahead of the Bell-mare Mountain Bridge-making Crossing SwampsDangerous Corners 173
.
CHAPTER
Ifow to cross Rivers
XIII.
The way
Swim Mules Make Rafts, Canoes, and a Bull-Boat a River with your Horse, and Raft your Gun, and Ammunition, without wetting them Camping Unsaddling End of the
to cross to
.
.
March
.181
CHAPTER
.Mustangs: their
first
XIV.
appearance in Mexico
an Easy Task
to
Foimd Breaking
.
in
Texas, California,
a Wild Horse not
Manufacturer
The "Way
'205
CHAPTER
Winter and
'
XV.
Fights
use a Travaille
Sumnur Travelling with Dogs Idlers Free Dogs The Travaille' preferable How to make and
The Sleigh and Tobogan
Packing
.
Bone Rings and Toggles The Way to Harness your Team A long Whip desirable Precautions against Rheumatism Sure Bind Sure Find Feeding Dogs Sore Feet Merry -Bella 2'28
'
CHAPTER
The Wild Honey-bee
ofton a Profitable
XVI.
line a
Bee
Hoiioy Hunting
XIV
luliljlo
CONTEXTS.
Berries Hoots
oft.'ii
Poisonous and to bo Eaton with Caution devoured by the Red People .Substitute for Tobacco Insects which are Pemmacan Preserving Meat Extractum Carnis Morgan's systemCatching and Curing Preserving Beef and Mutton fresh Jerking Beef
:
page 244
CHAPTER
A
XVII.
without Iron SplitPuzzle for a Carpenter To Build a Log-house the Roof Make a Door, Fireplace, and ChimneyShingles Put on Caution Quarters of the Bomidary Commission Effects of Cold
Log
procure a Light from two pieces of a Light with a Gun How to carry Luciforc Getting
to bo
remembered To
Wood
263
CHAPTER
Mosquitoes
X-^III.
JackThe Trumpet-flies Breeze-fly Stone-Wasps Rattle-Snake BitesA use for the Rattle Spaniards 27-i The Trap-door SpiderThe Deer-tick Leeches in the Mouth
.
Sand-flies The
CHAPTER
Pack the proceeds of the
XIX.
Hunt
The End
....
set
Fall-trap How to
305
Index
319
.
LIST
OF ILLUSTEATIONS.
Frontippikce
XVI
LIST
OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
L()(J
I'kdstead
.....
in
117
a wateupuoof wkai-i-eu
119
121
How
TO fell a Tree
.
121
127
LoGGixo rp A Tree
TuEE-Bninfii';
.
176
191
192
.
193
The Travaille Bone IIino and Togcjle DoQ Harness Snow Shoe Frame of a Log-hovse Splitting a Loo for Shingles Amongst the 'Punkies' The Breeze-fly and Lancets
276
290
117
119
121
121
127
170
191
192
AT HOME
IN
193
THE WILDERNESS.
CHAPTER
Home
in the
270
290
I.
Wilderness and Elsewhere An Imaoinary Journev Word Packiiu; means Fitting out for a Journey Ifules to be ob.^erved in the choice of lack Animals (Jeldings
^y\u^t
the
prefcrable
to
IJlowing-
not to be,
and what it ought to be Shoeing advisable, if possible How to examine the Eyes-Mules with JX^fective Vision dangerous to a
degree lrevalence of Cataract' The way to examine the Teeth I'arrot-Mouthed Mules always lose condition Never work
*
l^oints
'
of a good
is
Pack Mule.
SHOULD
like
to
know who
is
able to boast a
more
he who has learned the most assuredly is, of being ' at home in the
What cares such a one for quarter-day; no flintj-hearted landlord threatens to sell him up if
wilderness.'
account, which
it
is
not at
all
could
settler
likely
enough, kase
'tis
low'd
by
as
camps down to
At home
live
you
paying a rate
fish,
an abundauce of
flesh,
and
fowl,
free
to
house,
incumbrances
like,
like,
do what you
com? homo
when you
and care
mosquito.
like,
less for
To
feel
that one
is
is
at
home, though
it
be in the
wilderness,
always to
me
What
home
,i
t
household word
?
is
that of
it
How
associations, in
j
arc hidden
Sabbath
bells that
down the
valley, are
unite us to home.
cling round about
like
trailing
vines,
and
living
garlands
of brilliant
blossoms
encircle
the brown,
parents and
'
make
the
father's
right
arm
stronger.
No
what bliss
o'erflows the
her love
lisp
her name.'
Or
to
simile, as the
ivy enwraps
the
its
lawns,
acres
woodlands,
rich
pastures,
fertile
not a bit of
is
it.
of u
]Iome
not con-
fined to
done
and strength, a
God who
m^
4
me
exist the
Have Kave
their existence
still
one bliss
A novice
he has no idea of making himself at home, neither does he discover until stern necessity stares him in the face
how
absolutely requisite
it is
to cultivate a habit of
observing.
He must
train his
practised
The disturbance
flajD
of
the switch of a
tail,
the
of an ear, the
gleam of an
He must
The
love
hum and
aimoyance and
irritability, or soft
;
of peaceful security
WHAT WE HAVE TO
the
diiFerent musical notes are to tlie ears of a practised
DO.
musician
He must
bleat
'
of the
fawn
call
"
of the
number
to
show that
of game,
to be at
home
in the wilderness
demands
must needs be a
skilful
imitator of forest
sounds.
Be
it
my
structor to
who may
feel
disposed
to
wander
in
To
cvftofpy
nu eagle's
lair
To southern climates, whore the sunlight gildoth The vine-clad hills -with colours ever fnir. To far otf lands, where the savage roameth, The untutored lord of many a scene sublime To groves and glens, to where the ocean foameth; To every country and to every clime.'
:
We
shall
trails to travel,
we must
learn
to
fuel.
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERXESS.
We
horses and
gentle,'
and
ride
it is
we should be
pack
'
either
all
we have
to do as
And
you
if
wanderings
make
will
home
Wanderer
have
fulfilled all
instructor.
and
are
we
as well
savages
we
shall
have to
encounter
and
it
will,
what
to
and
by
which
possess.
j
it
is
absolutely requisite
traveller
should
up
to a weight of
it
that
side, shift
fall off
down
The
same
remarks
will
apply
OUR FIRST
hundred.
purposes
TRIP.
for
all
by-
Mules are
of
transport.
And
say
so
in
let
us
begm
supposing
'
that
'
we
are,
Upper
California,
fitting
out
for
cross the
Rocky Mountains.
if
First
we
mean
to
comfortably.
If our party
does not
geldings or
'
machos,'
The
much
and are
comfiture.
much to the packer's annoyance and disBe sure to examine carefully the back, arch
eyes.
and
si)ots
looks shiny
and polished,
is
and misery
all
work
is
done, in
,1
swarms of
flies
and, what
is
any
eling-ing'
w^lien
line,
we
prairie,
was at a
loss to
As
him
couple of magpies
which
down upon
the
literally,
speech, to eat
him
alive.
Vain were
the tortured
was
simply hopped
off patiently to
to notice
my
me
shrill
whistle sent
quet, for
them up, were recking with the blood of the mule, and
was
still
We
had
in our
Pine-knot
'
He
much
as ho loved whisky,
and invariably
*
he saw.
Darned
cusses,'
he used
it.'
To return
our subject.
causes
is
the
Once
by
its
Blowing
or maggots in plain
in every direction,
is
had burrowed
sensitive
nail,'
tissue,
commonly
called in
man
whilst
10
makes
now when
'
On examining
the maggots.
What was
to be done ?
No
'
system of
Charity whispered,
End
its suf\i
you
can,'
through
its
brain.
I could recount
many
one will
suffice
it
with a view to
induce those
who read
it is
at once.
As
an
de-
a general rale
far
to give
it is
*
animal
a chance for
its life.'
You
tail ?
ask,
why
sirable to look
imderneath the
Because
crupper
cuts' are of
tail
common
cripper
wound
may
perienced buyer,
signs of
crupper-cut
'
were
sole
and
ADVANTAGE OF SHOEING.
11
f
frog
come
flat
if
a ridge or ridges of
he will be sure to
over.
first
when
small
often causing an
and hard as
flint.
(4s.)
a shoe
mule or
a rough
may be
shoeing-smiths, and
I
am
much
faster
than do
A light
shoe, turned
up
kind of shoe
answer best
Turning
steei?
flat
deal of wear.
T
t(
12
A rigid
necessity.
is
first
throug-h
it
front,
bottom of
it.
cataract,'
dangerous to a degree
life,
own
by shying on narrow
cliff
and perhaps
falling
over a
into a river, or
down
him
is
as if actuated
mule refusing to
object,
some imaginary
produced
is,
by defective
vision.
The
may
be either killed or
does
is
to
run
if
he happens to be
it
goes,
1:3
California
many had
'
cataract.'
is
Why this
inherited.
'
raise
'
a mule from
and over-
mustangs
'
cataract.'
Hence, I
am
in
may
be,
and I
feel
worked animals.
We
the teeth
it is
liberties to
If you
is
to
deal
with,
nothing
or tush,
easier
or in the
it
cutting teeth if
with
'
down
of the
marks
14
AT
HOME
LV THE WILDERNESS.
snap
of a
steel
trap
unscathed as for
it
to escape
i
if
without
bein<,r
bitten.
Tame
m
hi
us.:d
The
safer
way
to
manage
the rascal,
is
so as to be enabled to
first
and
all,
with the
left
and
then lean the hip against the mule's shoulder and bring
the nose toward you.
By keeping
fore feet, for
the hip
jammed
tell
me
quite as
is
with his
It is
moment
mule
is
There
is
yet
mouth
'
indispensable.
What
parrot-mouthed
uncommon
lap,
under ones.
most objectionable
is
short,
TIIIX.
15
Here
young
thin.'
will be as
all
travellers against
fenr
it
happens or
arises
pointed out
to
which and
faults
should,
Numbers of mules
their packers to
'
in large
thin,'
work
not discoverable.
is
long,
and nothing to
and are
unwary.
A
and
legs, strong
loins.
small and black, and the hocks straight and fine, with-
technically
and a sound
skin.
IH
IG
CHAPTER
Average wortli of Pack Mules
ofl'ects
II.
of
tlie
We
If mules
at the
may be
I
obtained at a
much
less cost
Upper
California,.
one
Like
fall
other
in value, in
tlie
is
i
demand and
supply, or in
Whenever mining
the miners are 'do-
when
upon
sasa
17
sometliing awful
the value
is
way
often
may be
interesting to mention as an
how
differences
and climate
affect mules,
most erroneous
by the
w^ay) , that
on the Boundary
line, y\rest
attracted
the
puii)ose
of
cold
the
diggers'
necessities.
When
the
weather came on
the
to
mule
down
in order
to
The
grass
was
in great
'
abund-
wickey and
all
would go on
merry as a marriage
bell.'
little
dreamed
;
Columbia
snow
far
mules to dig
it
No
meet
-7=
mmt
18
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
horse-tail rush,
trees,
the lar^e
patches of equisetum, or
by the
river side,
bush
being in
was
easily
The
As soon
eat
it
resembling Asiatic
holera
came
tion,
^
on,
More than
five
hundred mules
What
am
puzzled to say.
My
weakened by
This
is
inci-
who
nuiy perchance
ho^'se-taii
ish
then no
ill
effects
accrued from
it.
KJia
19
So I took the
mowed and
all
the
way from
the
Chili to
and thence up
Eraser
and
Sumass
rivers,
by boat, to be
I
finally
landed on this
desert prairie.
The grand
by
iys
am
having
a,
dry bed to
on,
-iliing
falling
from
tlie
heavens.
however
intense, (I
never does
and
Wet and
cm'rents of
fi'osty
do
all
Every one of
healthier,
my
and
and lung
affec-
tions than
After this
digression,
we must go
a
'
in pursuit of
is
bell mare.'
With a
1
20
AT
HOME
IX THE WILDERXESS.
it
bell mare.'
when you
system
is
are
camj)ing';
imj); voticable.
.
ill
mare or gelding,
it
(the
bell
this,
have a
round
its
neck, wherever
all
it
goes
more than
to
at night,
when camping,
you have
do
is
to secure
'i
away than
:
which
is
always tink-
mare
is eating'
or wandering about.
When
'ii'
their rest.
When
The
'
the mules
bell
arise
mare
Her pace
regulates that
must be most
carefully
watched by
whomsoevc
''
Over-driving,
most hurtful
to loaded animals.
From what
'
we must be very
first
careful
an unruly family.
perfectly gentle,
In the
she must be
given to ramble
get
21
to a great extent
;
all
(that
when
*
less pious
and more
by
polite.'
or given to kicking.
A light
we can
is
get her of
that colour,
is
much moro
and about
is
readily seen,
tr^es;
the
more preferable
her eyes sound,
a,rd,
Her back must be free from galls, what is of more value than you
can well imagine,
:
mare
is
if
is
never
tailed
still,
whereas a longterribly
herself,
mare
whips
rest at the
'
same time.
we
shall
fifty dollars
{101.),
in a country
state that I
may
once,
when
T
22
ears
and the
or
tail
up
to the
rump.
This
is,
once was, a
all
common custom
*
with the
The
object
to recognise their
own
horses
if
stolen,
and
subsequently discovered
Horse-stealing
is
herding with
other
bands.
The poor
as any
'
Siskyoo
'
away
until
his tormentors,
want of
rest
and continuous
a,
reduced
him well-nigh
note of
.'
to
skeleton.
When
found make a
for long-tailed
mules
happened
to stumble
adventure during
*
my
stay at
New
Walla-Walla
skeert to death.*
as
So said Sergeant
M
in
we
sat at mess,
on
.t
cold bleak
autumn evening,
*
the mess-room at
*
New
Walla-Walla.
inquired
Wliat
may
it
the Colonel.
*
Waal,
aint easy to
Britishei-s,
and
*
and
risin har,
and
aiiL
23
them
to
my
I
of
may
my
readers,
is
situated,
and by
The
on
name
English,
sparkling), winds
in
The steamer
to
Walla, which
bia,
not as
we
or
mud
Bay Company
but the
Red Skins
now
only adds
its
The
tra-
veller is
24
of getting
somehow
to
New Walla-Walla
as
best
stage.
The
sandy
sage
Avild
(or artemisia),
where there
is
mnd
manages to discharge
nose, pockets,
its
and
watch
if
he
is
upon a stratum of
sand, as though
one had
The
stage,
is
so con-
a passenger head
first
unpadded
interior, or into
The probability
is,
pliment
if
may
moment
a tight hold-fast
any emergency.
If any one can endure this continued trapeze per-
five
New
:dU
NEW WALLA-WALLA
the
CITY.
25
which seem
so bent
is
led
is
which
this
city
'
is built.
name
not
busy
streets,
dignitaries
by any means
essential
city
requirements.
of
New
houses,
'
lumber,'
so called,
the
style of architecture,
being solely in
genius
of
accordance
the builder,
or
inventive
the
most varied
and
questionable
main
'
street,
26
all aglitter
AT
HOME
IX THE WILDERNESS.
bottles,
with
by a kind of machinery,
vessels stand
ready by.
At the
;
shortest notice
dulged in
Walla- Walla
On
when
every occasion a
man
imbibes
when he
is
sorry,
he
I
is
joyful, wlien
swamped by disappointment
or floated
by prosperity.
cock-tails
Men cement
*
disagreements in a
drinks with those
Brandy Smash.'
grieve,
The mourner
and they drink
If the god-
who do not
seen strolling
through Walla-
Walla
I feel sure
to take an eye-opener.
geous individual
is
conspicuous at
times, radiant in
and
rings,
He
usually has an
'
away
chewed,
is
Leaving the
bar I see
'
billiard saloon
in letters which he
who
may by what
di;
A QUEER MATCH.
27
here,
and
further,
it.
who the
individuals can be
*
who
are likely to
play on
peep in to the
billiard saloon,'
and the
from the
Why, everybody
plays,
commanding
the
'
it
is
may
witness a match,
'
if
you
'
sit
saloon, betwixt a
a cent
'
in his
Stroll-
ing
still
city,
stores,
groceries,
am
told,
owes
its
origin to two
on the Cold-water
Snake River, and
and Burnt
which dragged
and a man,
its side,
if
he had
up against
wall, so
where he
was held
as potent,
like a fly
on a
venturers to
New
The
American
from
military post,'
is
'
IF
I
28
or
crik,' as
Indian incursions.
The
having a
sutler,
it is
whose duty
and
tariff,
which he
is
Should the
sutler,
amount beyond
his
pay he must
lose
it,
the paymaster
The
sutler's store is
always a great
sells drinks, in
some measure
on the
sly, it
Walla
the
first
produce,
if
The
Post
was neatly
centre
laid out, in
drill
being the
ground
;
made
glazed windows.
guest of the
officers,
I
THE EMIGRANTS STORY.
29
to the Colonel's
quarters and
am
As we await
I'll
their
Captain
bet fifty
them
I catch shall
The door
so
cut
short the
Colonel's threat.
in,
that was
Early in
of forty souls,
Red River
district, their
purpose being
River, therein
Wilhamet
harvest
its fertile
who
indus-
All were
life,
most of the'm
and
carried, as
were the
women and
children, in strong
travellers
had found
their
way along
Rivers were
swam
30
toiled
an occasional
buffalo stalk
or
a tramp
Hope,
like a cloud
and
at an end, they
slopes west of the
wended
their
Rocky Mountains,
very near to
Emigrants'
at
length
reachec\ but
to
risk
its
aid.
TLo
river,
and chat
is
Snake Indians.'
alarmed, the poor emigrants
Not a
little
make
;
signs
Red Skins
readily return
they
little
31
As
still
the night one by one rolled by, until the grey light in
Every-
thing was
still,
no sign of savages
visible,
nothing but
the mellow notes of some early songster, the weird wail of the loon, or the thrum of some benighted beetle,
hurrying
home
coming
light betrayed
most of them
;
far
The away in
others in fancy
fields
and
flowers, listening
may be
memory's
tablets,
fco
the dreamer by
the
women and
children are
camp and cooking equipment and preparing for the somewhat difficult process of ferrying the stream. The plan of crossing is to unload partly some
of the wagons, and to attach a double or treble
team of
oxen to
eac^i.
women and
children are
^1
32
AT
HOME
IN THE WILDERNESS.
left
on
tlie oi^posite
bank
all
away
before
them
for
known
as the
'
short
march only
timber,
is
contemplated, by
way
of reaching the
at a rivulet of water
on the other
side, in
and
known
as the
Emigrant Camp.'
Not a
little
thing.
yell, as
Avild delight,
eighty mounted
in detach-
trees, completely
AlEX.
33
remainder
women
Slvins,
but
all to
no purpose
men were
shot
down and
scalped,
speedily
set
at liberty, the
felt
the savages
disposed to
were
set
on
fire,
spoils the
driving before
managed
to
''oep
f^aA\
in to the
bush
camp made
berries,
way
to
Walla- Walla.
The
sore, starving
their
and
wives nmidered,
spirits.
childless,
and broken
heart
Their
s} n
terrible misfortunes
d-
thies of
any n)an,
if
hardness.
many
small matters of
ii,
rendered
if
extremely
probable
that
there
were
women,
tliey
might bo found
34
if
moment's delay made known the story volunteers were not tardy in oifering their services. Indeed I may truly
sjiy
man would
have turned
fall
out if
the
of
first
snow was
daily expected
A
to
my
command.
women
if
case of need.
One
of the
also
jist to
sented.
the morning, and with hearty wislies for our safe return
we
trotted
riskly oiit of
phiin,
guide, a
military
I
OLD AUGER-EYE.
post as a
fi^'st-rate
B5
its distinct
remarkably
'
like
the
as he
wide-awake
'
Circus
Wild Hunter
'
and Auger-eye's
we had no
saddle,
had
to pillow his
head on
his
and
best he could.
AccoMing
to our
!j;aiide's
statement,
we
camp
and as the
rivers
were aflood,
it
and
if
any of the
likely
women had
escaped,
it
they
arrive
Still
Circusofl.
i>
'J
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
and
grief,
seemed
felt
ungovernable
fury,
and I
'
any
Snake
Indians
fell
would be
The orders
all
knew the
soldiers
when darkness compelled us to camp very near the scene Each watched eagerly for the of this terrible murder.
first
but preferred to
continued
munch-munch
niaht
silent
it
group.
I never
began
to
all,
and really
who was
coiled
Tlie
up and sleeping
wished
for light
fairly
came
we had
saddled up
'
A HORRIBLE SCENE.
rapidly
throiig-li tlie
87
tlie
timber, to
come out on
open
Snake River.
As we neared the
race,
line
where the
forest
ended and
first
to
Red
Skin.
for
Hence
it
himself,
was
Once
in a lifetime
is
quite often
of.
Numbers of bodies
of
many
of
them those of
had begun
feeders,
together
with their
cleft skulls
showed that
or Jiatchct
tomahawk
^^linful
I will
would be only
wc naw,
wandering
38
we
realised to
the
full
fight
must have
been.
into
dej^osited, old
ii
Auger-eye
'
circling
round the
spot,
down U2)on
last
At
beckon-
command
them
to
engaged.
Dropping their
tools they
what he was
saj'ing.
common
and by the
river.
He
had
made
il
out,
nnd that
in
all
had struck
Their
this
suftin
same
told
trail
and followed
luid not
up the
river.
him they
39
fugitives,
we should most
by dividing
on the
side
we
were.
third party
circuit
river
upon the
up
its course, at
lost, it
homeward
summarily
abandoned.
Thirsting for a speedy revenge, the
divided.
men
at once
With Auger-eye as guide I took command of the detachment who had to search the river-bank the old Sergeant commanded the scouting party told
off to cross
and the
and
foreboded a
heavy
fall
of snow.
chill
it
in fitful gusts,
its icy
seemed to
one's
breath as
sweeping past
glen.
The
little
ii
\
40
AT
rliytliin
HOME
of
tlie
IX
THE WILDEllXESS.
horses and the
steady
fi
paiitiiij^
noisy
rippled on
;
its
course.
The
down
left
on
its
were in reality
nay, even
this
As we watched
suddenly, as if
for
us to approach
nearer api)roacli
revealed
At
first
we imagined the
female,
a consolatory
Scraping away
on a deep
its
cleft
in the
tale.
skull,
which told at
once
r^
own miserable
up the
trail
of
tli(3
who rode
We
THE FUGITIVE
pusliecl
GIRL.
41
on with
The
trail
was rough,
stony,
and over a
and dangerous
for a
moment
;
by a jutting rock
we hear him we
too
yell a sort of
'
war-
hills
splintered point,
and
slide rather
is
We
can see
who
is
;
running with
she disai^pears
He
we arranged our
little
detachment so
Then
gliding
hidden.
It
than a
sight
from
told
our
losing
of him,
shrill
cry
us something
42
was
Dashing
into the
brush,
tr(
The hardy
less
was I the
astonished.
Huddled
closely
together,
and
partially
women and
the
whose
flight
had
covery.
unhappy
trio strove to
many
for the
moment
Soon,
It
was enough
men were
sented
themselves
so
unexpectedly.
The
destitute
dis-
lair,
arms round
my
knees,
of
many
43
circumstances.
It
safe,
women and
and
clad in
the
garments of the
placed on
men
as
circum-
stances
permitted,
horses,
with a
Thus
moved
I
we had
left
the pack
encamped with
all
lingered behind to
women had
concealed themselves.
from
Had it rained
or
if
snow had
its
How
had they
On
sitting
when
the
tin
child rushed in
and
was a small
Whilst
41
dead bod}'
c^rass,
and
cage of twisted
Gazin*^ on the
dead
man
a suspicion too
upon me.
Turn-
the saucei'an,
fears.
my worst
Hastily
I trust
which
to witness
again,
mounted
my
horse
and
some
distaiuM?
ahead.
and
them with
all
It
was
nearly dark
lo()ke(l
creasing in
particles of halt'-froz'-n
coming
snow-fall.
Warm
tc:,',
clotlies, whit-li
had
need by
tlie officers'
in
wives stationed
at the
'
Post.-'
W(rked wonders
;
bodily weakness
l)ut
cannot say
slept
much
in,
Anxiety
lest
we might be snowed
IVoni
and a
liatl
which wc
women
L.
45
upon me
like a nig-litinare.
More
tliaii this,
the secret
lui'l
discovered seemed to
i)ail
me
hours
all its
horrors, the
escape,
and
iiight of the
unhappy
survivors,
the secret
veil over,
and
was made
for
an instant departure?
come
bit
in.
As wc
bit the
women
fill
up
by
missing links
escaped from
in the narrative,
tlie
which are
tliat
they
;
and accon)[)anied
and
ilu'v
made
;
their
wav
had departed
uf'ter
wandered away,
returned
of linding
i'oud,
his
fate
growing rapidly
we already know. The wounded man worse obliged them to abandon all
ISIaking the
'
wickey
'
cage
gaihi-red berries
until the
hand
ol'
The
secret
was never
M
40
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDEKXESS.
to,
men
ever
it.
To
this
it
hour the
is
tell,
believe
known
The trampling of the approaching horses was a welcome sound. Emerging from the forest, the men
trotted
could
make
underneath the
that
the}'-
made every
to stab a
to
escape
that one
of
them
tried
wound
A
force
council of
held.
I tried to en;
my
men were
all
opposed.
They
said pro-
I
fij
t<
and
tliat
r(|
disobedience w(>nld
I
h
fj
my
deemed
more expedient
men
47
felt
sure
coukl
A branch
the end
;
now
led under-
tree.
It
resembled
way
in varied quantities
through the
almost unearthly in
a,
character.
who were
left
its
tenement,
traveller
wing
its
way
whence no
returns.
I
heiid-(piarters
fell
trip,
snow
48
Post,'
relate, as
memory
will permit
it,
in the
words of
my
kind-hearted host.
I
heard some
tinic
women
little girl
wickey
settler
'
was adopted by a
other wonuin was
told
who were as fond had been their own child. The a servant to Captain D who
and his
,
me
the tale.
But
to return.
'
cured our
thing
it is
is
The next
Branding
much
importance, nevertheless
its
in the
loss of the
is
travelUng.
lose
To
for
example,
]\Iike (^istle,
whom you
have purchased
WIIAli'::^
YOUR BRAND?
49
the
V
them.
Yon
start,
con-
who, as a
rule,
ayaiii
of judge, mayor,
as
magistrate,
constable,
registrar-general of marriages
in general.
of
my
and
births,
and chin-shaver
as there are
I should have
written
lien
city,
America
at the
;le L'irl
enough
in themselves to
warrant the
civic title.
*
The
war
functionary of
many
Stranger,
IS
loud
The
,
you indignantly
you
reply,
and
if
your temper
who
comes the
receipt,
ve prolie
impudent questioner.
reads
it
Not a
he deliberately
iiexl
or, as
Wliar's
iiarry
a jisi
your brand;
woiikl
tliar
ain't
counter-brand on this
stole
receipt; you
might
less its
aiise
ol'
hav(^
I shall
emi)ound
results
li
'em,
stranger,
until
Mike's
counter-braud
he
is
receipt.'
us supto
means
to
communicate
and
in that
way
have
are
les
to have
done
is
this: vv^hen
Castle,
rchased
50
Initials
AT
are as
IIOMI-:
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
;
good as anything'
our Commission
The
letters
should have been burnt into the skin under the brand
mark
of
the
sillier,
:
it
should
seller
side
of
the
animal
it
is
the
will be the
girthing,
roping, mounting, or
side.
what
not, is
usually
made
red-hot,
and
then applied
is
and
kept
long to scald
it
but
sure to
to
manage.
of no use; the
mark
brand are
lost
is
together
on the
bfick, so as to
be under
the saddle,
the skin
is
henc(%
E
been branded on
tlu;
back.
Numbers
of the mules
purchased
in California,
dilfcr-
I
,
VALUE OP COUNTER-BRANDING.
iission
51
their own,
initials,
letters
brand
should
seller
even the
skill
own
letters
and counter-branding
is
buyer.
is
may
tlio
be the
a profession.
safe
uch as
usucally
un-
branded
thieves
but
if
)uld be
1
know
may
be, as
you were,
kept
iciently
air,
who
are
but
sure to
3nie
le
generally
wherever
the
to
mining
is
facilities for
mark
under
disposal of riding
and
i)ack
animals.
There
is
is
no
ouutere
that of
traveller's
y brand
le
mark
rubs
means of transport.
his having
lily
and
at
in
most
hence,
L'h
cases
leave
it
him
once than
liave
[
him
by
mules
h
dilfertr(^es
from hungci', weariness, solitude, or the arrow of the savage, which in nine cases oat of ten must be his fate
it'
left
entirely to his
own
resources, far
is
away from
often
lielp
ably cut
or civilisation.
swung up
f
52
AT HOME IX THE
AVILDKllXE,<S.
they pro-
'just
run him
i\\)
and as a warning to
off' stock.
other
i
and swear by, the
Some
Bay Company's
traders,
cross-tree pack-saddle,
m
CROS.S-TUl-,K I'ACK-SADIH.l';
FL'U-TUADER'S
itliout
'
53
or tho
}y
LS
,0
pro-
they
stop
other
4
y
CHAPTER
Fur-Traders' System of
III.
Colville to Fort
most
Hope
idson's
jy,
^
Disadvantages
the
Cross-tree
I'ack-f^addle Crinioau
'
bad Desirability
Its
'
of tho
Aparejo
'
How
In
the
their
of SullVring
prove
a brief
by
all
batteau
'
un-
England
peltries traded,
As a de-
them,
is
situate
worthy of a passing
doscrii)ti()n
'
Home
one
in the Wilderness.'
in shape,
The
trader's house
is
quadrangular
and
and
pile<l
^
54
reanvard
than ornament,
table, the
this table
one cannot
fail
to notice an
immense padlock,
if
you happen
must add
Hudson's Bay
ever
The
table
pushed
however to
some. Now,
if
may
underground strong-room,
all
and secured.
it
hence
it is
warms and
SYSTEM OF FUR-TRADIXO.
Y
have
ewliat
sunk
in the
ground
side
by
side, (the
house
itself
was
imself
t^s,
proved so
tlie
friendly that
iment,
e,
deemed unnecessary). In
the
fort,
the
by the Brigade
store of goods
to
neath
dlock,
Fort Hope.
em-
lappen
ist
I's
and the
fur-
add
make
his
Bay
in their
learted
latly in
to
demand payment
fifty
for
each skin
to
and
if
a savage had
sell
marten skins
p-door,
dispose
of,
he would only
pushed
escends
and
insist
Hence
it
many days
to purchase a large
ever to
^
toothis
nd, you
)oin, all
In early days,
)m, beis
some
trader
savages
territories of
md
re,
pil-
Company
is
both
regulated.
is
at least
iig IS
the
To explain
1
56
AT
U0\\7.
IS
THE AVILDERXESS.
two martens
to
and
so on.
For
to
example sake,
let
us
Comj^any
rats, or
worth in the
tariff.
The Company
generally
certain amount,
Posts
these advances
line,
Boundary
two or three
23er
day, in accordance
mean
actual
payment
in real skins
a matter that to us
select,
up
on the order.
In
I
many
room
is
cleverly con-
trived, so as to prevent a
sufficient
\^
FORT COLVILLE.
eqiiis
57
ancrle
This
to
IL
precaution
For
;
might
easily shoot
him.
to
Where
Company.
lofts for
storing
this
Beyond
corral,' for
in,
'
brigade,'
make up
that
is
The regular
many
my
life,
have been
l^assed in the
room
'
at Fort Colville.
never mind by
suppose
we
are to-
leading
over
tlie
fort stands,
on our right hand (we must pass close to them) are several
4
i
6S
AT
lIO:.iK
rX
TIIK
WILDERNESS.
TiMliaii lodcros.
made
of rush-
siqiported on a
framework of
with a hole at
little
smoke
ont."*^
Din^y
side,
i
may
be seen outju'ick-
rolling
and
fiolickin;^-
amidst a inxck of
stranj^^er's
iuatt(r,
le<;'s,
their
on the
slijj^htest
'^
door
is
a misnomer
the rapin^
idlinjjf
drowsily
our
left,
and be-
hind
the water-line
visil>le
}j^rav'lly
round the
surface
is
and the
bestrewn
stretchcf"
slo]>es of
with
boulders
for a <j^ood
and
water-worn
pebbh's
away
a
rid<(e
posed of ancieut
mist and ha/e
siniimits
c>f
obscure
in
the
A-hcad
a,
narrow slreaui
stream we cross on
contrivill;,^
it
a fallen tree,
brid^^ of Nature's
own
feet
of the
Red Skins
that traverse
by
hundred during
Now we
and stand on a
level plateau,
where
10l,
^^ij^niutic
pitch-
iVfA' illiiMlmtion,
pnp'
Tin-:
'
KKTTI.K FALLS.'
feet high,
69
])iiie
tivos,
many
of
them 250
and straight as
(lagstait's,
iifiil
grow
thickly.
I scarcely
The bark,
deep
clefts
and
fissures, like
$
V
most admirable
all
sorts of in-
down on
a landscape,
;
matchlrHs
a.
scene
wherein
in
forests, rocks,
tiiirly
width,
*
'J'he
K(ttl<'
Falls
for the
enormous volume of
lake water
which once
dently ma<le
lill.'d
the hollow
we have
its
is
About
a nile
Its
HlO
yanhi,
and
it
sunnner,
.|,()
when
U^(^{
flooded
its
by the
melting snows,
rises quite
above
autumn
^
(;o
AT
IIO.Mi:
IN
TFFH
wn-DKRXi:?;^.
its linal
and winter
level.
it
plnnf^e
split, so
to speak,
if
by an island,
and devoid of
vej^'etation,
we except a few
stru|4"^'le
l^niarled
for an
This island
mid
cliannel,
it
j^ives
it
is floatin{:^,
mountain had
Ihe hclief in
its
i)ossessin^ motion.
Thus
have
moment
Falls.
rocks
sat on,
and
ilic
entire
river
were
fast moviniif
towards the
Helow
a^'ain join
so
ijfreat is
and from
and
the
injjf,
'
l)oilin;jf
have mimed
it
Kettle
This spot
'
is
duriii'^Mhe salmon
June
and July.
More than
live
hundred Indians
lisli.
ilirn iissend)le
to
them an abso-
'ut
ihem
oil*
fr(tm
the salmon-harvest
duriii'i;'
and ihey
wiuter,
must
inevitably
uliKe
ot)>
perish
,tui\
the
I
bitter
starved
by cold
lMm;;'er,
have
salmon
the
iaiwled in
tish
lea[>.
ha.skets
into
whieli
Once
ev<'ry
rilKI'AULVfJ
Foil TIIK
*
'
BRlGADi:.'
is
Gl
suiiiinor
flaiul,
the
startH
'
Brii^nile
(for
such
the paolv-traiii
siyh'(l)
low
[)r
iiii
wliich
l)(ast
is
iHlaiicl
ii<lin<-
ment
to the
main depot
Vancouver Island.
navi<;'ation
lltilinr,
Fort lIop(
the Fraser,
bein|jf
is
practically the
head of
on
lo
the
visited
now, as
but once
a.
of various
with other
matters
o*'
accomplishnuMit.
(\)lvillefoi
Ih'igade.
The horses
(the
in nind)er
about
are
Imamht
by the
'
Indian herders,'
a,
where there
is
an
of
woi'tliy
at
tlu^
the
fu'en
fort.
some
of
tiiem
are
siitehing
[>a,ds
wooden
mend-
62
iiig
a third ^oiip
is
cutting long
and a fourth
is
making
Each bale
is
to
to be secured
made from
from what
raw
it
horns
'
of the pack-saddle.
side of a horse
is
Two
of
hung np each
is
a load, and
a horse so provided
said to be packed.
When
all
from the
'
guard
'
to the fort,
mences.
round
tlie
with which
it is
held Avhilst
being packed
the horse
is
removed, and
may
be.
Let us imagine a
horse lassooed up
I'Mrst
*rol)(>,'
a,
a wailing
of
l)nt!'al(>
api('liini(>,'
is
placed on
baek,
1o
and
put on.
This miserabh^
two
little
croHH-trees of
woodwork,
girthed with
a.
narrow strap
of
hid(,
whieli often,
63
Next
loosely
a bale
is
hung on
either side,
king
erful inds,
)01'
raw
hide.
the horse
all
set
fre(,
When
who
are
of
l<^0 IS
to
accompany
this cavalcade
mounts
demons, they
lot
collect
tli<!
band of packed
aninnils,
before
The
principal
as
a genera)
rule,
command
l)y
cipated
lK>th
men
as
a kin<l of
it
is
an
Hope
th'v
like sailois
drnnk as
tlu^y please,
of.
a privilege}
fail
to
make
the most
hiive
been
r.illier
tetUcais,
perhaps,
in thus
mi-
Hud.H>n's
will lielp
Bay
(*ornpa>ny,
but
ileal
as an I'xcuse that
it
my
read'-i- to
i
tjie
systems adopt.
fnr
by
a
packers,'
who
jiaek
money and
i)nictieal
living.
My own
is
ojiiniou,
deduced
from
ex]>eri<Mie<'.
<!'
that
is
(lie
ihulson's J3av
the very worst
t.-ju|iany'H
system
packing
about
ni'^
of conveying friught
in
whie.'.
The
horscH,
64
AT llOMi: IX THE
AVILDi:ilNliSS.
and as
have repeatedly
gjalled
badly on their
under the
bellies
in
consequence of the
made
Commission
the
mules.
But
all
to
no i)urpose
work
and
they
you can
brin<'
to bear,
if
j^et
and
in
certainty.
More than
this,
tents,
cooking-
one might as
a transportable biuhlle
Avith a straw
band as
to ti'ans-
pack-saddles.
J'iih'
ilhiHlnitiou,
pngo
/j2.
1
TRIM KA\ PACK-SADOLi:.
atedly
if^adi',
L
OS
One
in particular,
which
their
its
it,
kind
or to
of the
rribly
ever invent^'d.
It is
impossible to describe
its
eonstructi<ui.
packniid as
iiissioii
and
havin*^^
bers of
rin^s,
"used in
h1,
same material
whieh
I never
the
besides
placed,
i
r(ai<,dier scale.
What
can say of
in
it is,
that
if it
were
])ack-
of the
<lesirable to
make anything
the form
of a
[)ck
and
wet
to a
oi' its
construction, should
to bear,
k^ith
Ljiill
did
assert,
and without
anv
cookin*;'
who
to curry
pack-saddle
ccnstruction
any element of
ery
day
woodwork
saddle
is
worth
a,
straw.
ni<4hi as
ioes
(>
However
into
may
iransvvitli
are avinded,
say
it
will
sooner or later
freijjfht,
broken,
if
IvS,
made up
;
(f pack-
of expetodiir.'-
which are of
as
all
stance,
'dry
'^hmmIs,'
traus-atla-ntically,
clothiii}^^
in <,'eneral, or,
what
lu
(id
AT IIOMK
II(m1
1i
I.V
THF-:
WFLDKRXKSS.
<'!l
k y V)iUMv(*rs,
Jcws
(V<>ii'lit.'
To a
cortjiiii
extent
tlic
tliu
Hon's
Bay (Nnupiniy
I
helter perhaps
-wouM
tlie
;
form
of [afk-sa(MIe
liere
I
am
le
ami
wisli
it
to
Company's system of
'
ia<'kiii^' is
one
for tlu;
transportation of heteroi^'enecnis
in the sli^ditest <le;4ree to reth'ct
I
freight,
do not mean
on
tlic
said so oidy as
witli
comparinijf
tlie
eross-tree pacdc-saddle
paekinj^-,
the aparejo.
in
when considered
dom>,
is
[ecubar cir<'umstauces
fn'ii^ht bein<4'
in
Theii-
of a(h'iinite
sh;ipe
and
wei;^ht,
needs no
skill,
or even [>ractice, to
it
hanu'
would
to
lian<4' a
Mence, the
'om|aiiy
have no
pack-
ni'ed of professional
s;i(ldles
IS |M
iii'e
tln
their transport
of mules.
th' cross-tre<?
Hut
packfall
or
a
rnW with
its
load, a
broken saddle-tree
Mini
aj^H',
fiash
it
with
and
in
splints, nail,
may
sn^';L,^<'Ht,
it will
prove of no i>ractical
usi'
the fractiuv
is
certain to
rnuMSLKv
xtciit
rA('K.s.\i>r)i,f:.
work
so
1<> sliif't,
jnid
il'
yon
rscjijn' witliniil
it
rui-
<4alliii;^'
the piick
iiiiinijil
as to rciHlcr
useless lor a
ionii
iiiitl
iiioutli, (r inor<',
you
may
st'ssiun'
In
Ijr
the
sorvico
is
of
tlic
riiitcd
Slates.
IS
(Jriujsley's
pack-saddle
very
IVetnienlly
exjd'ivat iou
a
euiployed,
pur{)oses.
of"
more
ami
This ])ack-sa<ldlc
old laslnom'il
sad<ll','
'
simply
iiindili<-a1 i^u
tlm
rid;^-c-tree [)ackis
which
iiiillei's
ev<'ii
H(sv
.!'
us<'d
hy
in
the west
Mun'land for
flour
tlie
eonvevaiice
ol
and
^'raiii
on horse or
I'rom their
donkey hack,
nulls.
(
to
and
very
hij^'hly <t'the
oodd
([ualities
never saw
pack-train
I
e(|ni|])ed
hence
am
praise; and
its
to dispara;4'c without
tested
(|U;ilities.
same ohjection
pack-saddle
vi/.
I
(theoretically)
exists
in
the (irinisle\'
the usine-
saddle-tree or frame
made from
I
W(M.d,
havealr'adv
(ne
when
.smashed.
have
<4i\en
an
I
m
am
AT llOMi: IX
(lis[M)se(l
TIN-:
WILDERNESS.
be found serviceable,
if
to think
it
iiuiy
with
whom
one
is
only a
sin^-le
horse
besides
lijjfht
the
horse
ridden,
and
(ni
articles are to be
tree
or
Cirimsley's
;
saddh*
'
be found to answer
'
[)retty well
in
but
if
the
even then
slnmld
advise
self
him
to
do what
My own
deduced from
lon^
and extensive
is,
experience,
that the
what
1'
conceive to be
in
I
'rfect ion
Mi k-
saddle, than
any other
form
Kill
'
(d*
]>ack-saddle yet
<r
invented,
M>liil'l'l- II
iierhaps
ArAHi;.lii
should have
T have yet
said, that
seen.
As neither
wood nor
irtm enters
be
person
can
tools
befn'e
recjuired
of course excepted.
of
its
Hut
saying more in
j)raise
(jualities, it
may be
as well to
DKFINITIOX OF AN
|)le,
Al'ARK.IO.
CD
if
pack-saddle
is
constructed.
Any one
have
seen
iiirt'li,
|>r
tlu'
niule-trniii,
horse
la
hand
at the
work of
'iackin^','
few
and taken
eross^riswer
riata
'
and rope on a
tij^'ht-rope
is
load,
than he would be
simi)ly
a
}>ack
sliould
to
walk on a
by
lookinif
iit
lilondin.
This pack-sad<lle
its
clearly
Spanish
in-
iiij-
into
of America.
ti'iiHivo lat
An
eith(r
inrass,
a])arejo
may
be
defined to be
two
ba<,^s
made
tlie
jiivr to
and
to be
jiack'
pillows,
sew them
eaeh other
at the
one end,
han<;"
them across a
doj,''s-back,
a.
other
yet
I
of an
(Ih:
'ri^-L'ino;.'
The
si/e of <'ach
cushion
tast(
is
lia])s
1,
varies
somewhat
iJie
in
that
or capric" of
packer by
whom
the aparejo
cut.
enters
H
In like nuiuiiej
l^ard to shape;
'\
ther<
from
ean
Tor myself,
feet
i\
inches in width
[)arejo,
tlu
But
I i
ruble
When
j<nned according' to
th(.
my
jjlan,
the
pa \ -jo, if
iikkIcI
<^,
"^f^X^
'-'
^%
1.0
*ii
|2.5
1^
li
12.2 I:
f
14
12.0
I.I
11.25
11.6
Ta
^A
w
'/
(71*)I73-S03
'
WJ,
;o
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
by an
inter-
mediate piece
<f
becomes rounded
in form, or arched.^'
In other words,
o-iving the
my
is
reason for
gable-ended aparejo
this
the
preference,
when
be,
it
may
CAi'.I.K-KNMl.li
AlAi;:;.!!!.
it,
hence there
is
always a space
rid<>'e
inter t'^enini>'
betwixt the
of the aiiimars
the prevention
clusion
of air,
()f
blistered backs
blistering
from exthe
and c(^ntinuous
pressure,
beiug
In
used to
is
bad,
because this
ilat
the back of the mule, and the heavier the load the more
Hglitly will this strap be broug-lit to bear
on the ridge
a,
have given
;
preference to
is
somewhere about
.')0
if
wetted
o-rasa.
will
weigh
(luite
lbs.
It is stuffed
with dry
/V((V
'
A WARNING TO WANDERERS.
:er-
71
first
led
for
ejo
leii
the
riata.'
The
stuffing is accomplished
w,it
X)ll
rests
animars
sets
ribi,
and
let
me warn
avIio
ace
lii-e
up or
strictest vigilance
aparejos.
iniless
attend
to
it,
A
mi-
day's neglect
nutes'*
})rior
may
gall a
five
stuffin*'-
saddling up
'
chievous a result.
anything but
looked after.
trifling details, if
mules condenses and collects amidst tbe grass composing the stuffing, which,
strange tendency to
when
various-sized nobs.
cricket-balls, and, as
removed or
by
make
mars
skin.
When
once thoroughly up to
'
working
'
'
pack-
72
train,'
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERXESS.
yon
will notice in a
moment,
file
if
you have a
sharji
eye
as
'
\bell
if
one of them
is
'galling*.'
When
suifering-
motion,
every
tle
finds
out
how
is
to interpret
them
a mule
you that
there
its
remedied.
An
inexperienced
green
'
hand would,
When
it
purchasing
'
aparejos,' if
you perhaps
15/.,
or
may
be
fifty d(>lhirs
Supthat
are agreed
you
will
find
t>o
much
agiiin as
pay
be added on
for
'
rigging*,'
be specihed in
ten,
it
tlie
purchase of aparejos
if
forgot-
is
usually
made a handle
extortion.
When
(California for
had immense
Mil i
ftr,
IX SEARCH OP APAREJOS.
difficulty to discover
73
for sale,
as packing
brisk.
I
remember
when
casting*
about
localities,
wherein I might
a Yankee merchant,
who
came
everything from
toothpicks upwards,
my business
drawl
as readily
He began
at once in nasal
'
Say, cap,
foolin'
your time
Well,' I replied,
'
down har, fit to pack squash on.' how can I tell that unless I inquire?'
you want
to buy,
'
Waal,
I raither guess
and
want to
sell,
so just let us
make
my
store,
war
can
show you
you
I ain't
if I
down
give
me
all,
fifty
rigging and
5
bluffs.'
I did
'
liquor
up
with
store,
my new
friend,
and
imagined was
valufible
Picture
my
cellar, I
saw a huge
pile of
pack-
74
AT
IIUM1-:
LN
THE WILDERNESS.
sj^eculative individual
retiu'iied,
and
Avliicli
this
had
picked up
I
cheaj)!}' as
a consig-nment from
Eughmd.
packing
'
coun-
perhaps
may
'
an indi-
gitt.
The
life
'cute
'
dealer,
cai
once in his
stumbled
sucker,"' tried to
palm
them
It
otf
when
winked wdckedly,
Why, these
we
sold off
when
the
know
my
heel,
and
left
my
friend astonished,
So much
for
Crimean pack-
Two
I'igging
fortunate dealer
possessed them.
of
The
whicli
consists
sundry
articles,
each of
!
Avill
we pass them
in review
one by one.
'
The
11
"
I'iata
fifty to sixty
do.
The
whicli has to be
be required.
The end^
A PACKED MULE.
lad
75
if
there
is,
'
run
'
freely,
I'ACKl.l)
-AIILK.
Tlie load is
a, a,
h,
If,
/),
supposed to
h,
showing wlioro the aparojo rests on the mule's back. showing where the riata is tightened upon the load.
' '
7,
the crupper.
tlu"
c,
c,
corona.
h 2, synch.
end of
tlie riata.
It is
sacks,
tlie
usual to pilo smaller packages that are not very heavy betwixt the upon the centre of the apar(;jo. This lias been puriiosely omitted in cut, in order to show how the riata acts in securing tlie load.
understanding of the adjustments of and sling-rope, if he will refer to this illustration when \\v are packing our imaginary mule, Ciiap. XI. p. 1<j8.
It will aid the reader to a clearer
riiita
the
come
The sUng-
76
AT
is
fi
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
is
rope
much
the
riata;
its
twenty-five to thirty
is
used to sling
is
With
otherwise disturb
loop,
or belonging
to the aparejo.
The aparejo
which
is
h 2,
and
At one end of
what
this
far
of hard
wood
shape,
bow
canvas
is
by
tlie
for
run
SVOODKN KYK.
through
easily.
In 'synching up,'
its
when the
is
strain
is
taken
off in order to
it,
which
]
THE
1
'
RIGGING.'
77
Synches
they are
always expensive, and in no respect superior to canvas. Placed on the mule's back, and answering the purpose
of the ordinary lining, fixed to English riding
saddles, are the hlcmlcets
[e),
to
op,
and pack(e).*
The
'
blankets
'
material.
soft carpet
Blanket
not
more or
less, it will
skin,
feet square.
The corona
'
'
(c) f
is
which
usually braided
or
Often the
initials
or the brand
mark
a purpose, and
'
is
By
the
corona
'
the packere
know
An
make
as
'
Packed Mule.'
73
AT HOME
IN
TIIH
WILDERNESS.
we use
mule
;
mnst be
travelling,
load if
it
its
head
for
the
men
to seize.
No
rience,
and
doing- incalculable
damage.
'
pack our
train.'
is
The
last
the blind, or
trqmjo.''
Each packer
carries one of
length
its
is
about fifteen
six
or eighteen inches,
inches
lAl'lMd.
(ll{
width about
in
the
centre,
at
its
g-radually
111,1X1).
away
points,
cat
'
sewn,
THE TAITJO
l'^l":s.
79
is
guilty
This
is
but
it
is
whilst anything
it
done to them.
Simply by dropping
behind the animars ears, and allowing the wider easily part to fall over the eyes, it at once and most
l^revents the to
;
as
mule from seeing what the packers are up and when this dreaded affair is fliirly on, you might well atfempt to make a log move as induce a blinded
to shift its position.
mule
So much
for the
complete
to
rivc,ino'
of a pack-mule.
riding nudes.'
Mll.K WITH
HI. INK
oN.
80
CHAPTER
IJiding
IV.
'
Sadillt's 8tirrups:
'
Cabvesto
preferable
to
rdinarv
bridle
Tethering.
all
KNOW how
'
very steadfastly
we Englishmen
and
believe
in the
it
what
not, I for
one hold up
my hand
for the
English
But
in a district
new panel
or obtain
girths,
new buckles
my own
word
am
not saying a
and
my
a particular purpose.
In the
will be just
kind of riding-
saddle I
and
f<
breaking
that
mustangs
;'
but
let it
be clearly understood
'
my
running
buffalo,' for
which
pad
THE CALIFORXIAX
SADDLi:.
81
consists
far
saddle-tree,'
made much
in the
is
same way, as
widely differing
from
caiitle
knob;
believe
Dses,
to
this
frame four
leather
straps
j)lace
be
rse, or
English
iistrict
lie
The
itself,
can
d, or a
girths,
T,
hide thongs.
from
to do
ying a
a,te
synch
'
straps
and stirrup
leathers.
wide piece of
or
my
leather,
ornamented
lian, or
.pted to
pommel
is
'
to
come through,
is
be just
ridingg,
and a long
slit
intended to
'
when
the saddle
synched on
to the
and
and
is for
the rider to
sit on.
Now,
it
if
I have
erstood
ilo,' for
made my
that there
'
description comprehensible,
is
will be seen
82
five
may be used
The
'
in a word, any-
made
and
of horsehair,
'sennit,'
woven
make
used)
2 feet 6 inches
ring, not
in diameter, should
be woven in
and
synch
'
by
it
then putting
is
passed
and hauled up
like a
running knot.
fast
To the
'
off
'
is
made
its
by a
is
laiot,
known
as the
Mexican
knot,'
and
length
regu-
animal to be ridden.
It
is
very
say,
may
next to impossible.
Like everything
else, it
it,
is
accustomed to
tie
and a lesson of
minutes'
way
to fasten a
fail
synch,'
doing.
as
it
of writing would
is
in so
'
synch
'
by simply
'
now
TO
'
SADDLE
UP.'
83
At any
were,
it
of
synching up.'
The
saddle-cloths carefully
folded so as to have
no
crease,
is
right
on
the
left
riata
'
round
its
neck.
it
make
riata.'
it is
If
likely
more than
saddled so
to
you
and
if
much
the greater
usually
more easy
a saddle.
*
Be
careful
evenly on the
blankets,'
and bear
*
in
relative to
left
sore
'
backs.
Now
run the
'
riata
'
through the
to
hand, so
n,nd
*
that you
work with,
with
synch
by
the ring,
strap, which, if
ring,'
saddle
through the
saddle,
and so on
all
for four or
five times.
if
Now
made through
will
slip
run with
back
if
G 2
81
AT
is
HOME
IX THE WILDERNESS.
which
of iiicalcukible value
when
mustangs.
first
To
bring
it
and pass
ring-,
from
above,
again
under the
and pull
it tig'lit.
You have
moment
if
then,
if
am
and
MKXICAN KNOT.
which
pulled at,
lies flat
covering' leather
'
is
placed
over
all,
is
'
saddled up.'
The
which
I
made
:
of wood.
There are
two patterns in
is
use
and a place
is
also cut
*
through
'
The
block-stirrups
it
made
of
all sorts
of shapes, just as
may
'
suit the
\
After the
blocks are
cut
'
The other
sort of stirrup,
prefer, is
made
of a flat piece of
Ji
an
is
then
So
The
stirrup
is
suspended
This
by this
'
cross piece
is
'
kind of stirrup
much Ug-hter
than the
know
TUANSVEKSE PlAG AT
TOP.
and the
of being
to
'
TllK
hung by the
foot, if
one
is
unfortunate enough
get a cropper.'
Great numbers of saddles are made so that the leather covering is fast to the tree, a plan perhaps quite as good
as the one I have
for a real
spoken of for
trip,
all
ordinary work
'
but
'
rough-and-tumble
where mustangs
are
wild, rivers
me the
siiddle I
adopted by
all
the
Washby
ington territory.
fastening
They construct
their saddle-trees
two
sticks together
the
deer-hide over
them with
elk-tendon, as
ride
we
use thread.
women
66
like the
men.
officers
belonging
to the United
'
although a capital
'
dragoon saddle,'
is
more about
is
requisite to explain
why
is
In the
first place,
it
ever strongly
may
back
and
'
buck-jumps
'
than would
a packthrefid
moment, and
the rider and his saddle sent flying over the mustang's
depressed head.
of sewing in
I
No
it
can
exert
when
it
sets itself
up
to do mischief.
In the next
if it
most objectionable
rain,
gets wet,
as
it
and swimming
it rots,
streams
the stuffing
felts,
is
thus
through
saddle-flaps,
is
the con-
sequence.
87
either, posis
the
gun or
rifle.
strap
it
sufficiently large to
means
)
I have
beyond the
foot
of the
rider,
on
the near side, and passed through the loop strap until prevented from
and hammers
is
in this
position
it
CtX
tJLIXff.
the pommel.
Then
I always tie
will
These
may
pick up or tjike
off-side,
From
this
hang a bag, or
in trapper's vernacular, a
possible
(if
sack,' in
and pair of
scissors,
are
stowed away
either
'
leather or canvas,
I prefer an ordinary
game-bag
to
88
With a
matters
saddle
recommend,
all
these
little
appaand dry
who
only
know
of
home
camp
it
travelling
If wetted,
all
you have to do
fire
them.
again,
rot
readily dries
stitches
and there
is
can
and break.
A blanket
We took
made
of the
esj)e-
each of the
officers
Com-
mission, but
it
care, aided
gave
sum
is
better
number of my readers
have made
Full-grown
without the
tail,
The cows
in
The principal
object
hunting bison
which are
'
89
buffalo robes.'
for
To run
'
buffalo
it
term
convenience sake),
is
man no
;
skill in shooting- is
The hair
by
'
cabresto,'^ with
bit, is
kind of
ture to use
the
simply two
and firmly
'
synched
'
on to the
when speaking
of the
INDIAN PAD.
Californian saddle.
By
using this
injur}',
is
pad
all
risk
of
saddle
obviated,
for
smooth
prairies, over
which the
may
ajjpear
kinds
grass
falls,
;
make
their
subterranean
legs,
steed
and
its
on the
turf.
I have
90
AT
HOME
L\
THE WILDERNESS.
and have no hesitation
'
had
in
pad
has saved
me
from
dangerous, perhaps
fatal, injuries.
By way
I
f.\
i
r
my own
it is
experiences,
and
what
befell
me on
always advisable to
grasped
;
if
the rider
is
unhorsed and
larriette
its
he
escape.
But
for the
had a hold
you
lie
the horse could tug you along until you would be compelled to let
him
go,
and then
if
horse or
why dame
most men.
is
to
The scene of
the
my
adventure
Red River
settlement.
The
creeping
hills,
many a
far-
A band
of
Red Indians
with
whom
am
01
ready for the hunt, and few have ever looked upon a
from
J
more picturesque
sight.
figures
more
than
and blood.
tamed
horib?s
down
We
!
are waiting
which
it
will
comes
fairly
Ah
goes, the
It
and
at once
becomes
invisible
dewy
still
lying
down
in little
groups
but
all
are in
happy
Craftily,
and with
and
as
us that
we
now
of no further use,
The Indians
after the
now
rapidly retreating
92
AT
HOME
IX THE WILDERNESS.
noisily against
one another.
to
and swallow up
all
other sounds.
recharge
my
He
seems to
than
and his
shaggj brown
horse,
mane
My
know by
to deal
it is
with
nose, as if to
make
air,
the
gallant
mustang thunders on
time to think of
my
my
chance.
my mustang
to retain
velocity, that it
difficulty I contrived
my
seat
from the
bull,
horse, charged,
was
A XAEROAr ESCAPE.
teiTibly frightened
93
discretion,'
The mustang
damaged
had by
this time
away
as fast as his
shoulder permitted.
I coidd see
That the
bull
by his rolling
gait,
made a
vigorous
failure.
attempt to
follow
but
it
proved a signal
once he
fell
to the
ground
at
firmly,
and planting
animal
his
wide
apart,
the
powerful
last.
;
Hurt and
took
felt
sorry for
him
their
fire,
and a
saddened
expression
place.
He
by
them
again.
know of, told in language plain as words how terrible were his sufferings. The
else
was
shij)
from side to
94
AT
HOME
;
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
siicldenly
stertorous breathing
then
flowers.
my
his shoulder
much
and worse
lie
plains
is
having
a frame
or other
breakable material.
;
more
this,
would, beyond
Hence the
is
immeasurably
The
bridle
we
was designed
for
It con-
an ordinary leather
bit,
ring-snaffle,'
was
!:
stock-men
'
all
use the barbarous Spanish bit, with a ring of iron like a curb-chain under the lower jaw.
bit
It is always a cruel
one.
now
TO DISPENSE WITH A
BIT.
95
My
and
advice
is
iTse
instead a light
lassoo
'
or
'
cabresto
'
made
fifty feet
long
a double
clove hitch
'
pose of a
bit.
To put on
this
K^JBi^B>,^
v^i)
mouth
jaw^,
make
your
'
clove hitch
'
and put
it
round the
carry on
the rope and tie to the loose end, coil up the slack, and
hang
it
you
'
have now,
'
am
clear in
'
my
explanation, two
If you
'
reins
lieu of a bit.
want
to
you need do
'
is
when
an animal, however
to a
'
quiet
it
may
be,
leather
head-stall.'
liable to
bush-fires, or
The
first
impulse
is
'
to escape,
hang back,'
96
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
upon the
'
head
stall,'
and
it
must be con-
met with,
cotton.
if it
The
best plan,
and the
safest one,
is
to use a
;
rope
made from
to put
it
any
risk of the
'
animal slipping
;
head through
'
if
you
sure to eat
in two,
and you
end of 3'our
In using the
'
recommended,
is
always where
it
When
not
ncccled.
The
easiest
and simplest
hobble
is
made by buckling a
the fore legs above the fetlock'' with a strap not less
than two
feet loner.
ver yet
sewmg"
)
use a
to -pni
CHAPTEE
V.
take a
it
drawn
; '
Wagons
struction.
slipping-
They should be
300
if
pretty
of your
xpectetl
,'
wood
cracks, shrinks,
and
readily
or ca-
nencled,
them
easily over
good
und
I
tlie
ground,
bufc
when
hills
'beli;
ground got
over,
simplest
larriette
r
tieing
jointed where
'
hounds
; '
it
saves
six
not less
Gripping off in
bumping over
good team of
in a light
wagon over
than oxen,
any ordinary
prairie land.
fitted to
Mules
travel faster
not over
They are
,,
-^
'*!
08
AT
i)ull,
HOME
IN
THE VVH^DEUNKSS.
slush.
steady
:;f
!i
tliroufrli
mud and
done with.
It
i
is
in the
district, to
witness a
single
drawn by a
ox
manner of
a dray-horse.
single
man, called a
'
bull-driver,' takes
charge of
manages
by
(and,
a bull-flogger
'
cleverly)
A
"W
young lacli
tree
is
which should be
rod; the thou g
is
and
as pliant as a
salmon
made
belly
'
feet to 8 feet
The crack
'
of this
'
whip
in the
hands of an experienced
rifle.
bull-driver
is
Woe
it
takes
oft'
a,
'
wale
'
as larire as
a sausage.
horses,
The oxen
a,
loa<l
The
any
little if
iron
used in
its
building.
pose of carting
home
.'
LINE.
99
m are
Twise
erackin^if of
*
the whips,
and
e too,
less
they
miles away.
extract from a
ilie
The
followiiif^
work
entitled
'
Across
le
ox
horse.
ra'G
I
London by Low
capitalist
is
I't
of
a
colossal
by
Line, and
who
mount
verly)
3
haft,
it
^ahiion
should
'
belly
travelling,
about
of this
tSr
ver
'
is
Waddell.
They
failed,
rtuuate
ago
it
4
ikes
oft*
Ben Holladay, an
who
hiid
been a
arye as
ifts like
t
t.
a,
and
for trvoat
He has
and
load
iuiproviug, ext(Mding,
The
any
enlarging
ju'ise
until
it is
c if
owned and
if
controlled by one
man which
His
exists in
af these
the country,
line of stages
the pursservinjj.
commences
n
.:3=T-iT
..i
1.
I.
.
'^^tmmt
100
AT
HOME
IN
;
THE WILDERNESS.
from here
it
himdred and
fifty
miles
dred miles more to Salt Lake City, along the base of and
From
Nevada and
hundred
and
fifty
owned by an
All this
eastern
company, and
Wells, Fargo,
daily line,
&
pattern, well
coach.'
known
in
New England
as the
'
Concord
From
Holladayruns atri-weekly
fifty miles,
Montana,
four
From Denver,
too,
he has a sub-
these routes
hundred and
fifty
not
Co.,
counting,
under
&l
is
two thou-
has to draw
all
h of
his
101
comes frequently
fifty
and
The Indians
he pays a general
;
division
much
drivers
and stable;
as
the
sum paid by
the Government,
an im-
During the
last
for everything,
money by
his stages.
The previous year was one of prosperity, and the next is But with so immense a machine, exposed likely to be.
to so
must
always be doubtful.
staores are
The passenger
fares
by his
and seventy-five
fifty dollars,
to
Nevada
hundred
Montana
five
hundred
dollars.
higher than they were two years ago, and will probably
11
for food
i
-V
in
New York
City,
and
is
102
wealthy say
millions.
He owns and
runs, also,
He
conducts
all this
immense business
success-
by the choice of able and trusty mana^^ers, to whom he pays large salaries. * ^ Mr. HoUaday visits his overland line about twice a year, and
over
it
when he
does, passes
A year
'
or
two ago,
Golden
Gate,'
Edward Eust
life,
man
to
make
is
shortened by railway.
He
The
dollars in
comparable with
this,
hundred miles, in
six
this
'
'
TALL TRAVELLING.'
lOiS
had to be
si:
thought of
^h
<i
I*
104
CHAPTER
The more
Sibley
desirable form of Tent
VI.
Lodge of the Savage The
Miner's
pitch a Tent
The
Tent The
it
Bell
Tent
Half-shelter
secure.
Tent
and make
A TENT
it
wanderer's equipment,
he can by any
'
possibilit}'^
'
carry
on
his
pack animals.
;
Camping out
'
is all
very well
in theory
blue
canopy
of
the
or
the
cloudless
expanse
gemmed with
'
twinkling
nises' the
stars,'
lio-
intrepid explorer,
delightful
little
compliments from
lone hunter,' or he
who would be
but
when
lips,
far
away from
fair faces,
no
single grain
air,
a tent or
is
most desirable
for
n,
tent
is
105
For military
purposes the
'
bell-tent
'
seems to
circle
me
to be the
more
convenient pattern.
pole affords
The
more room
for sleeping
their lodges,
for
their large
permanent
it
and roof
with
rough cedar slabs by the Coast, Fraser, and Vancouver Island savages, for winter quarters.
transport,
bell-tent
it,
'
is
two
an
men
over,
to pitch
and in
hard wind
'
it
is
easily
blown
not
secured by
guy
'
ropes.
The United
us on the
States
most com- ^^
In form
it
-f^
conical,
is
constructed
'
^^
^"
smoky chimneys as a
sihlky ti;nt.
'
r
106
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
it,
An
II
and so
for the
tent-gear,'
is
fire,
which should be
and warm.
or
*
The
camp
contrivance
of
cooking.
in-
American
height,
room
to
if
move
about,
and perfect
heaviest rain
well pitched.
by
soldiers, I
think
Sibley-tent
'
arranged as
canvas,
and their
tripod.
This
is
bell-tent
is
'
it
permits a
fire
in the centre of
used,
excavated for the purpose, so as to allow the stovepipe to pass through the ground beneath the canvas,
camp
fire
in
1
GOLD miner's tent.
able to sit by a
fire,
107
is
must be placed
when
up
for transport.
may
m-
theless,
is
convenience of
packing
The
should
it
be
necessary,
as
it
constantly
is
when
travelling, to roll
enormous.
of no material consequence,
all
and
if
well
and judiciously
They pro-
which
is
ground
is
Then a
lighter pole
this
Over
it
placed,
One
I'l
108
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
is
I prefer,
for the
wooden skewers.
is left
open
occupant to creep in
is
when he
in.
Bj making the
may
be conveniently rigged
covers,
nothing better
is
procurable.
exceedingly
or
when on hunting
trapping excursions.
ditional
An
of
ad-
pound
weight upon
is
^^^
'^^'"^^iiV
these
occasions
;
crreat
:*^Hi^li^
consequence
liuuter
the
lighter
a
^:
HAi,K-suKi,TKR TENT.
ment the
&f
the
material to do
with,
is
shown in the
or rushes, will
proof.
cut,
make a
dry.
It is
almost superfluous to
I
say, this
side.
'
GABLE-ENDED TENT.
half-shelter
'
109
lived
North-
in the Crimea, in a
Turkish
sides
in
tent
with
eight
wams
the
and
I have
camped
in
the open
air,
much
'
when
is
but after
all,
the
dog-kennel,'
or
10-ell.
The 'upright
'
the
'
ridge-pole
poles
must be ferruled
galvanised iron.
the two uprights
The ends of
should be
GAHJ.E-KNDKI) OH ])0(i-KKNNKL
TKNT.
and the
pole,
to
'
no
ridge poles
'
'
and
'
and
serve as a
means
guy
But
in
packing
this, there
always
when pitching a
contend that
'
tent,
'
and
for
'
gable-ended tents
'
'
perfectly non-essentials.
it
By using the
is
matters
all
uppermost, and
is
that
a small cone-shaped
to
fit
iglit
into
the other
end
and
can, with a
amount
Why
cany
poles at
all,
when
wooded country?
experience taught
them whenever
I
mo
lessons of wisdom,
and then
and
cut
at a
moment's notice
although
one
was
ti'avelling
through a
country densely
vriori
t(
timbered
as
*
be disposed to believe.
them
down,
is
a bad plan.
Supposing you
Ill
and
are fortunate
suits
your purpose,
fitting,
long delay
is
cutting,
and
may
at
any moment
If,
fall
in
are
sleeping.
me
assure
all
young
'
wanand
not
by
is
far the
useless,
your tent
moan
to
cooled,
if
refreshed,
by a shower-bath of
rain,
which serves
;
alike
clothes
and begets
to
never
ven-
ture on
tent-pegs
;
'
is
at the
end never
'
drive
'
well, or hold
when
driven
saw
'
tent-pegs
'
bulk as a package.
of expla-
diminishing in numbers.
driving the pegs
is
light
wooden mallet
essential,
for
also
another
in the
bag which
112
When we
sioner
used,
Commis-
deemed
it
the
'
gable-ended
strongly
advocate.
siz
,
;
We
'
Liniehouse of three
cU, 10-ell,
but the poles were not ferruled, and only fitted with
11
It
certainly at that
time
seemed to
iili
my mind
England
poles from
finest
pine timber in
in
prodigal
subsequently
;
was by
and had
a tent was
desirable to-morrow,
comj^leted.
would i^
whole thing
what
I have
with
made
of good pine,
made
Th(> tent-pegs
and
nuillets
to be
fitted into
intci
canvas bag,
tie like
made round
at t]io bottom,
t
>.
and finished to
the
corn-sack at the
by plaiting
canvas,
and
is
When the
'
string
up,'
run
in,'
so that the
an
pegs to escape
at,
Ji:^
nmisf
when compared
tent-poles
I
to those this
tent
stupid system of
arable
cause 1 one to
lose.
nded
from England
although
now
'
dare
it
many
of
my
use
made
8-ell,
1
say
was vastly
like, to
an e very-day
very
little
simile,
with
time
measurement
large
of baggage
supply of so
tentcli
the
rodigal
[iiently
i
tlie
'
Boundary-line
'
dividing
States.
all
British
had
On
at
?nt
was
on Vancouver Island,
once go
'
should
thing'
under canvas.'
all
I have
3d with
ready,
were not
built
and
our
tiny
city
was
d i^ine,
and occupied in
fit
less
time than
jDoles.
would have
capped
s,
a dozen
After commencing
made
ut-pegs
as bag,
)
which a corps of
it
fifty
American axemen
have
very
wa.*'
required,
larger
nuich
like a
tents
made
for
the
lis,
and
string is
nj),'
accommodate twelve or
fifteen
axemen.
When
several
an
men were
he tentr
OTOlind
'
114
*
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
shift
in
more frequently as a rule than once every twelve or fourteen days, one large tent was
camp
'
These
lar^^e tents
the
have
io
quired to be
large
and strong
five
one large
tent.
The 'ridge-pole'
rests
on the fork
Two
of the
of the two
all
trouble
the tent
firmer
'
when pitched
be
if
:i
em -
AXKMANS
TKNT.
ployed.
More than
this, rope,
be obtained at a minute's
The poles
end of the
tent, the
it is
as far apart as
The canvas
and then
into
pegged
firmly
the
ground.
derstood,
this
MIl'T
If I
it
am
clearly un-
mode
of
pitching a tent
DP FOB
'IHK NKJJIT.
always be,
if
'
A HUNTERS
once
it
VISIT.
\\r,
was
the
re-
mailer
;
re
ed for
CHAPTER
A
VII.
e fork
of the
'k;
tie
by
Hunter's Bedding Bedding for Tents or T.og-hoi;?eg Bedstend, how to ninke Systems of Packing up liedding Tools necessary for a Wanderer The way to fell your first Tree How to split a
two and
be
if
Log
Traps to be avoided.
'
trouble
ith,
hunting'
(I
'
hunter'
will
than
loca-
^ereemis,
whereon to
'
squat,'
and
'
clear'
or
'
fence' in a
rope,
if
any
superfluities.
In
ninute's
it
either
the saddle, a
hide,
for a
'
up
in
a piece of stout
g pulled
3
and
ought to
suffice
canvas
ridge-
week or two,
roughing
it
le
i
11
then
to
it
the
comfort
'
full kit'
or outht
arly un>ii
of two persons.
briefly
perhaps to describe
that in
a tent
are out
summer and winter systems for sleeping adopted by the Boundary Coirimission, as we found them
the
to
answer
peirfectly.
>les
must
r
IIG
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
as
The
sap-
pers
had a
men
'
bunks' were
men
The
officers
and
for the
victualling department.
The bedstead
I used,
to a
permanent camp, or
made
ruled
.
of tough
in
wood and
centre
fer-
the
with a
.. ..---ji.
strong ferrule
made
of galva-
CA.Mr-UKDSTKAl).
A A
II
Fcrnilt'H.
II
Hctul-ropc.
; (;
Foot rope. u Pivot on which tho logs fohi. K Cross rope to keep tho legs from
of a tressil
is
a strip of canvas
to
xpauiling.
so
sewn as
allow the
is
two
lateral poles
to pass
preferable,
This
117
common
is*
pattern of
camp
ferrules,
sold
by most metropolitan
and
is
on; but
if this
my
the
experience
stitute
canvas belonging to
My remarks apply
may
n,
be well enough
if
but as a
rule,
wanderer'
fifty
times more
'
at
many
his
when
by elevating
Look out
in diameter,
about two
feet
chop
it
down, and
;
'
log off'
about
five feet in
length
as straight as
length.
mea""'
*'"
mind you
^-akkshikt
ni;i,.TioAi..
118
top a
little will
be
still
better
which
will
be the
fit
for
all
an
When
you
up,
be an immense convenience
in winter
it
for a
Two good
is
robe,' as
styled,
when
travelling, will
Let
me
:
all travellers
a golden rule
rolling'
up of your bedding.
There
is
way
of doing
it
if
managed
may
j)Our
with rain, or
if
the
itself
by
mules
KEEP YOUR BEDDING DRY
ost
JI9
aro very
much
predisposed to indulge in
after.
if
the the
oles
looked sharply
pack
your
'
'
strike "
your tent,
fold, roll,
and place
tie
it
in its bag,
an
you
roll
Now
it,
carefully
fold
length, and a
trifle
for
)ack.
5e
fc
them on
and
"
double your
its
robe,
mattress and
roll the
contents upon
of
six
robe' as
you progress in
id to
ay
for
it
can haul
it.
made
the better
pack.
be found to
good
and
bring the edges of the waterproof over each end of the bedTIIK
ding,
it
WAY
TO
I'OLl)
roll
CI-OTHK3
IN
A.
in the
WHAPPKU.
this it is next to
an impossibility
for
water to find an
entrance.
lastly,
be securely lashed
lassoo.'
To
a mistrusting
my
when camping
would aggravate a
120 saint.
fitted
II
'
bed envelopes,'
straps,
artistically
made round at
what
is
called
by
outfitters
gift, if
complete camp
bed,' I
compelled to take
It
may
is
all
baggage
really
and practically
cles I
]>est quality.
A stout
India-rubber
camp
oil,
sheet,
will
'
'
or a
answer
'
case
or
envelope
made
if
With
a 'case,'
it,
or a snag tears
With a wrapper
bilities
all
rolled
many
the enwraps
it
and
if
why,
is
securely hid,
and hence
effectually stopped.
bed case'
is,
it
on
the.
ground
;
when
rains,
for
it
in a tent a
bedstead
is
is
a useless encumbrance.
If
and there
121
that
is
necessary
is
to fold the
aftei*
you have
and
let
its
way
turned up.
it
increases the
and
I find
my
clothes
when
folded
We
and
rolling
all
bed case
'
altogether,
the
summer
field-work.
chair, or rather
A very useful
shift seat,
make-
cutting a cask, as
tration,
shown
in the illus-
then
fisli^g
of
on a
can be
H.VKUl'.l.-CHAIK.
made
in ten minutes,
and abandoned
when
shifting camp.
tools,
In regard to
1-22
who
is
but
an American axe, a
sort of
'
omnium
gatherum'' of little
be worn
and
for this I
ordinary
purposes
riveted
it is
strong, usually
made
its
shape
it
for all
mend a pen,
or skin a
humming
When
the traveller
is
on horseback or
is
apt to slip
by no means a
matter to
Thus equipped,
tools
if
how
to use the
and make, as
show how, a
'
1-23
and logs hollowed into safe and shapely hands of a Indeed, an axe and auger, in the
man
arts
skilled in all the thoroughly up to his work, and chest of carpenter^s of an axeman, are equal to a
tools,
employed by a novice or
inefficient
workman.
beUeve
No one from mere hearsay evidence how many things a back-woodsman can
with an axe.
would
accomplish
Trees measuring eight and ten feet in cut down by our diameter, counted by lumdreds, were corps of axemen, two men only
Boundary Commission
at
tree,
that no
trees with a rapidity utterly astonishing; were ordinary woodsman would fall in a day,
'
'
less upon the ground by their brawny arms in American wedgethan an hour. To use perfectly the
stretched
let
me
say, that
it is
and doing everything with, which is degree of skill worth one stra;v), requires no ordinary something to do and practice. Strength, of course, has moderate muscular power still, a man of only
with
it
;
of himself, if the would beat a giant into being ashamed did not, know how weaker man did, and the stronger man
to wield
an
axe.
The axe
pounds, and it should poses ought to weigh about eight the term is, on a ' be carefully mounted, or hung,' as
handle. springy, rightly curved, hiccory
Now
for a
'
green hands
'
wanderers,'
me
ask
124
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
it
strikes
me you
will distoes, or
cover that
split
it is
far
how
to
'
chop.'
Yankfeism, a 'patch
axemen.
'
fell
your
first tree
how
inclines to begin
tlie
on
tree
on
whilst both
at the e!id of
to prevent it
it,
purposely mnile
o\1
from slipping
ping;
;r
fix
/Ml'
L^:
llOAV
mm^
about
three
from
the
TO VKLL A TUKl/
THE RIGHT-SIZED
CHIP.
J25
most dangerous
accidents
will jar
ob-
Uquely
If
down upon
you do not,
legs.
it
will
'
glance,'
for
your
Repeat
this cut if
an axeman
chop in the next cut you make three feet lower down
than where you made the
first cut,
'right-sized chip,' to
lumberer's
'
phrase
or
is,
if
inexperienced
men would
'
do,
you would
find your
axe
jammed
;
the trunk
hence, the
'
is
always
be felled.
always keepif
ing
the
;
planed
the same
way
as you
when you
126
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
off,
and of
;
course
is
fall
in the direction to
which
it
leaned
that
it
on
its
end
lay
it flat
on
the ground,
commence
it,
and in a
with the
first cut,
of the log.
and twenty
two
skilled
axe in so as to free the other, and continuing alternately to bury their axes in the fallen tree along
length, can easily split an
end.
its
immense
tree
from end to
I
Wedges
it
need
hardly niime
hint, to
may be
a useful
terrible suffering,
'
both of
which ended
lumberers
employed
in split-
One
had been
felled.'
He had
after another,
the
first
out easily, but the seccmd being rather more firmly fixed,
required to be knocked clear with the nnillet or
beetle.'
'
wedge
sud-
and striking
it
him
forwards.
left
Drop-
hand
CAUTIONS TO BE REMEMBERED.
forward to save himself from
nately pushed
it
li7
falling,
he most unfortu-
'
place.
man by
Luckily
of his
metl
own making.
il
He was
and
wrist,
crushed to a
mummy, were
t<>
togtther amputated,
still
the
shock was
i*)o ij^rcat
the
wound
befell
logging
'
up a very large
'
c<)r<^
wood.'
logs
it
it
To axe a
i
is
tree
into
necessary to
stand on
legs,
regards
'
the
size
of the
i.onniNo IT A
THi',i;.
notch, or
chop,' as explained
'
when speaking of
the right and
felling
'
a tree
left cuts
are
made
.i
128
AT
log",
HOME
IN
is
THE WILDERNESS.
divided, being wedge-shaj)ed.
each
when
the tree
side.
An immense amount
man
to
^
required to enable a
first place, it is
log
'
timber
!l
In the
extremely
difficult to
your
place,
feet,
in
the next i
two
1
cuts
meet exactly
axed
'
into four-
feet lengths
was
not
if
the axe
is
brought down as
be certain to
'
glance,'
and then
if
you do not
why, you
require a
wooden
life,
may
to the
lot
of most
young
had conmienced
lum-
when he
is
splits
them,
still
ixeman having
first
made a
A HORRIBLE ALTERNATIVE.
to insert a
129
wedge
I
loj[^'s
end.
The lumberer
tough
,f
am
many
wedges.
log,
and in a
mischance the
man
wedge
'
Having
in
tried every
;
means
hail,
vain
shouting he
knew
to be useless, as there
and night was coming on, and he was well aware that the
bitter cold of a northern winter
must end
In this with
suffering,
mad despair the poor fellow seized the axe, and at a single
chop severed his leg from the imprisoned foot; with
wouv^jrful presence of
to
'I?
mind he
prevent
it
self
away.
doubtful
if
it
was done
he too died.
There
of
like
are
a great
many
'l
130
AT
HOME
IN THE WILDERNESS.
as but these two I relate Canadian backwoodBman, immediate observatxon. come under my own be careful to keep your mIi: When splitting always or you may be from out the cracks feet and hands
Ln.
111:1
131
as
tion.
your
y
?
l^e
the
CHAPTER
VIII.
Cooking Utensils A Fryingpan equal to any emergencyTea and than Coflee versus Rum and Water Canteens more ornamental Camp Baskets Iron Ovens useful The Plan for making your own Camp KettlesFlour better than BiscuitYeast Powder. How
to bake a
LoriFixed
Ovens.
Cooking
depend, as regards number and variety, upon the means of transport at the * wanderer's ' disposal. When I
start alone
on a *hunt.ig' or
prospecting
tj
'
trip I
;
i pannikin
my
my
a.
waist-belt
by the
handle.
*
It is wonderful
it
what
man
and
can do with a
I have
fryingpan,'
is
heard
in
*
I invariably read
hunter's
*
stories, of
grilling
bers,'
baking a damper
on the
all
Armed with my
*
these contingencies as
utter bosh.'
see
any
i:)uffalo
when
grilled
least,
accord-
^mmt^tmtmdmbimm^
13-2
ing to
my
to the artistic
honne-houche
it
'
from
my
fryingpan.
Why,
civic dignitary's
mouth
its
my
frjingpan,
slap-jacks,'
my
;
coffee,
out of
my
it
I can also
Then, what do
fish,
one
Where would
mess
your
a two-
you be without
*
fryingpan?
nice
embers
'
cutlet, or
'
pound trout
multum
man
all
rope-walk, paved
If
way with
palate.'
will
you take
my
advice,
The pannikin
raw
is
is
if
for
brewing the
133
Still,
despite
all
the
'
cheer-
when camping
after a
hard day,
and
me
the
much
Many
'
What
a de-
praved taste
'
!
my
depravity
is,
me
its
up,
warms me
if it
influence I turn
Tea,
can be
made from
berries,
tough and hard as bits of hiccory, roasted in a fryingpan, then pounded up betwixt two stones, tied into the
toe of a sock, and, lastly, boiled in the pannikin until
j)or-
salts, is, to
my
est
palate, not
mixture at
to a tired traveller
disjmtandum.^
On
we have a comfortable
pack-train, such as
Avanderers, then
tastes.
we
we can
do not believe in
canteens,' so called,
'
Avhich
Just
If
may
'
134
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
fair
things in
it
There
is
wire mouse-trap
the half of a
musk
burns
it
into holes,
and
of Argus to keep
what you
from burning
tin cups
bend on the
Fire
*
King
'
of Cre-
Then there
besides,
secret
of
The
first
as they
If
it is
or
61,
utterly
more than
this,
CROCKERY, AND
HOW
TO CARRY
JT.
135
had ended.
My
advice
is,
dishes, indeed
We
used this
everything
was made of
I
was
foolish
it
canteen,' but
did
and that
will
made
of
named
wash
basin,
and a
slop basin.
This I take to be an
knives, a
tea,
two
one
little r^ffair
;
a candlestick, made to
a fryingpan, of course,
AU
may
You will
do
it,
Have an iron
is
The
*
baskets
that of an ordinary
fishing-basket
length-
136
ened
paulin fixed to
cover,
Each basket should have a small tarit, larg-e enough to hang well over the
feet long
and one
ends,
wide
'
will contain
*
possibles,' as
we
call
readily on a
riata
'
from the
wet
if it
all
dry.
know
of few things
to discover
to sweep carpets
weak
and on this
state of affairs
are two
value,
and
should advise
them.
*
do not
who visit wild countries to take with deem them essential additions to the
them out with
kit,'
These two
articles are a
FLOUR PEEFERABLE TO
to hold
BISCUIT.
137
two
gallons,
even
We found these
I
very
much more
'
easily
hard bread
or biscuit.
is
less
liable to
become injured
damped,
home and
and that
list,
only.
according
my
experience,
is
whenever
practicable.
Hence
men
of
yeast powder
'
issued to
them than
;
would have
we found equal
record
'
ment.
make
- f
capital loaves
and here
me
my unmeasured
praise of
Presis
yeast powder,
liicli
I contend
for
rising
and
in
'
strongly advise
'
wanderers
'
and parties
engaged
field
in a wild country,
138
made,
all
that
requisite to do in regard to
baking
it is
to brush
away
and
camp
fire,
in order to
to place the loaf on, then turn the iron oven over
When
if it
you think
comes out
;
if,
on the other hand, the rod comes out clean, your loaf
cooked, and
facture,
'
is
if
due
skill
its
manuas the
dollar,'
Yankees
say, that
will bear
Doctor Dauglish or
his bakery.
made
at the
fixtures,
be
it
remembered
by
;
staves
on
numerous ways of
baking
in
WHAT TO WEAR
IIUXTIXG.
139
CHAPTER
What
to
IX.
others
wear Avoid LeatherWoollen Fabrics preferable to al Boots Mocassins How to manage with Snow-shoes Hat Mosquito-bng Fishing GearA good day's Sport.
to
What
wear
is
Most of
thing,'
scarlet'
silk,' in
and represent
Leather, or as
hide
it is
commonly
dressed by Indian
is
women
a soft
pliable
lenthor,
traders,
clothes
is
such a luxury
warmth and
?n
'
use
is
himting
and the
pants' are
made
t
140
AT
ill
HOME
IX
THE AVILDERNESS.
Both trousers and jacket are
;
worn
civilised lands.
collar so as to
also
fringes,
mentation.
picturesque,
is
I have
know
of no
;
Assuming
it
much
armour of lanthorn-horn
your
'
pants' in all
and the
darndest' to
prevent
it;
One
141
observes his
away from
off
the insteps
and
feet,
gradually uncovering at
;
first
wrists
and ankles,
and
if
like to those
wear when
be obtained, there
no other course
sans
'
everyif
But adopt
it
;
my
advice,
made
My
life
remarks, be
visiting,
or doing the
affiiir,
en route,
is
altogether
I have
another
roughing
it
in,
and the
result of
tweed.
The Canadian
blanket-coats,'
so
commonly worn
on snow, would be
hunting
made
easily torn,
like a sponge.
The
142
il
colour I prefer
dark grey
should have as
for,
many
room
encumber yourself
Indeed I
with
me
except
it
mend
help
all
'
if
they can
it.
; '
mocassins
'
are
all
very
who have
*
feet harder
than
sole leather,
and to
whom
unknown
'
articles
of clothing.
You may
sole a
way
until
amount of ease
off,
which
it is
the hair
Indians have shorter toes than white men, and from continued practice the great toe in particular acquires a kind
of liolding power,
'
which enables a
savag<'
shod with
and
WARM
FEET.
143
hill-
to
in
all-im-
Reduce
become
sore,
possible.
Hence
I always provide myself before leaving pairs of strong nailed boots of the
known
as
ankle-jacks,'
made wide
is
in the sole
and laced up in
until
front,
my
replacing them.
'
dog sleighs
is
and walking on
snow-shoes,'
the
mocassin
to
the
wear boots
and not
is
to
risk
frost bite,'
The
is
make a
putting over
of the foot
;
my toes it
my
foot
and ankle, so
leg.
144
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERXESS.
made from
moose-liide,
firmly,
and
all.
lastly,
securely over
The
of
from any
effect
cold,
march through
soft
snow.
When
right to
soft
and
i
pliable, I prefer to
It shades
when
any
will be
'
found an
I
to sleep in.
'
comfoi'ter
under
my
my
ears.
This
plan prevents the head from galling, keeps the ears and
throat beautifully
warm, and
is
quite as serviceable as a
in shielding
one
from
dew and
rain.
it will
also
add
mosquito time,' by
keeping the gauze net which covers the head, face, and
neck well away from the nose, mouth, and eyes, thus
facilitating
gauze bag to
cover the head and face, without which I do not hesitate to say a
man
are so plentiful as
we found them
to be
on the Fraser
145
times
is
when
least expected,
among
it
flies.
The choice
i>f
of
'
fishing gear'
may,
all
perhaj)s, be woi-thy
less
more or
'em.'
wedded
howan open
by
it
to
I will,
it
my own
*
plan,
'
and leave
wanderers
either to profit
or
own
may be
possible
silk,
the more
In any
cobbler's wax,'
and a
we
salmon
fishing.
For obtaining
all
procurable
district
travelled through
supply.
was obtained
the
Rocky Mountains.
Immediately I overhauled
my
stock of
knocked over a
feathers,
its frill
and a
14G
coverts
all
from
my
'
shirt, tied
called a
it
fly/
to
a piece of fishing
line,
and the
line to the
Thus equipped, I flogged away at the water as though [ had been whipping a horse, but nevertheless with the
most unquestionable success
monster, and seizing
it,
:
my
know
so well indi-
cates feeding
It
must
suffice to
say that
successful,
and
cast, that
I never
and
than
it.
to skill in play-
If
you do not
be
know how
with you
flies
to
'
tie
flie,'
in that case
it
may perhaps
to
but
it is
better to learn
how
make
artificial
cases
when vou
deemed
it
superfluous to
artificial flies,
for the
making
every minutia}
result of
is
clearly explained
and
illustrated.
Th
my own
experience
is,
147
aid a novice
more than
will the
tying up a
I invariably
wear
my
line
and
flies
*
tied
round
'
my
strong gut
the
felt.
for
need
be,
hooked into
stick,
end of
it,
is
all
the
pitching
away the
stick, will
good plan
is
for carrying
to cut a long
twig with a crook at the end, and pass the point under
the
gill
it
its
mouth, then
it
push
ping
is
down
to the crook,
which prevents
from
slip-
off;
filled.
To sum
and
artificial
far
civilisation.
That
fish
in
very
skill
much
fished
grow
shy,
know
fish
a[)p]ies
to waters
and the
in
wild
countries.'
fish
The
unsoi^his-
natures of
such
are
l2
148
disciples of the the wiles and lures craftily prepared by seize upon < gentle art,' so they do not hesitate to
it
may
'
differ
life.
What
description of
is
gun
is
hunting
purposes'
149
ffer
ed,
CHAPTER
Firearms-Muzzle-loaders
Shot-belt versus
X.
Pouch-The
It would
no useful purpose, nor in any way were I to attempt aid you in the choice of firearms, merits of breech and a dissertation on the respective
s
rve
muzzle loaders, or
rifle
'
A man who
still,'
same opinion
it
is
the
adage,
too.
Few
much, if anything sportsmen nowadays would say very discarded muzzle-loader. at all, in praise of the poor
time, like stage coachmen, comfortable, landlady, rosy homely roadside inns, with the smiling
It
has had
its
barmaid,
civil waiter,
and
horse.'
am
and good accommodation for man not sure whether I do not even now
'
I do not care prefer those old times to the present. large fashionable places, and particularly dislike
ubout
hotels;
instinctive
dread of
who wear
women
if
by any mis-
chance I
am
II
150
AT
IIO.ME IN
THE WILDERNESS.
I
to bear
gorgeous
first-floor front, I
make up my mind
and to
suffer,
and
poorer man.
Give
me
and quietude.
What
my
No
reasonable person
would desire
machinery, as
to
if
or prefer to be waited on
or, rather,
kept waiting
by
an army of pale-faced
loose shoes
(I
men
their shoes), to
if
to fashionable places
combining,'
the convenience of a
hotel with
The operation
shot,
my
powder and
as it glides
down the
barrel, j^ressed
on by the sturdy
my
hold up
'
and seek
'
the
only a matter
have never
tried
breech-loading
(
[ear
151
hence I
am
to
how
necessarily
must be
of
the
when
one
is
open
air.
No
Oi)inion is
excei^t it be
A breech-
may be
and
fitted to
contrary,
cartridges
it
may
replaced
when exhausted,
But
until
am
loader myself,
when
far
than
two
years,
that
the
modern breech-loading
all
double-shot gun
the
possesses
has,
the
advantages
that
in
I
muzzle-loader
added to greater
facility
chary
how
a breech-loader oidy,
if I
start
again on a
it
prejudice
if
you
like, obstinacy, or
a stupid
I.r2
one
been used to
tlieiii,
me by
1
iiro-uineiit, I
am
For
real forest
and
prairie life
('f
every
short
<.>'un
is
more
useful than a
riile
lon^ ran^-es
are seldom, I
may
and
for
any
distance witliin
ei<;'ht3"
and with
^1^^
I'i'^^
desire*^
Then ducks,
ad<l
^eese,
<4'am<'
very
and open
land.
far
load
(if
is
much
better and
ol)tainin<jf
tlu^sc
It is quite as well
rifle
with you,
if
at
should be taken,
I
of the two
hesitate
should not
moment;
Let
the
rifle
I
wouM
know
be
al)andon('d without a
is
the other
e(|ual
to every
need.
ill
it
my
remarka
^.
MY OWX EQUIPMENT.
poat
In
153
elsewhere.
The
of
to assist sportsmen
wa^''e
war
ni)()n
life
I'S
other
of
Hene3
have
:ory
or
jn'ojcctile,
or
to
travellinj^
with camels or
nid
elejdiants.
formation
tJie
most
])raetised
eamelor
<^^ood
elepiiant Iraveller
a,
couM
iiii[)art
would he of no
h<
wliatever to
wliite
a,
man, because
profitable account.
ele[haiits,
an exception or lw(>
sation,
are
To
the wanderer
search of an
eli<4ible
home
iu the
My own
ecjuipment wbeu
h'ave
Kn^land
for
jjfood stronur
INirdv's
to
cany an
(tunce bidlet,
and a
Colt's revolver;
p'u^-
two
lai'|jfe-si'/ed
toi* siin<!'in''
or fasten in;^'
it
to your buttons
<!d
oi*
waist-belt.
to juvfer the double
atul
Another of my
shot-lielt,
S.
lashions
is
made
..;
of
;L;'ood
lc:ither,
in
provided with
brass charyi
which fasten
witli a spring-.
These
154
AT
IIO.ArE
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
chargers are
litible
much
a
does
"vvlien
More than
;
this,
having two
sizes
a great convenience
third
charger
is,
whereas a
man
it
loading in a hurr},
'tv
under the
influ-
(I
have done
myself
many
times,
patent
'
to
all
shot-
down
to shut
the
oft'
which
is Ki(p))osed
at the
same time
the main supply and let out the charge of shot desired
if
fondly imagining
This
is
no
often
jams
in
chargtn-,
if
an
your
when
loading.
By using the
happen
it
\
i
pattern
never
if it
if
does take
'
n trifle
more time
'
to load than
.\
would
the
patent charger
155
Irried
ri^ht
qnantity too.
Inucli
by
ji
my
if
I.
nm
sizes
and
I have said
all
The pea
the
that a
or small-bore
it
do not like
only advantage
is
much
I
less
weight of lead
carried
by the
hunter.
by trappers and
one reads of in
life.
pea
rifle,
such as
stories [ibout
is,
American or Texan
My
'
o^vll
opinion
vellous
leather-stockings
shoots
ordinarily
well
let
me
strongly rocomoil or
grease
never
uh^-
by wiping out
with
spirits
oi'
my gun
well with a
It at
hemp wad,
and
wliicli
saturated
all
turpentine.
once removes
the
powder and
'leading,'
})revents rust,
(hu-s
it
away
damp remuiuing,
better
jliiu
will do,
The
for
carrying turpenfitted
to have
a glass-stoppered bottle
into a
r
156
wooden
any person
who once
water and
It is a wise i)recaution to
ramrod
iittin<:]^s,
and not
'
k^ss
inverted,'
and bouclied
witli phiti-
my mind
that
with inverted
not neiirly so
j^reat
liability to miss-fires
up from
fhid the
when you
fire.
becomes
<f',iH
sufficiently lar^-e
to
admit of an
l)aclv
a,
of
sufficient to
to
half-cock
I
mishap very
break
maiuspriii<4-.
the invert(Ml
invariably
use
them.
four
the
fii'e(l
Commissi(n
for
years
fi^reat
mv
double-shot
on an
it
iiv(>rar<'
a
\l
many
on
in
iiorsc
and
mule-back, and
iuf^-,
used
it
constantly
boat-Hliootflif
excejttion
of rfphicino-
nipples
it
loss of a
(ti-
ramrod
-.
<r
two.
was
disabled.
I
bre<M-|i-|iad<'r
jiiilc
cannot
admit
as
adduced
am
in
possensiou of at ivresent.
Mifa
I
If
157
<j^un-caso,
by
all
meaus have
it
made of
stronjg'
leather,
such as
trunks
as are covered
l(ad
may be
fatal to it in a
moment.
riata
'
into fragments.
of no use trusting to a
gunmaker
to get a ease
made him
for you.
Go
tell
nuiuufacture
Then you
which
will
be most
an
article
your
return
at
scramble
by flood
and
iiehl.
To
iles
olfer
any further
rifles,
or to attempt a descri[)tion of
pr()j(
<,'f
kinds of
at
presr'ut
in
use,
would
!/
in
when
and iid)lished
on the
Kvery sp<atsman
rifles,
is
too,
have mine.
Let
we
shall
do well
158
CHAPTER
Packino: the Train for a start
XI.
The
way
to
pack
Jiarrels
We
Throwing tlie Hiata and donedCanip Entering tl>e Mules apt to lie down if halted.
Synchiiijr Packing on the Load Slinging Hoping and Covering fastening Our The ahanTimber 'Stringing out' and Counting
it
packed
we have been
riata
gatherin^;^
together
line,
stretched full
We
hear the
cede the
bell,
but none
t)f
them are
mules
oM
in
an ugly habit of
nn<d)serv^e<l
amongst the
and hide
until
hunger
159
them
to
show themselves.
I have very
On
bell-mare
is lirst
made
fast to the
number
on their
left
arms
be haltered by the
to
men who
as the halter
is
on
its
head,
is
tied
Except
adopted,
mules
and to
its side
iflule,
or to creep
up by
hoof not
betwixt the
man and
is
striking or kicking.
every mule
present
if
nothing further can be done until the absentees are discovered and brought
in.
Ih'st
is
to
haltered
together, then
cat'lj
man
saddles his
makes
it
fast to
This
I
]0
done,
the
'
ba^jfya^^-e,
down on
told
the
'
caronas
(yon will
remember what
own
aparejo.
It will sufhce
one nmle.
The nude,
*
up to
which
is
its
aparejo,
is
first
tapnjo,'
ears
^'
;
the sand,
or
matted
hair,
mind
sore backs.
it,
own
overlooking them.
There
way
to take hold of
an aparejo
it
two
{ingles, at
where the
l)a(*k,
to
When
on, the
man
pushes
tail,
whilst
arm imder
it,
seizes the
I'idc illiistmtiou,
pago 79.
i
SY.NTiiiXG
s
rr.
If)
stand
m\ilo's tail,
and qniekly
slips the
crnppor beneath
it.
an look
Avhiit
I
This
is
demanding
is
a mule
sntfcring
by the
from a chafed
its
tail.
The aparejo
synch
is
le ninle
1
suliice
in the clothskin"" of
is
the
'^
is
lastly placed
on the aparejo
first
and the
latter
tly
over
ex-
md
when speaking
e sand,
of sa<ldles), and hauls awav, the otl'-sider takini- care that the aparejo does not get pulled on one side.
precauiir
mind
o avoid
of, a
ur
own
stomach so comit
if
greater
whilst
ju'cssure
was made.
;
Not
a bit
of
it,
'n
blan-
round comes
offsider,
nnr Avay
bj the
ere the
s
away
back,
to tight-lacing, if
we could suppose
It
on, the
,
her to be
cruel
seenis
whilst
does
not
hurt the
mule,
nudes, precludes any chanc< of the load shift inn-, -nid prevents galls, which are sure to accrue
if
zes the
the aparejo
70.
r
162
rocks
fast,
its
the blind
is
re-
we
commenced
mules are
saddled up.'
loose
Some
selves
of the
Saddling up
tell
'
completed,
we begin
it
to
pack
me
ought to be
to
Blinding
the
proceeding,
and the
it
man
across
Each packer
now
weight as
be heavy,
possible to get
them
and
all
lift
firae,
it
il
^vith
the oft-side
man
loop,
whose duty
to pass one
tie
is
and then to
knot.
Much
care
if
expression,
swaggles,'
or,
in
other words,
1G3
re-
sways about
if too
high,
it will
be very
likel}' to
topple
load
iKiver
swung, to
on the arch of
loose
make
it
plain
tliomce that
the sling-rope
is
weight
will in a great
other
})iic'k
;
if
the rope
is
to be
thus
oft'
not to
eediii<4-,
all
undue
strain
from
the rope.
iiid
:
the
When
arrangement of
across
the sling-rope
required
packer
?qual in
le
alone
es nnist
ier one.
iG tiviie,
-J
By right, a barrel ought not to weigh more than 150 lbs., two of these make a fair load for a sturdy mule. We had an immense number of barrels to convey during
of twice.
and
iL
^vith
ott-side
ide one,
uj-h
Add
the
will be
a bowackiiL>"es
We
found
iiploy
words,
containing 150
lbs.
A
<l
O
V
.<ii
>
A
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT.3)
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WnSTIR.N.Y. MStO
(71) 173-4303
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ill
]u4
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
it
and
lift
packers coukl do to
and keep
justed.
it
when two
is
a most reprehen-
may produce
a cricked-
ever after.
The
first
these form,
on which the
which
make up the
only a
little
performance needs
keep the weight
management
Over
in order to
cleverly balanced.
all,
'
the packers
now throw
is
tarpaulin,'
which
for the
If
you
will invariably
put this cover under the aparejo rather than over the
load
;
if
do
it, is
that there
is
no chance of rain.
; '
Never believe
them,
is
it is
roping
'
own
idleness
maxim with my
Hf
A WISE MAXIM.
tarpaulins that the wise
I put
165
his umbrella,
on when one
least expects
being*
sjDread
over the
ixets
the latter,
ci.re
as
a matter of course,
soaking; w4iat
evening ration?
know
of
if
To
three.
throws the
'
riata.'
How
to
make
this
system of roping
*
;
on the load
I
intelligible is
am
quite
certain
I
that
of no practical use.
have my-
when a
bend of the
it
rope.,
in
mazy,
and have
an- used
same expedient
166
longer
lent
How much
I
comto do
lia.lf-
way
in
not understood.
I could teach
any person
by writing
it
how I am to commence the lesson no more know than I should know the
describe the
borealis.
itself to extricate
me from
'
this difficulty
the puzzled
reporter,
called
upon
to describe a
it
rocket, luistily
is all
over;'
But
am
afraid
riatas.'
Well,
to try
my
best to
make
this roping
problem understandable
As the
'
riata
it,
'
lies
man
takes hold of
i^-^
M
EOPING A LOAD.
agi
to
tie
it,
167
left
he gathers
is
;
tip
the
remainder in
coils,
the
right-hand end
obvionsly
this double
who
i
on
^lit
lia-
up against the
aparejo,
ble
then twists the end three or four times round the rope
to prevent
it
from slipping.
;
The
it is
off-side
will
see,
always supposing I
am
understood,
As
the off-side
man
and preis
vents
it
to pull
practicable for
is
human
strength to accomplish.
There
because the
all
fault I
complain so
much
The
near-side man,
when everything
first
is
hauled tight,
along under-
neath
tlie
rH
1G8
AT
HOME
IX THE WILDERNESS.
aiiinial's
Here he passes
it
betwixt
it
we have
tail,
and gives
it
to the off-side
under the
it
ano-les
and lower
brings
side
it
man
now
off-sider goes
where
it
him
at
back
at it
with
all
his
man
is
him
in front,
makes
it
completed.
it
is
rendered
is
hauled
to
upon
its
sides,
and thus
* Vide
169
tlie
more firmly
in its place.
sibility
draw
Do
not a bit of
is
it.
If skilful
as rapidly as
When
is finally
As the above
numbers
all
as to a single animal,
for
start.
Oar march
the system of
an even
trail,
because
working
'
river valleys,
where streams
must be forded
swam by
trail as it
twists in a serpentine
side to reach a pass
serried
opposite slope.
This
is
170
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
be
difficulties
when the
and
swift torrent,
to the pack-train, or
rides
away
who has
march
the
already preceded
him
by one, in
single
all
file,
on
after its
sound
mounted, and
after
tapujos,'
ride,
manner of
very
field-officers
Behind there
little to
den grass, and wild flowers crushed, broken, and despoiled of all their native loveliness.
Perhaps a prowling
wolf or cayote
may
be
visible,
al-
behind
I
-en
DANGER OF
As the bell-mare and her
IIALTIXG.
rider enter the timber
171
ng
ht,
and
term
is,
'
Lnd
full
number
are present so
much
but send
march unless
unpack
camping
or
to cross a stream.
When
are apt to
lie
down
underbrush, mules
to find,
The
'
synch,'
if at all feeble
or
stiff,
from getting on
the packers
fail
if
to discover
them
by the
side of a
down with
to see
it
its load,
until a grunt or a
n
172
(
it
animal's hiding-place.
fixed rule
when
travelling-
commencing my morning's
to ford, until
for the
which
is
camping time
at
arrives,
day
is
an end.
judging from
is
evenly balanced
anything
if
is
too short,
is
everything
ship-shape and as
ought to
be.
If he detect.^ ^iny-
on the
blind,
out of the way, the mule loosed trots after the train,
falls in to
and
We
are entering on
face of a
a narrow rocky
cliff,
feet
below
us.
I
ENTERIXG A NARROW TRAIL.
173
CHAPTEE
XII.
Mountain Narrow Trails raclcni aster goes ahead of the Bell-mare Dangerous Corners. Passes Bridge-niakin<r Crossing Swamps
narrow
rock.
trails,
often
little
better than
mere ledges of
Hence
it is
steady there be no obstruction, to hinder or impede the progress of the mules ; so the packmaster rides some
distance in front to
warn any mounted Indians, or perto chance another pack-train, in time for them either up on or halt at the widest place discoverable, or get
into a siding.
The packers
carefully
trail,
all ride
up
and
still
in order to
make
and synches
^'
none of the loads have shifted. Then train, keeping a one by one the packers file in with the other, one man distance of five mules betwixt each
bringing up the rear.
By adopting
which mules are prevented from halting, the danger of previously pointed out more in a narrow trail I have
;
than
this,
anything
slipping
is
at
once
seen and
iftl
174
remedied.
may mention
men and
several
imjjossible to
This place
is
Pass.
clear
if
the necessary
beyond
line
must be abandoned
fell
of course
to
my
way
or another.
was
an awful place
iip
which to make a
trail
that should be
difficulty,
add to the
down the
summit
bered.
hill-side.
to the
in a straight line
it
The
difficulty too
inasmuch as the
tersected by
I
prairie leading to the pass
was
in-
several
streams,
crossed.
up and
down the
'
hill,
Impossible, c^est
finally
made up my
mind
to do
it.
By
how
BRIDGING A STREAM.
possibility
175
was overcome, I
hints
relating to
trail-making, bridge-building,
and
which we
will
left off.
mou, packed up
tents, pro-
rojje,
be forded, in order to
bridge
you have
to
do
is
of
suffi-
from side to
if
side.
yourself
membering
to
make the
first
lies
the
stream,
half made.
to do
is
to
fallen
and axe
off all
into the
Now
young
tree,
where they
must be axed
pieces will in
176
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
for
From
chip with the axe, and bore two holes through the place
So
far so
its
Cast round
now
for a
;
wood sound
and chop
in the grain
have
trenails
made
in
no time.
Lastly, begin to
first
work on
laying trans-
one of the
again through the hole, and bore well down into the
substance of the tree, then drive
home
can
adopt
the same
2,
course
cross;
this
then completed
lay
in like
after
manner
THKK-mjIDGK.
cross-piece
cross-piece until
No
tate to cross
and
party of
men
is
skilled in
a bridge
made on
CRADLK-MAKINCJ.
time.
177
We
say
it
one hundred
feet,
found
its
depth with
current.
The next
a
proceedinpf
is
tt>
A
'
person's judg-ment
must
in
him
or side poles to
g'ood length
if
snuiller,
the
must be lessened.
Having-
made
this
'
mental
;'
cradles
the
number
ay ill
;
long or short
string'ers
'
the fewei'
These so-called
made b^
be required.
When
these
down and
trim four
'string'ers,'
:
and gvt both these and the cradles down to the stream
make
to
fast a rope to
if
no
trc^e is
rop(
I
This
is
a necessary precaution.
Onco or twice
ifll
.78
liave lost
it.
my
'
cradle
''
in
ii
swift current by
ne<iectiiij4-
Now
poles,
you have
^'uided
it
it,
as
to the spot
where
man
can conveniently
it),
hll it
anythinj^'
heavy
how
I
necessary
tend to bridg'e
stream as we are
now
doing-
it.
Make
sure, before
you
we have sunk our cradle No. 1, and havingtaken care to make it sufficiently capacious to hold
"Well,
which
is
'^
we
lay two
side
by side
over
them
safe
and
if
you are
who
is
and fasten
sj)lit
mules do
not
slip
on them.
1,
Now you
if it
cradle
No.
need so many.
4k*
C()KI)JN(;
.SWAMP.
179
brid<>e-uiakiii^- 1
have fo^md
are
Whenever streams
t(/
render either of
bag*^age and
men
in canoes,
tirst
We
th<i
stream by our
cradh.' brid<^e,
how
is
mule
be-
down
neath the
it
and be suitbcated
it
;
to a certainty.
There
is
no going round
river skirts
on the other;
no, over
it
to go,
and
enable them to do so
if
we must
cord
'
it.
This
is
ytnikiiovv
how. Poles
along
first laid
and
two
the
swamp
to the other
three miles of
pieces rather
swamp
in one place.
Next cut
cross-
number
sufficient to be of equal
on the under
by
side,
illl!
ISO
mirin<]^
'
down.
Now
take
trenailinj:^
each
the
jammed between
'
pf>les
sliort distances,
;
keep the
cord-trail as firm
will cord a long-
piece of
swamp
Over
this
walk as safely as
surmounted, T make
base of the
to cut
hill,
down the
marked through
<o do Avith
fire,
tiitdjer
it
be
known, but
of kindred
meaning
to set to show.'
With
if
f'ollow(Kl
fair-sized chip
from the
on the
left;
made
bark of the
trail
I
trees.
My
only chance
;
is
to
'
zig-zag' the
iij)
to accomplish this
on small bridges.
digging party, and
path about six
feet
The timber
witli picks
wide, on an average
but at short
AN UGLY COUXKR.
V take
181
distances I also
make
platforms,
hill-side
if
may
so
term them,
thers
^
each
downthe
en the
firmly
as
anon
also
likely to give
firm
loiii;-
constructed
artificial
ground
mules
to a sharp
;
craggy point,
awa}"^
xt
the
by breaking
rock
beinole hill,
slip^jing over
wn
lies
the
are
was
I,
lothinj'' leaiiinn-
would be knocked
risk
had ropes
With
to be
(m\ the
id
twisted together to
sufficient strength,
To
the
lo(jse
end of
;
then
the
white
brown
i^*"'
I tried a
all
at first;
up
it
the
went
right
I tried
sh this
then I bega n
it.
times
take a
'epfnlar
;
and did
Whilst
continued with
the
men making
short
way was
clear,
and to order
1S2
oil
loaded train.
Tliey
came
'
in
tin?
hridg-es
and
aciT)Hs
the 'corded
now for
a
li-jj-ht
faihire or success.
knew
i^ettin^'
sin<j;-le
up a train was
niule with a
pass,
and
determined on workini*'
will see
.ms
mnles only at a
time.
You
we
get
my
plans.
The hell-mare
had
led
man whom
on
slowly.
T
[
to the five
mules carry
is
bag of
stones,
By slow degrees we
get safely
along over the bridges ami past the shelving rocks and
ugly corners.
stomas forV
You ask what I make the pjickers carry Why, to throw at the mules when they atBetwixt the pjlatforms the nen cannot
;
tempt
to stop.
never
it.
As we near
oiir
dangerous
it
from hearing
it,
Inive the
mare
led
on(^ befon*
and one
L.
ClIRISTMAS-KVK.
a mule.
'
183
lip
I stand
by
hook nnder
the
riata,'
is
which
the mnle run up to the mare, mule to reach her waiting, so as to allow the the rope. I have to keep the
and then
let
a,
mule
soon
mare on the
siding-, is
unhocdced and
is
upon the
by one, I get the first five safely loads they are on the summit.
to feed, whilst the These are now unpacked and turned In this way, five. men and I ell-mare go down for other from carelessness-a mule save with one accident arising killed the fifty loads over at the corner and was
rolled
more a fortnight la.ter. were got to the top, and as many to bring all the camp gear I had just as difiicult a task Christwhich I did on the day preceding
down
again,
mas-day, spending
my
Diamond-tree pass.
desirous to imsupplying such practical hints as I am resume wanderers. part for the benefit of younger the narrow tra-il. our march, having crept safely along this we A river four hundred yards wide is ahead of us
We
;
shall
have to
raft,
a.cross.
\<f
r
184
C^HAPTER
J
XIII.
and a
laft
J'ull-
low
to cross Rivers
to
lloatThe way
your
Camping UnIioav
The
a wide
bt;
descending the
trail,
blutftJ,
which shut
in the
So
steej)
along
its
is
ob-
tainable,
and
it is
thirst
on the
banks of this
whole time.
river,
a tributary to the
it
the
quite 400
territic
iMEN.
\Ba
Four times
once with
inciden-
may mention
is
which
worked on a wire
crossing,
and the
speculating
Yankee who
(4.s'.
built
it
sum
of a dollar
it.
2d.)
cross on
is
and a
dians
have their
This
on ahead of
my
and bar-
many
canoes and
men
to
work them.
is
know they
deserve.
A circle
is
formed
is
the pipe,
lighted and
all,
smoked.
and as
it
passes on from
say, whilst the
mouth
to
his
The
it
plan I adopt
is to
mean
to pay, be
in goods, tobacco, or
offer
;
my
Depend
upon
i
186
savag'es is to exhibit
to g-ive thein.
Let
fi^et,
and there
is
a single yard
it
if
to them.
The barbeino-
down
to
un-
camp
geti,r,
ferried
canoes.
to
dry
before resnddling
on
upon a wetback,
Reand
is
takes
the bell in his hand, and gets into one of the canoes,
stream.
This, I
gives a mile
The other
The mules
are driven by
is
pad-
shore, the
it,
man
at the
same time
the bell
see
continuously with
all his
might.
MULKS
their pet
SWIMMI-NTJ,
187
tinklino- of the
bell o-radually
and every
now and again giving any mule endeavouring to escape At last, in sheer despair, a taste of its many thongs.
in they dash,
it
is
too, to
watch a
Ncthing of
its
animal
is visible
its
down
ii,
making a
better passage,
heard of the most discordant snorts imagithrough nable, ranging from the wheezy treble of the old, trumpetevery variety of sounds, to the sharp, ringing,
chorus
like snort of the
The canoes down stream are nc paddled at the mules orthat are swimming too much head doAvn stream, in der to keep them towards the side whereon they are to
but as some mules swim with ease and rapidity, others slower, and others, again, very slowly, why it haplund
;
all sorts
of distances
down the
good mule will swim the Snake River, and land only a quarter of mile lower down on the opposite side
to that at
mile,
which
it
full
mile
in crossing four
The
mare
landed
bell is
is
which have
may
follow her,
18S
AT HOME
tlie
IN
Till-:
WlLDERXli.SS.
It is not
it
towards
an nn usual
liapi>en
mule to smk
have seen
many
times.
aparejos are
first
and
chattels,
and
start again.
wanderer
'
should
first
mules
side.
will
If the river
obstruction
is
recpiisite.
If
You must
b}^
stream and
force
of
how
far
the
swimmers
probably
be
is
swampy ground. These remarks aj)i)ly to a wide river, when canoes are obtainable from Indians but to cross narrower streams when they are not, with mules
soft
;
or by yourself on horseback,
affair.
is
altogether a different
must be made,
loads.
If
you
are
on horseback, you
raft
is
the
easiest
RAFTIXfJ A STREAM.
189
is
not so easy
as one
would be disposed
The timber
it
Ten by twelve
it, all
feet is
is
and
to ninke
that
needed
to lay three
laro-e loo-s,
f'et
in circumference, side
by
side,
across
logs
must
be
.nH'h
other,
from falling
off,
and the
raft is
is
ready to launch.
Before
to
at all rapid,
it is recpiisite
clioj)
down
three
coil
of
roi)e
(the
'riatas'
tied
tog-ether
answer
every
made
whence you
y,re
to start.
man
;
ventures
on the
all
is
forced across.
of which, or
enough
ties fast to
im r
wo
AT llOMi: IX
TIM-:
WILDKRNKSS.
<P2K'it<-' tMid.
He now
;ays
and load
it.
he
man
if
down stream
he trusted only to
last chance,
and that
is t
stretch a
'
buffalo robe,' or
raw
hide, ovei-
which
do
in case of
an emergency,
called a bull-boat, so
named because
it is
one-hide boat
is
made by
over
tied
and wattled
together, so as to
make a
stick
it fast
make
willow rods
and over
sew
it
all
Now
pull
up your
and perfect a
or Briton.
sjime way,
coricle as ever
was used by
is
Dane
A
a.
two-hide boat
made somewhat
in the
only
keel.
is
first laid
down
as
stream
fitting
where there
Two
1^
("i:dar-wood caxok.
l!il
and
sidf'
of our axt'iiieu
ill
could
iiiiike
the
best tiniber
art
is
The
great
Hoat evenly.
canoe that,
side,
when launched,
Nearly
all
totally
the mainland
coast or
\i>"-^"
Vancouver
ijk...t^^.pig^^?-y^^y m
of canoe peculiar to
tlio
All
c(>ast
'
Indians use
cedar.
dug-
outs
made from
canoes at
I have
ckdau
tAxoi;.
seen
Fort Rupert
men
easily in a
heavy
sea.
sides
by
filling-
stones into
then
prisinj^
witli
it
cross-pieces,
cold.
and keepingKallispellem
'
is
The
'
canoes,"^ used
by the Colum-
of large
sheets
Two
rule cut,
i)!igi'
102.
102
conical point
frameis
work of wood
stretched
;
is
When
an Indian paddles
on
his
he
treme end
way a
is
fish
with
its tail;
t'te
other end
far
of course
>,.~^<-^=r..-.-rTr^:]~-T::s^^-ziEi^
-.
tilted
up
:-
^__ __
"o-j
'
\^-^.^5^j.._,^---
These
frail
more
easily capsized
T
in,
---s^^^- "^
AiJF-*'!ii
!'
'poliny'
grief.
ag'aiiist
streams,
coming
to
To swim
coididence and
all
Horses
swim
well, as
If
SWIMMIXCJ A IIORSH.
]b:i
and horse
left
it slip
free
its
feet, lay
C'ltl).S!SIN(J
UIVi;i{.
swimming hold
;
fast
with the
left
hand
the
horse will tow you, and with the right hand you nuist
s])lash
ciin
194
wilJ
AT llOMK IX
cross with yoii.
THE WILDERNESS.
it
On
reacliiiig
swiimiiiiio- for, as
tlie |L?round
on
Many
over
;
writers
advise
holding on by a horse's
it
tail
when swimming
I
;
tow them
do not think
I
above
When
holding by the
it
tail
you
lose all
it
command
wishes
;
of your horse,
direction
legs,
Landing,
it
when
tugs
you after
are
it,
or throws
in
cliances
greatly
favour of
When swimming
you would a
boat.
if
is
moderately
and
Supposhig
you
have biggage
in
the
shape
of
ting your clothes, you must find a dry log light enough
to float, or cut rushes,
or sheaves
tie these
place
some light
sticks
raftlxct baggage.
across
1C5
and
tie
thein
fast
to
tie
the
sheaves.
Failing'
sticks or rushes,
you must
up the things
in
the
buffalo skin
No.
1, the log,
it,
you fasten
all
top of
firmly,
rolled
up tightly in the
buffalo-robe
'
'
'
tie it
I advised
you to use in
to
is
no fear of
irs
slipping
lassoo,
off,
fast to the
the
log-raft
as
is
it
If
this
arrangement
ferried,
Raft No.
if
2,
so be
and
have
less
as they
With No.
you
towing
system
is
alike adopted.
or other
distance
mile
in
there
is
anything
like
a swift current
nevertheless,
lf)G
AT
HOME
L\
THE WILDERNESS.
I dare
we
do.
The
for
the loads are taken off and placed on the riatas, and
the
if
you
in
During
and
The
fires is
making camp
never be in a hurry.'
bushes,
may be made
<if
to
if
away
small parcel
well-dried or resinous
is
ui)on
it
When
added,
somewhat
larger twigs
may be
but in
all
mind that
more than
BUSII-FIRES.
15)7
much
In
better fuel.
all cases,
imthe traveller cannot be too strongly of always expressed, with the absolute necessity before breaking tinguishing tbe fire to the last embers,
upcamp.
led, in
many
redolent with animal country, which was formerly land lands, destitute of into the so-called 'barren'
life,
almost
all
the necessaries of
life,
Bush and
both
property.
fire
Frasei-
inland, I am and that extended its devastations burning for unable to say how far-which fire had been
Where
it
vestige of vegetation
I)ines,
was to
resemblance to black and cindered, bore no inapt Once or twice during our forest of charcoal trees.
fire,
whether by
to
was impossible
At any
rate, it
rendered
many
of the trails
198
when
taking observations.
No
saw
it,
how
growing trees
it
The
fire
it
reaches
and branch to
leaf,
its
downward
course.
and
to
stamp
out, or
by beating with
fire
By adopting
we succeeded once
Settlers
purposely, in order to clear off and get rid of the old and
coarse grass ; by doing this a
up in
its place,
am
course
prairie,
of
ages,
tJie
been converted
into
what
is
now
the
by
Red-men, who
;
regularly burn
in
most cases
to ensure a
rRAlRlH-FlKI':8.
199
bison, and in later years supply of young grass for the they not unfrequently fire for their horses ; although
out an enemy. the dry grass in order to burn halt at the edges of the Fire s^o kindled does not
and
in this
I
way gradually
increases the
size
of the
prairie.
Western
on the have invariably noticed, when living ground, say prairies, that wherever a space of
in for any length of 300 acres or more, has been fenced the effects of fire, that time, and carefully guarded from
it
and
Tree;^ of a forest. has rapidly assumed the character grass nnderbrush soon gain a mastery over the
and
flowers,
to a vege-
tation,
situations.
furrows in width by ploughing a space four or five There are stringent laws in the entirely round it. it can firing prairies States and Territories relating to and all settlers, I be done legally at a given date,
;
only
believe,
are expected to
'
fire
'
at the
same time,
in.
cattle, horses, and hogs, order to insure the removal of whole.' that might otherwise be roasted
'
Grand
exceeds
as a
it
bush
fire
is,
in magnificence,
the
dense
columns
of
can pierce the distance. tends right and left as far as eye
'JOO
with
tlie
force of the
wind
and
lenf-th
grass).
sullen kind
for
of roar seems to
a
made by
the
Every living
thing-
fire.
The
all
to be
What
and
if
if
high?
No man
on
foot,
the wind
is
What can
of,
be done?
is
Why,
if
know
it
and that
and
as
you have
sufticient
may
away
had a hard
fii^e,
all
down
The
fire
was
close at
my heels,
and rushing on
(juite as fiist as
my
201
mustang was getting winded, and I fall headlong with expected every moment tliat it would mere chance I me. My lile hung, so to say, upon a
;
knew
feel at all
frightened
gallop,
when
ing in
dashed over a bank, and we together dread of being plunged into the stream. The horrible in no other burnt overcame every other feeling of fear any amount of case could I have forced the horse, by
its
;
''
it
that
one chance of escape alone remained. during the At night these fires are more terrible than
;
1.^
day
of flame. the whole horizon looks to be one sheet kindThe best material I have ever met with for in north-west ling a fire, is known to the fur-traders tribe emAmerica as gum-stick nearly every Indian
;
ploys
it.
When
its name in bundles of gum-stick with them, which, as impregnated some degree explains, is pinewood densely
burns with a with a highly inflammable substance, that gum-stick is bright clear flame and when a piece of
;
lighted
forms an admirable torch. Why, in a London weight in silver. You fog, gum-stick would be worth its whisk and whirl about your torch to your heart's
it
may
content,
and never
risk putting
it
out
I once accom-
some missing panied a party of Eed Indians in search of each one of persons the night was intensely dark, but
;
f
201
AT
HOME
IX THE WILDERNESS.
a bundle of flaming
pole.
<T^uni-sticlv
end of a
The
light so obtained
was
if
Gum-stick
trees
;
is
it is
a long time in
oil
it is
nature had
upward or downwanl
course, concentrated,
into an inflammable
woody
fibre, to
become
in the
end
<>"um-stick.
if
It is not
you know
way
to do
it
is
an
covering
Colville,
it,
off
GUM-STICK.
will
203
kindle
x^elting-
rain,
to
life
say
to a
nothing of
dying flame.
Another kind of resinons material exudes from the pine-trees in great quantities, more especially if the bark
has been partly removed, or a chop has been made on the
trunk.
is
it
It
is
yellowish-white in colour,
its
its
consistence
i
ii
exudes, runs
down
the tree,
and hardens
into large
it
drops.
An
lights
'
disvery readily, and blazes up like naphtha, Avould be soon, to employ it for fire-lighting ; he would
posed
however, discover that as the resin flamed away it at wood the same time densely coated the siu-fiice of the
with a coating of lamp-black, or some other analagous form of carbon ; and when pinewood is thus coated one
is
not only
render
itself
upon
all
and
is
nearly as effectual
'
in extinguishing your
tinctuer.'
I'ex-
I frequently used to
amuse myself by
setting fire to
There was the resin encrusting the side of a pine-tree. the not the slightest risk of kindling the tree itself;
coated material blazed up furiously for a short time,
the tree with out
;
its
r
'204
AT
If
HOME
LN
THE WILDERNESS.
never collect chips or timber
you want a
fire,
Now
to
unsaddle
one packer
aparojos are to
be placed, whi^.^t
them up
it
to him.
He now
ind phices
)f it,
and
lastly,
Then he
he inevil at
right he jerks
if not,
halter
and
lets
and
remedy the
once.
It is the
tlioroughlv grease
ropes and
carefully
re-
member, in a
herders drive
The
and return
bid them
and the
Let us
I
coming day.
is
Good Night
'
!
our march
at
an end.
have
some hints
horses,
breaking
and
and then
I shall
have
fulfilled
my
mission;
how
well I
to decide.
WILD MUSTANGS.
205
CHAPTER
^Fastano-s:
XIV.
Mexico^ Found
in
their
lirst
appoaraiicc
ia
Tomh,
(
i
and Elsewhere lireakinoCalifornia, Oretjon, r.ritisli Columbia, A Wanderer should he his own a Wild Horse not an I'^asy Task AVav to ]Make a Lassoo and a Cahresto Lns-
Manufacturer The
Adventure.
Mustangs,
as
wild
horses
are
usually
styled
(and
ma,tter),
are, as a rule,
horses,
rarely
exceedino- fourteen
hands high.
They
must
the
have been
ori-'iiial
brouoht
into
Mexico
by
country
now
somethhioperiod
like
three
centuries
ag-o.
Dur^ag- this
niustang-s
have increased to an
so to extraordinary extent, and they have radiated, now roam over the speak, in every direction. Vast herds
and Texan prairies; and throughout Mexico to California, territories, and from thence over Oregon, Washington Columbia, to the head waters of the Columbia
British
Rocky Mountains), an abundance of somet with. Crossing the called wild horses are to be descending to its summit of the Rocky Mountains and
(west of the
mmmmm
'f
:oG
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
we
itL^^
To
tang
is
by no means an easy
is
for
a person to
perform who
is
thoroughly up to
vicious tricks,
who
at the
who has
a<j:ain
know how
to
throw a
*^
'
or,
supposing him
way
to saddle
it
or to get
I
upon
its
back and
sit
there
when
was saddled.
first place,
concerning
by whatever name we
ing
it
uil
In the
first piact.,
;
tell
at
any
I
rate, I
All persons, in
my humble opinion,
ought
'o
that
is, if
make
giicli
machinery
and
skilled labour.
lassoo
is
the hide of a
which are
TIIK
ivery
WAY TO
:irAKE
A LASSOO.
207
To
is
am
reason for
it
still
any other
colour.
is
If neither
bullock's hide
stead.
The hide
des-
make
fibre), is
to be
soaked in a river or
;
pool, in order to
a,
remove
ground
the hair
level piece of
o]3eration
it
must be
will
be long enough to
keep
it
pegged
three or a
it
will require
strand,
make
to
a four strander.
is
moment's con-
make
it
plain
to
way
of obtaining a
which
measure thirty
is
feet in length,
to
reached, in the
same manner
as shoemakers cut a
boot-lace from a
-,-"ii.inKm
r
1
208
small circular
when
she
Mansfeldt of
old,
by a similar
trick, got
both estate
strip
suffiit in
;
of
sj
if
more
strips
from other
long* as
admit
Each
strip
round a small
stick.
is
The next
patience.
process
plaiting,
a good lassoo
flexibility,
it.
luiequal
a fault
to
accuracy when
throwing
tree,
I
The three
strips an<l
must be kept
Avet
this
is
squirting
lass<X)
it
The
after completion
in
tightly round
with tendtni.
best
place
to advise
209
it,
and then
It is
the
estate
e strip f suffiit it ill
easily pro-
and as
it
easily carried.
raw hides
w^U be found
*
invaluable.
To make a
lassoo
lide
1
if
is styled,
first
other
will
This
is
easily
es
and
wound
I
Lire
made smooth
into
a peg
and
tilde in
iitial
to
wedged betwixt
to the cross
A.
tuft of hair
bef^ets
y
must be fastened
in
when
a
one of the
cross wlih
ed to
)rlv,
arms
then, after
it
tho
is
this
id
s.
then
The
ipletioii
wind the spun hair round the arms and commence ih novo. If 30U want a practical lesson, watch a rope-
iientall\
maker
at
work
in
a ropewalk.
will be found equally use-
d a loop
e strips,
made
le
sewn
Imps the
he back
To
il
'
'J
10
force
and accuracy
iioocls
scliooling-;
commence
all
to use
it
during* cliildliood,
day long
tlie
Next prac-
tise lassooing
Now
to try
it
on
lassooing
neck in a
corral,' or
a bullock
over
its
horns,
If
it
will be quite as
able to do.
you
for
going at
open
prairie,
permit
me
to
mistaken.
I can
tell
saddle, bridle,
and
it
must be kept
the lassoo
flexible
is
by
One end of
fastened
horn of
the
saddle
is,
noose,
coiled
carefully
and held
in
Thus
e(piipped, I ride in
'
I.ASSOOIXG A
ooliiig;
WILD MUSTANG,
trees, or
211
on the grassy
;
use
11 fj
it
the
yoii
fs,
day, on
[t
up your mind
that day.
to wish the
prac-
ventnre
ceed
in
I get as near to
them
as possible.
As soon
as I find
my
isooing"
bullock
will be
my head
to steady
my aim and
it
to
keep
that by
able to
i'oinu'
r
my
the
sit firmly,
iiiy
home
at
spurs,
on the
terribly
The powerful
prevents
>
lassoo,
lengthened resistance
itself
all
it
soon either
or tlirows
it
to in-
breathless, motionless,
and to
is
appearance nearly
I
lifeless.
When
the
horse
^assoo is
down
my way
along
xible
by
the lassoo until I can get close to the terrified beast, then
I slip the blind over its eyes, slack the noose,
fastened
and quietly
it
horn of
runniiij^'
3
await
its
recovery.
am
*
going to mount
cabresto
'
at once,
from
off
my tame
it
lassoo,
mustang, hobble
to feed.
its
fore-legs firmly,
and turn
loose
its
1.
TllUB
13y this
time
my
uistaii|j;s.
breath, a sharp
slap
its
to
eacefiilly
scramble upon
legs,
'
'212
AT
to
IIOMl!]
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
little
jittempt
escape.
tlie
Now, by a
lialf-liitch'^
patience and
is
nianauvring
slipped
i i
double
already described
on
to the
'
cabresto
I next softly
and
'
synch
'
the
this
sometimes be-
I have to be
wary in getting
'
synch
'
under the
belly, or I
may
get a
cow
kick,'
in other words, a
forwards.
is
I have
managed
it safely,
my
is
I haul
up the synch
'
as
and make
it fast.
Synching
usually lashes out its hhid legs, plunges, and not unfi'cquently
throws
itself heavily
is
upon the
turf,
but so
on
it
my
foot in the
my
If the horse
my stomach on
smack
its
'
LEVrARE OF BUCK-JUMnXG.
e
21.
it is
and
is
sides
with
my
open hand
if,
LLed
le,
keep on
mid
softly
lastly
irrups
I
me to rest on the saddle. Now I slowly and cautiously get my leg over the saddle, settle myself firmly in my seat, place my toes in the stirrups, coil up my lassoo in my left hand, lean forward and jerk off the
j)ermits
ig'
the
blind,
It
and the
on the
:l
slap,
les
)
be-
buck-jumping, which
horse
^etting"
r
on the
])art of
kick/
tight, yell at
rection
r strap
the top of
my
voice, spur
with
all
my
by
all
to induce the
is
mustang
placing' ncli as
Lching-
at a gallop.
If he does this he
if he lies
mine, and I
am
off
his
down,
rolls or gets
me
by
for another.
animal
lot
forgets
it
if
successful in throwino-
nn-
the
first
mounting.
After the
first
gallop
If the
but so
b
there
is
not
much
away.
in the
brand
it
it,
and a
is
to convert
into
what
on the
in the
known
in
is
always
xt rest
Lick
its
choked down,'
act of
T
The mere
214
AT no^iE \s
slitike
Tin-:
wildekxess.
Of
coiTal,' as it
The
lassoo
is
cattle,
just in the
same manner
roped
'
may
We
came
distance
it
dashed
with
all
rather
to
head
He
its
horns, and
attempted
i
to
wheel
horse
ro\ind
in
order
to
The horse
side.
The
if
an
I
its
savage intentions.
is
often
a dangerous pastime.
AT A RODEO.
215
wns
As
seen
cm
1
of
from
the
311
indeed,
it
on the large
cattle runs in
cattle,
America
to
mnlcs,
horns.
fs\
manage
To
wit-
as a
myself
)
cattle
run wild
is
came
some
to visit
'
rodeo,'
broach,
rather
lighter
to
IS,
At these
is built,
affairs all
head
and into
it all
and
to
These
it
der
most
festive meetings,
if
but perhaps
or his
more interesting
my own
it is.
ex-
diarged
id sent
what
Many
away
since I
was induced
to
e horse
make one
lay
!
by
cription of locality
to say that
my
three
saddle
would
if
an
I
change than
We
met by accident
at a
ons.
s
small frontier
often
Now
Cap,' said
Mose
it
aint no
'
-ilG
manner
tracks,
we
so we'll fire-up.
wants quinchin.'
We
together with
my
and
friend's persuasions,
overcame
finally
all
my
objections,
arrangements were
early
place.
made
that
we should
dei)art
We
corral,
'
rodeo
pleasant
we
through groves
several
canon,'
and across
faint
off at last
upon a
path leadI
we ascend
side of
it
down
into a
either
On
away
Mose
Our
i)uts
an end to
my
by saying,
boys, thar's
simply strips of
canvas stretched over a ridge pole, were very soon adjusted and pegged down.
safely tethered,
it fall
we had time
to look
Seldom does
217
now camped
in this
we
strolled
and the
hum
tent,
of insects.
hotel, if a large
with
What
Cheer House
'
be so designated, and
was
clearly
on the
outside.
the turf
the tent, was a shorter plank, and, lest there should exist
it
was designed,
like a banner.
A few
and
some sardine
tins
cigar-boxes,
of,
unless
made the only garniture the bar could boast we include as part of the furniture a par-
ticularly
cadaverous-looking individual,
who seemed,
half,
to be
made up
and
valley
was the
corral,
enclosing several
acres,
made
of felled
^fl
I
!
218
trees, placed
walls of a
by lighter
trees,
some distance
an arrangewas a
trees
on(^
facilitates
the
into the
corral.
Near
to this corral
much
smaller enclosure,
made by sinking
tall
upon another.
The upper
Eound
the outside,
about
I
five feet
At
either
The use of
We
adjoirned to the
tour of inspection
most of the
rodeo
'
Do not imagine
that
we had
to
M^jk-
"
;
219
tlriecl
pork
not
bit of
we had such
living'
tlie
f raw
feet.
and hare,
roove,
g'ato
The
first
hands in
arrivals
stance
repairing
the
away
tales
*
of
On
we're
time of
sign
it.
I see
any
1
iDainters
(panther)
round
is
camp;
about the
Only three
painters;
at 'em, to
way ho howled
was a
'
me know
he wa
all thar,
caution.'
I kalkilate
me and
old
We
we come
over the
divide,
and run
t-huin,
last cent.'
On making
me
a subsequent inquiiy
why
manner that
tiie
220
'roclti'
was the
bull,
fig'lit
Spnnisli
wliicli
Herd
until
it
after
coiTal,
;
was nearly
with cattle of
all
ages
wild
The
lassoo
was
in
round
its
hind legs, and the horsemen riding in opposite directions, the beast
Many
The
cattle
a.
fine
young
Mm.
hills,
its
iUi
AX EXCITIXG SCEXE.
221
from
his
sleepiug
quarters
cantered
briskly
up by
home
fact,
and
his supper in
some deep
cleft or crevice.
large kind
of drag,
made of
stout poles,
by a team of oxen
On
nearing'
the
ov'
very soon
made
dog's
Bull and
Eidmiim was
'
at
coiled
in
readiness,
hor^'iueu sat
his
on
their
appear-
ance.
An
his
an<^ry grunt
announced
h'*^
coming-,
and as
hair
erect,
his
As thus he faced
changed
to
r
AT llOMK IX THE WILDERNESS.
o-))
riders,
and shouts of
'
now
roj)e
liiiii,
boys, give
liiin
thundor,'
several
made the
As
if
by magic,
lassoos
the horsemen
him
and
thus hampered,
made a
prepared
for
liiin,
Heavy
friends,
his
who were
tell
;
and
strength must
make
N
on the
there was
and
At the
iirst
made
must
say,
my
syni-
THE COMBATANTS.
liiiii
223
patliies
iiiucli
bull, wliicli
seemed to
me
to be
symmetry.
glaring- at the
and
his
rigid as if carved
J
from marble.
The
bear,
on the
lowered his
gave
The bear
as
'le
bull
much
in the
same way
he
if
and
No
and raked
strips of ilesh
IVom the
bnll's slu>uldei\s,
when on
its
This
AT
strng-g-liiig
ing-
HOME
IN
THE WILDEILXESS.
;
him
to the ground;
no ap-
To my mind the
As
if
away
but panting as
if
Suddenly
watched
with
dust; endeavouring, as best he could, to defend himself against the thrusts of the bull.
Either
b}'
chance
its
side
was
laid
open as
It
if
cut by a knife.
tluit
give up
certjiinty
turf,
r
of speedy death.
The
225
the bull.
bull
no
lip-
id loud
^kei'S
dous charge
but, blinded
of
aim and
headlong to the
clearly
ground.
The bear
in an instant rallied
and scrambled
in this terribull's
d away
mbraco,
when, to the
astonishment of
his
efforts
uddenly
and
rolled
from
off the
body of
his foe.
ad from
ort dis-
efensivo
mo
iin
til
\Ln
with
sobbing sigh,
aiici
poor
'
and
sueli
The
bull
managed
to
get on his L
again
and
made a weak
effort to
shake
dealb
r in tho
lid liiniY
victory.
clianeo
and
fleeting
pleasure.
in
lie
bear,
laid
was
and
soon
his
Then dropping on
his hindlie
iiiainied
died
cert u inly
orii turf,
without a struggk\
victor to
its
there was no
crown with
horns of
nn
226
Such a sight
I should never
As they
bodies
left
to the wolves
and vultures.
Tents were
words of Mose
down
his shingle,
and the
was
So
my
first
experience of a
'
rodeo.'
all,
I have been
present at
many
the j^rogramme
to refer
if
so be he does not
remember what
ter rV.
I
to Chapfully the
He
will
now be
able to
comprehend
all
others for
I do not hesitate
man's
could produce,
made
as
at present for
hunting
l)urposes,
back for
minutes
you go on a
use a
visit to
the prairies, by
practise
j^our
all
means learn
bridling,
lassoo,
and
saddling,
horse.
If
tethering,
practically
and hobbling
own
you know
how
to
always direct others, and at the same time see that they
perform
their
work properly.
Details,
which
may
IP
WINTER TRAVELLING.
ement
.
227
civilised country,
appear
will be
tlie
trifling
and insignificant in a
never
their
at all
were
aware
when he
upon
his
own
^ose
Liid tlie
biir
As
shoes
travelling in
summer
is
was
would
ts.
means resorted to
for
every kind of
So
transport.
re
been
rramme
not
Loes
o Chap-
uUy
the
hers for
hesitate
ie
man's
^
huntiug
Lustang's
r
sewing
Q'-cotton.
Lins
learn
bridling,
TOM
know
you can
that they
lich
may
y
2
228
CHAPTER XV. "Winter and Summer Travelling with Dogs Idlers Free Fights Packing Dogs Tlie '^Trtavaille preferable How to make and u^e
'
Bone Kings
and Toggles
'
The "Way
Dogs
to
Harness your
Team A
'
Sore
Feet
Merry-Bells.
j^ads
;
Feeding
Pre-
In
;
packed on small
f
light sleighs
as
and snow-covered
team of dogs.
when the
trees,
team of docs
load.
Now
some
Idlers such as
;
PACKING DOGS.
trail.
2'.?0
dog
A row
but
all
of constant recurrence
;
when you
two begin
dogs
to fight
tlien the
whole team
roll,
be used freely in order to restore peace and order. This sort of thing happens just as frequently
is
when one
two begin
If any
it.
to
There are two systems of employing dogs for purposes of transjjort during the
just referred to, that of
'
summer
'
the
'
one I have
packing
is
animals' backs
' '
called
To pack dogs
they
The
'
pack pads
'
are consequently
slipping back
is
much time
load tied to
The pad
guide to
is
no rule can be
down
as a
its
must
entirely
to
wear it.
ff
I-
230
travaille,'
f
)
measure
upon the
less
"^he
TUAVAIIXK.'
than this
shoulders
if
the ends
r+
must be fastened
to a leather strap
like a collar.
which
should
iit
The
These
in cross-pieces.
when
'
travaille
'
is
triangular in
The
load
;
is first
the
''
travaille
'
the dog
its
head
with
This
than
it
it.
travaille
'
will
when no pack-saddles
if
summer
essential
they trot over the snow without breaking the crust (the
f
DOG
SLEIGIIIXG,
231
hoofs would
sleig-h
is
g'O
through at every
step.
;
First, of the
made with two runners,' the other is simj^ly a flat With a good firm piece of wood turned uj) at each end.
'
crust
'
to use the
is soft,
sleigh with
runners
flat
if,
sleigh, usually
the two.
The
size
be
entirel}^
the lighter
can be
built,
amount of
To
way
a
to
make a
axe, a
sleigh
is
little
ingenuity
knife,
To harness dogs
well,
you
will
piece of hide
fcrepart of the
is
fastened
;
runners
to
Six dogs
make
ui>
my
me
advise
all
saw
off forty or
(if
r
'232
quantity of
'
'
toggles,'
from
eitlier rilj
or leg-bones
by
to'i-ii'les
'
mean round
pieces
of bone,
;
made
small
enough to
slip
the length of
;
'
toggle,'
it,
when
fastened to
^
from
toggles
'
with you
you
will
hnd them
the
invjluable for
Inirness.
fastening
tiikento pieces,
lengthened
HON'K
KI.NT,
<
shortened, with-
ANM) "lOi
i(il,K.
are
a[)t
it
to
sli[>
when
dry
I
is
To
liarness seven
dogs abreast
Esquimaux
to the
end of
(in
Ihis
strap
lii<le
is
alHxed
cutting
stri[>s
for Inirness
adopt the
to
which
each dog"
\
is
se]>arately
made
It
it
fast
a.
for each
sliould
is
have
trace rather
cualtles
them
to spread
when
collar of hide,
with
soft I)ark
a.
trace
DOG
IIARXESS.
233
collar, two other straps, comes from either side of the ami belly band, keep known respectively as the back slipping up or falling down. these lateral traces from two traces are jomed Immediately behind the dog the When ready to start, all and one strap only is used. fasten, in the first place, the the traveller has to do is to
lon<.-
the six traces to the loop strap to the sleigh, next care that the longest trace is at the end of it, taking the Spread out all the collars, and as in the centre.
dogs, one
by
one, are
fli^^__^^pi
:^^^"'"^^^^^
-
-^^
"
'^^^
strap
t^
(it
iiiiinites
work
ilanks.
and
weakest on
tlie
Some
by
side, in pnirs,
iis
but
do not think
:
they
they do abreast
the
it is
when dogs
if
each
all
>
is
When
abreast
the traces
are visible
a,
an
A
k'n-s
is
hill
or
on
may
Ill
234
lonf^,
is
all-sufficient
little
dopes
with
ciiuip
;
unerrin<je certainty.
Be very
careful
when
you
hair-rope
fasten
them
Never
it
to trees if
;
you can,
if
there are
two
directly.
<'ive
to
lie
have a
each dog
to sleep
on
that too
frequently
disables
sliMgli-dogs
these
hide
much
to the
However
trust
'
(piiet
and
ftiithful
;
my
dogs
may
be, I never
them
at night
induced to follow
either to wait
alto!>'etlier.
may have
oi*
diivs
'
for
lose
him
ii[)[>lies
most
])ertinently to sleigh
in
<!-re!it
doL>-s.
Feeding your
doijs inust
if
mciisure be
reguliited by
chance;
giinu^
is
is
pleniiful there is
obtaiuiilde.
no
dillieulty, or if lish of
any kind
They do
their
work
well
it
to devour
greelily
l)ut if
when he
lie
stiirts
upon
m,
jouruey
game
will
be
sciirce,
must
tiike
fish,
am
it is
a
;
good oue,
only to feed
my dogs
at night
when
camp
DOG
feet
fient
MOCASSINS.
let
23,3
then
if I
have enough I
it
is fatal
them
eat as
much
as they
l^lease,
but
to
any food
lie
in the
morning
they work
lazily,
and often
down.
Do^s travellinof on
after
the best
is
upon
them round
put on
dew
claw.'
I always
made
of leather or
on the
far better
than a cure.
is
a great
music of the
bells is
and
To
when
[
am
my
familiar will
entirely
have twice
to this
hour
its diimiiiiiny:
effects.
snow
for
arctic travellers
but
a.
[)refer,
(and
veil,
have tried
'i
236
AT
IIOMI']
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
and
required),
all
and
befca'e starting.
and spectacles
over,
from the
in
recpiire cleaning
Though
to be
to a casual observer a
reguhirity,
a skilled
trav(,*ller
pnys very
The
lead-
doo' is the
;
one by wliich
all
and directed
ortwo
ot'tlie
them
all
t(>gether
again.
Many
AVilh a good
is
ing
ti'ack;
if
there
the faintest
the
mark
of a sleighhis
runner or snow-shoe
visible,
dog keeps
nose
down
scent;
to the snow,
it'
there
is
ridini**
on the
sleigh,
some caution
reqnisiteto drive
tin*
dogs in the
When
; '
you desire to
but
if
halt
you
call out,
home-
'
A NECESSARY rRECAUTION.
237
and
ward bound,
both your
tlio
dogs often
exliibit
a disaoTOoable
stop.
;
spirit of rebellion,
lieels
Then
forced
must be employed
as breaks
team
to a stand-
thino-,
sleig-h unless
of the sleigh.
Sleigh
dogs arc
the
imaginable, and
If once
will have to b(^ they get clear with the sleigh, you they reach light of heel if you catch them until
pretty
camp.
if
When
they should
make
a-
fall
sudden and unanticipated bolt, upon the sleigh, and then you
Tf senses. can soon bring the refractory team to their down at the dogs are proi)erly trained they ought to lie
word of command, and when you lighilyupon the head of each dog
halt
as
lay the
whip
it
you order
training
is
by
name
them
is
t(.
lie
(l<wn.
tlie
very
little
sntli-
cient to
make
re(inire
'
to do.
With good
when the
will
crnst
easily
draw
,.ight
Imndred weight,
at the rate
(f
seven
miles an
Avitli
honr,
and
this
for
live
honrs
will
at a stretch;
verv
lig'ht load,
good dogs
accomplish ten
miles
an honr.
In
in
sleighs,
or tuboyans,
invariably to h.-u-ness
them
in pairs side
238
by
often employed.
By
this simple
mode
of conveyance,
all
the mails,
parcels,
and dispatches
ai'e
Lake Superior.
the
out
all
and
half-
who
travel
usually
side,
,1
I
manage
to transport the letters at the average rate of about sixty miles a day.
1
mines
co2)per
iiorth shore
oi
fairly 'set'
on the lakes,
is
communication
will) the
I'esi <f'1h('
world
entirely
Mav
in
the vcar
All
an<l
239
larg'e sheds,
;
consumed
;
as required
the
if
meat, so prepared,
To be
eaten, a joint
is
chopped
off
with an axe,
journeying
lowed,
if
dui'ing
the night,
a course
usually fol-
there hii])pens to
;
be a sufHciency of light
it is
it
because
nmch
less
trying
the eyes
by night than
is
is
Nothing seems
to
retain
any sign of
The
silvery
manner
to accumulate*,
until one
is
of light.
Every
into
something
intangibl
and unreal
mountain
now
'
fl
-,
240
just ahead,
which turns
myriad crystals
in the way, the
now you
feel positive
a deep ravine
wdll
is
have to be
traversed
when
spirit,
fails
shadow of a passing
to
tinkle of their
'I
!(
when
I
'
first,
The men
their work,
the
women and
children their
warm
where
the sleigh tracks led otf across the lake, there to await
the
advent of go<d or
be.
evil
]iews
from home, as
it
might
To harness dogs
to
woik
a
in pairs
its
it
is
advisable to
;
trace of
own
the collar,
is
th<'
the
same
a single trace
'
tug strap
'
SNOW
afKxed to the runner.
li
siioi:s.
241
It is a
bad
phm
to fasten the
turns
tlio
traces of the
two
by
2ts
of
its
is
g-reater
weight than
ravine
Hve to bo
lio-htly,
le
disposed to quarrel.
is
To tramp
wx'll
on snow shoes
;
by no means a very
tell
heavy
it is
one thing- to
a novice the
feet,
guardian
.
and
is
the ear
it
when the
rig-lit
way
steady
of their
lie
The snow-shoe
{vuJii
cut)"^ I usually
leng-th,
employ
is
snow-
must be g-overned
a g-reat
Huron,
very body
at
first,
is
made
the
of bent hardwood
the centre
that rests on
placed,
is
rhe
nr
men warm
lattice
strips of
raw
his
hide.
on
snow
CO wliere
to await
le,
shoes with his hands, but simply twists his feet into the loops of the shoes, and trudges away.
tion of the illustration will
An
inspecto
as
it
sable to
eolhir,
When
the foot
is
10
'ds, is tlie
ij^'K'
is
l'iij.a'il'2.
traee
11
ig strap
242
AT HOME IX
Till']
AVILDEKXESS.
tire
articuhited,
when
is
;
the siioe
and the
upon the
work.
In
<>-reai
needed.
The shoe
;
is
clear of the
like a line
gTound
the heel
trails,
One can
at a g-lance
performer
wavy,
barely
A
oi*
is
what
fcot
termed the
a
'bear's
]nLttern,
-'
snr.iU
snow-shoe
form, but
nearly circular in
sxow-siKu;.
made
if
precisely
on the same
;
they
the crust
is
snow-shoe
many
miles of <,n*ound in a
day when he
it
(nice acquires
be, of swin<4-iny
you
if
if
^
FROST BITES.
lie el
245
first
upon
rdor to
le toes,
L-k.
the
snow
and
let
me
tell
you
it is
by no means an easy
feat to regain
Ill
your
feet.
r,
gTcut
tlie
entirely
iiiiirl-;
way,
is
o-laucc
with snow.
skilled
_'
Four times in
seen
my
former
is
men
1
lose
:raee
b
and
saw a man
nose,
others
jiniible
of the individual.
fall.
s
A
oi'
east
is
wliat
fcot
's
OAV-slioe
nil,
lie
but
same
;
es
tliey
ouriieys,
low-slioe
iiul
ill
'liieliever
Llier, in 1(1
followinij;'
)
on the
244
Tlie
Wild
line
n Px'o
IIuntin<r
Jliinter's
l.'rolitii])l('
iMnployinent
'I't'xan
I.slands
ITonoy A
and
I)iso:iist
lldiblo
:
IVrrie.s
Koots
ol'ton
I'oisonoiis,
to be
l']ateii
with Caution
Substitute
for Toliaceo
are
Devoured bv the Ked People Peniniacnn Preservinj^ Meat Extvactum Carnin ^loriran's .system I'reservinfr Peef and Muttiii fresh Jerking" I>eef Catching and Curing White-tish and Sahnoii.
Insects which
The
streiini
who
an
knows
his
work and
at
home
in the wilderness
furred, are
at
all
times obtainable
but there
Althouo-h
a knowledge of
how
may
as a general
I
simply as
am
'
To
'
line
bee
home
to its
honey
tree or
'
bee-gum needs an
'
1
.
245
the same
is
and
The busy
learned, a source
faithful servant to
of
wonder to the
matters
scientific,
us,
s Avhic'h
man.
it
Meat Mutton
Salmon.
To the honey-hunter
the bee he
'
little to
what
species
lines
'
who
an
searches for
it.
So that
it
ess
dairies
111011 <4'st
itliered
b
plains
tliorc
tlioii<:^-li
ry niiiy
^eneriil
nocc'siiiply
of hollow
and
it,
if
of sufficient si/e to
contain
much
as
us
The summers
there
is
little
any means
all
ro
'
lino
3cds an
LC
hunting
same
Then,
have already
in the wilder-
--
'f
240
iioss
ixmi
niid bi^H-kinfc.
l)e
Si'iU'cliiii;^'
And now
Avilcl
]ct
ii,--;
suppose'
ii
to
for
beos on
ilie
linntcrs
prononnco
a flower
l]ii'
word.
Tlavin*^-
marked
boo
down upon
we
sup;ar,
whiehever we
it
may chance
pail,
it
upon fhe
watch
it
rcMucMnbered
of,
by
first
niarkin;^'
investii^'at ion
i^-reeilily hel[)
themselves to
[)la!'e
its
eontenis.
With
li^'ht
cautions hand
Ihe
ol Iicr
sanc(r over Ihe bee or bts's, nexi dusl ihe cap! ives
well
\vhiii>
tie a
small
l)i<
ol'
any kind of
lly.
hbre to the
le^^
of ea(di, and
K>!
llieni
ke('[)
Now
(\ye
comes the
Ihesi' bees,
i^'rand diilimlty,
which
is
II'
to
an
on
and
lim'
them homo.
you arc
a
nol sure of
second capture
some distance
the
Hies
first
to the ri^lit or
left
;
bees
were trapped
then
fhe
second
lot
to
the
same
point
as did
the others,
is
you
art;
!iccui"atdy
marked or
takes
a
aiiii'lecb''
A
it
home; but
would be
at
swarm
out and
make such
a bu/zinL:'
that
ciiornxcj
V
down a
iioxhy
TRi:r,.
'J
47
lot lis
Oil
thoir wlioroabouts
tlio ro(juirod
is
at oiico rcvealod.
Hiiviiii;*
iiiado
VCH
and
iimiiioo
moss, ready to
at a short notice,
wcr we
<1
down the
in;4'
tree.
;
some
lunicc
down
more
played,
with any
too,
lon<j:er,
fi-ocly
they liavo
stiiij4's
and
will use
them
if
than
is
ihe
WJlicll
CO
1)0 it
ihrown npoii
theiii
whilst
l)nriiin;j;\
A
Ilo<;'
jjfood-sized
bunch
uirkiii;;'
of leafy branches
is
also useful to
or,
ill 1(1
and bands.
The bees
killed
and
<>lV('S
lo
driven
olf, ilie
uoo
llio
'ii[)livos
and placed
is
in
the bucket.
for
If a ])rof('ssional beolivoiiliood, of
kind
.
ol'
huntcr
lioiiey-sei'kiuL^^
course ho
Now
oyr
siiro
oil
(i'
would
a-
very ca])iial
CJipiiiro
1
of
bees and
(li(> si
selliiii^-
tlie
lioiiey
and wax
williiii
vvliicli
lof
to settlers
and
to
i)reke(>p(U\s in
small towns
p.sek
Olid
oil
reach of
ll>i>
prairies,
whether by canoe or
animal.
;iro
lioiu'ycond* should be
broken
'iiraioly
;ii\v;i
in
a.
ys
^u|uee/(>d tiL;li(ly in
coarse
clol
li,
iiiiiinod
11..
1
wax runs
any
tliroUL;'li
eoitled
is
l.y
in
tin
pannikin
as
-diislcd
ILI'
^uod
know
11 lilt
'I'lie
isolated
^i'ouj)s oi'
fl
i>4
jirc
Tlioso palclios
is
liii\('
jiplly
(mIKmI
is, tlial
"
islands,'
and what
cMpially
Ji
!L;"i"(MLt
Avorlliy
<!'
remark
siiiL;l('
cxlcni of a
P<s(m1
kind of tree;
bo com-
'pcccim
irt'cs,
and
(liii'd
li
trails
its
all.
Tlicrc
is
liaj'dly a
trace of undcrhrusli to
Ix'
j^-rass
<
fjfrows close to
the
vei'v trees in
these
islands'
u
I
wild
bees have
their
lo
a
Intai'ds
in
{^'reat
abundance.
once
in
remarked
Texas, that
an
old
hnnter
c>t'
iVicnd
on the Texan
ju'airies.
'Why,
lie
<''ot
narry evesV
I
'Yes,'
said,
'
AVell.'
snck-eitli;ir
keep 'em
aint thar
"'
and
lly-iii
abniil in the ar
and
on
Ihe
May
bin*
he he'd a
a '
S(>eii
'em
if
had been as
Thini
as
oi- a
bine
chickin.
^'ot
I'ellei's
^^-reen
from the
ilmints aint
a bMll-froM-.'
fh(tn<4'hi
'|'he old
trapper
e'ave
<leep sin'h
as
he
;;
of the
dei^-enerate
in<lividnal
pi'aii'ie.
^I'hei-e
who
cindd
hnn;j;-ry
to .sleep on
a Texan
are
\-.\^i
number
vei'v
now
to
1)0
TO MAKK I'KMMACAX.
IIk^
24f)
(>li;iinod
round most of
prairies
of
ilie
lotli
Of
tlicse tlu?
comjind
')i(tilcHsis)
and
tlie
may
Bay
s,
The former
ywlicrt'
K'lv is
('
l^'l'ilSS
remmaean
ailanti<'ally,
eari'v,
who
ean, as
\,i'
svilil
worry
down,
is a
OHCO
ill
on
a loni;*
tlie
march;
trai)per
inih'cd
often constitutes
It
tin;
ucli
only diet of
and
fiu'-trader.
may
be
hImtvimI
made
as
f(
Hows
Cut
it Avell
sun
next pound
it
into a pulp
it
throw
AVheii
it
into a ba^
bai;'
is
made
nearly
the
]tour in
midted {grease
then S(w
it u[)
nearly
^MllllS,""
boilin<4'
l>a^' is filled,
it
firmly.
slices,
i\Iany prel'ei
to eat
as
\
it
is
hi
ill
on
llic
others
1k;I
it
with
floiU".
do
like
it
any
if
(r
di'ied <ver
ii
hliic
iiiiii
slow
fire
lon^'
distances without
lis
i';i;p('i'
ro(ts
too are in
t(
i^a'cat vai'iety,
and serve as
bnt
i']i('iiil(
vahiidtle addition
dir'cied
an
1
rndKin's
dietary,
unless
Tc.NiiH
by <he
sa\a;4'eH
a traveller
I
I
iir^'.uii
find
foi*
liimself.
knew
junl
all
where thev
du<jf u|
some
r-'
250
l)ull)s
the willow
tobacco,
<lried
it is best
by
scraped up in
fire,
frills
The
and
by the
it
sava^^os west of
1
who
(uther
call
tlu^
kini-kin-ick.
lik(^
we cannot
r;])ecies
^'et
what we
like
w( can.
IMany
of insects are
with
^TcMit {usto.
The
diij'i'-er
Indians
crickeis
Calilornia eai
d'kji'ii)
;
immense nund)era of
field
{Arli('f((
insiH'ts, wliicli
a
sometimes
into
lit(^rally
lliick layer,
<r
])its du^jf
bottoms
which
tin*
damp wood
is
smoulderini;'
th(
same time
pnserve their
also dried
and
eatc^i,
made
Kind of enke.
])ass
Tht larva' of
many
lar;,'e
beetles that
the larval
ddiciifit
condition
ci(*s
in
este nied
i^n'cat
by the
w<'
who
relish
their
whitt
bodies as
As
food,
it
may
])rove
sei*\iceable to the
wanderer, to
I'oint
systems
at
MORriAN s
to
]irosoTvo
I'Korns.^.
2.01
vast
fjimiitiiics
in
orl('i'
of Hcsli in
to ivndi'i'
it
llio
sluipo of
for
bi'of iind
ir;insi)(>i't
in4-
mutton,
iivaihiblo
to oilier countries.
arc
said to be 22,<lOO,(MM)
in
head of
and
;5:),(l(M),0{UI
sheep valuable
and
South
ileeees.
fnllowin;^-
best
]\ror<jcan's
]>rocess of salting-
animals by hydrostatic;
ii
pressure*
is
as follows.
The
proee.:s is
ii
very rapid
tin'
one*.
The animal
then laid on
stunned by
1
blow on
head,
frame and
lie
tracled as ]>ossible.
ventricle
is
This
o|)iTati<ui coniiiletcd,
left;
opcncMl,
reser-
aorta,
round which
<tf
li<4ature is tif^'htly
bound to
]revent
rii;*ht
any rellux
is
the
llui<l,
ventricle
clos<'d
with
rin^-clip.
By
a half,
if
cat
<fl"
a clear stream of
brine will
1111
bi'in(
exudes.
About two
"'allons of
nil tin'
employed
is
'2
lbs. to
Thr
c.ircases ar*'
powcrnot
i>re,-;sui-e,
is
lly
tliis
])roeess
inlv
(n'.'.it
(lie llc^h
is
saltetl.
f<.r
car*'
the brine,
2r,2
ir
imy midissolvod
were
would
vessels,
it is
sidijeeted to three
difl'erent slniinin^^-s.
ISIetlutd
of
inanuriK'turin<- the
is
Extraetnni
larj^-e
LiebeLi-
Carnis.
This
carrii'd
on
iit
saladero, most
a
charniin^'ly
IVoui a
mile or so
'^
The
es-
tablishment, which
|]n;;lish
very
lar;j;e,
is
conducted by an
it
whi(di includes
the extra(.'tum
Jlerr
Iv'eller,
who mosi
eNphiliii'd
pre-
mises, and
case
the
l)efore,
is
huiiL;'
it
up
is
Tbe
then
following'
iii(rninj4'
is
put
into
dilferent cylinders,
it
where
it
pi-oj^-ressivelv
a
larj^'e
is
thrown
inl(
cauldron, whei'e
is
boiled for a
and
this
of the
]>r()C<'ss
iVom
vat,
tlie jlcsli.
Tile li(|nid
next
let
olf into
all
an
a>npl<*
^^'reaso
where
boilino* is still
it
continued nntil
is
the
poured
off throu^-li
it,
pi]>e
bi'tli
It
and the
nia\'
jtut
so term
into
it
is
is
then
lonj^',
]>assin^-
KXTUACTL'M L'AUMS.
II
iJJ
stroiiL*'
l>l;ist
of cold air
is
Tlie li(iuor,
would
xivtioii
of
Ji
deep brown,
is
ion of
lliroo
ke[)t stirred
ii
by a man who,
hir^'e cap^e
all
toL;-ether
is
enel(sed in
of close wire
which
eifectually
excludes
stances.
,
The
stirrin^^
[>ri'V('n(.
iiiosi
the
li(juid
last sta^^-e.
It
Is
('
or so
(>S;iii
now
to
finished,
tin
can-
Mio
isters in
which
exj^trted.
It
takes
-1:5
lbs.
of beef
llci'r
1
bj
make
I for<4<t
whether
K'llull'S
price
was
I'J
francs or
it
li'Mum,
i('
is
most
prcilic
sold,
and that
its
use
lil<lcs
is
se
tensive in (jiermany.
'J'hc
anil
us(>
bones of
tht;
ani-
mals whose
;.
tlcsh
is
thus m;id(
of arc of course
I'l.'
Tlic
n'st killed
m,
iiulcrs,
is
1
The
llicn
many
as
loo
(r .*0(l
oxen are
of these
lor
Ji
The
llesh
11(1
tills
on
iialii it's
i!in])l<'
;^T('iis
which account b\
kille<l
the
;^-reater
in
those months
some dethi
:i
pijM'
l.rolli
It
is
n'4'roes
in
West
Indies, but
it
^'
is
lot>k
tempting- to an
Mn^^lishman."
(
small
P.iiii',
til IS
i)-|i|i('s
l,;i,ii(l
aiid
Walt
r), ly Ili^fdiil
Ivxj,
'sc v;its
2.-A
AT
contain
IIU.MI':
IX Tin: WILDKllNESS.
iin I'ntire
Avill
;i
tlic
eoncentvatod nialtor of
ox
at
l,(Ml()
basins of sonp,
toiispoonful in
Ji
stronL,^
and nutritious
cup
full
in
quality.
bivakfiist
of water forms no
despicable breakfast.
manner
in
which ihey
is
kill
an ox
for domestic
very remarkable
is
"
The animal
sinfrled
the herd and lassooed rt)und the neck, and has some-
le^'
he
is
thus brought
up
to a convenient distance
peon,
(f
knives,
comes
animal
I'alls
to the ^round.
blet'ds to
death.
"
The skin
tlie
is
beneath
In
a,
cut
off,
that
is
the hide
is
to dry,
I>s.
()(/.
and
its
value
is
Enn-lisli
money; the
beast
may
if
be valued at
ol'
1/.
Os.
in these days
A new
])r()cess
l\lessrs.
JKIlKIXCi
IJKKl'.
t>J3
Slopor
tiiul
raiis, which, us
tiir
leiini, is
soiiK'what as follows.
is
FiL'sh luoat
tlio
bone
removed;
in this condition
in
placed
;
in tin canisteivj,
haviny a hole
hole water
fdled,
is
the
to})
and bottom
I'nmi the
is
lower
completely
This water
it
and as
it
escapes
is
r<'placed
by some
<>-as,
have eaten meat that was ju-epared by this process America, and brought from thence to En;^land,
it
in 8(uth
was
as pure
and
free
from taint
beef
is
simply
cuttinjj;"
fii-.'s
it
and
under the
I'at
llesh, to kee[)
away the
Hies.
All
the
and
l>one should be
;
pre[)ared
((ui' in
foi'dryin-:;'
called
'
(diar-
North
lon-^-
Aini-rica.
If pr(i)erly
in this
will
keep
j^'ood
for a
time, and
condition
it
is
easy of transport.
It can be
cooked
or eaten as
is,
the consumers.
Fish of various d'scri[)tious cured without salt, form
very
important items
in
the
I
wintci-
dietary
of the
need only
brieJly refer to
n
2^6
AT
(tt'tlie
IIO.Mi:
1\
TUH
lisli
WII.DKUXIvSS.
iisiuilly
I
two
most
iinportiiiit
so cured.
ii
Were
'
T to spiH'iiy
etic'li
one so used,
should requir*'
1)1,l;-
book
'
in
earnest.
The
directions for
will iipply
ciitchiny
iiud
euriu<4'
all
with
e(|ual force to
others.
tish,
either
di'v,
[>reserviii|4'
them, arc
consiuned h(jth
so
l)y tlie
Th!
lish
eaten
is
named
In
iillnis;
to the traders
it is
summer
;
all s(.>rts
durinj^-
winter in
<^'ill-nels
^-ill-net
;
nuiy he
made any
to sixty
holes
is
lish
swim
a<4-ainst it
and
meshes.
The
fish frec/e
tlius stored
lasts.
away
as tlie cold
weather
West
As
i'ar
of the
In
reat
f^'rancisco
salmon are
tolei-ahly
nmnerous,
otlu'r
lar;;-e
up the Sacramento,
proceedin;^-
K'lijmath,
w'
and
streams; hut
noi'th,
reach
the
mouth
Juau de
i'uca to I'urt
Simpson
ii
Were
(l)evoii(l
'j;
sauiox-sim:ari\(i.
the north mh1 of Vancoiivor Island, on
257
tlio
)i
aii<l
niaiiilan<l), tlic
proniin'iit
rc'c
to
wonders
(tf
this rey-ion.
numlt'i"s
jNIjiv,
:ii
Salmon
iiri-ive in ^-rciit
(he
month
of the
T
111,
(Irv,
jrrc
('oliiml)ia iihoiit
the
si
of
and
ii
litilc lati'i" at
the
a(l('i>.
('<l(tll
!(.<
)n
most
in;n''ii
nioiis
eontrivanee for
th*'
tiikini^'
sulmoii.
They construct
]l;icino'
ih'l;'
or
in
weii' across
hnskel
linlit-
Ivcii
ll-iiols
iilways miide on
mii
the
and
leads to
<ii)enino- in
the
wicker;
ways, so
instiint
pavin;^'.
a staLi'c is
thiit
if a
eiin Nce in
an
lolcs is
I
salmon
ascend
the end,
oveiis
the white
swim
in tlic
held poised,
in
rciidiness,
L'lnoval
tliiit
runs the
of this
I
pv'i'ilons pass;iLi'e.
Hut the
is
nil use
most
iiiLieiiious
iit
system
hiive
emjl(yed
-iviiL
Johnson's
Nimkish
Tlu'
in
river.
Salmon
Ximkisli
l<Min"th,
l('ral)lv
li,
Indians jirovide
to;4-etlier
with
harhed
and
li
trih'nt (Mid,
about twenty
in
n'a(
1
[Kiddle
lH'i'ound
aloii;4' in a
canoe, and
'JMu'
when
favourable lishinn'
[oint
lll[>SOll
moor
it.
one
round
its
;^nvater
circumference with
H
feathers
lik.
//
<!
.*>^
y.
128
|Z5
12.2 I' i
1.0
^
Hf
^
li
12.0
i;
I.I
11-25
1.4
1.6
WIMTM.N.V.
M5M
(716)I73-4S03
258
AT
;
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
shuttlecock
spear,
this cone
it
;
and depresses
full
then a
it
detaches this
a salmon rushes
it
'
at
it,
when,
like
magic, he transfixes
run
'
In
some
of
the
is
tributaries
to
the
Chilukweyuk
rent
an instance
perfect
mountain
torit is
up
falls at Colville, in
This salmon
;
F.B.A.
in
'
Chinook,
or chief salmon;'
Oolville Indian,
Se-met-loek
Indian,
Yakima
Indian,
It
is
'
kwin-
na-to;'
Nisqually
finest
'
satsup.'
beyond and
in-
doubt the
lets
salmon obtained
in the rivers
of British Columbia.
fiesh is
and
having a tinge of
greenish-blue.
Commercially,
it is,
too,
by
iir
the most
SI
SALMOX-FISHING OX STAGES.
?59
at Fort
salmon, and prefer them to any other species for drying and winter use.
with scoop-nets.
to
the
and
to take
The Indian
builds,
upon
it,
He
it
j^asses this
to be swept
on as
far as his
it
arms
in again
They
evening.
a)id
on Puget
Higher up the
and
bellied out on
the other
these they
hang
;
in places
know
rock, the fiat side of the basket being towards the rock.
8 2
r AT
IX TIIK WILDEKXESS.
;2G0
IIOMi:
Tlies(i
from the
level.
As
fish
fall
'500
basket together.
Two
wooden
club,
fish,
they
gills,
club,
then
upon
the
women
off
fish,
lug
way
It is curious the
Avater.
out success
inciuiries
made
of the
difl'erent tribes
the Hudson's
E
Bay Company
at
am
^p
2tjl
But in
As
(i.sli
with the
o-reatest ease
by trolling"
for
them.
The
line is
made
i
of seaweed,
sinker.
The savages
at one
Company.
The
bait
employed
is
a small
usually a
herring or anchovy.
The
line is
made
fast to the
canoe
The
is
sun
rises,
sets.
Water
without,
an essential neither
it is
man
and although
generully procurable
search of a
theless there
are
in
may
be acceptable,
and
let
us hope useful.
their thirst.
Mr. Darwin
tells
2G2
heart sacks,
'
The Arabs
flask,
'
The Bushmen
shells,
in
which they
filtered
and boiled
likely to be produced.
shift filter
may
muddy
water through a
bound together
tightly.
birds are
in search of
I once saved
my
men's
We
in vain
nearly
famished with
Animals when
file,
hence
trails
TO BUILD A LOG-HOUSE.
or
263
rn
he
CHAPTER
A
Puzzle for a Carpenter
XVII.
To
make
Boundary Commission Eftects of Cold A Caution to be reraemhored To procure a I^ight from two pieces of Wood Getting a I low to carry Lucifers. Li":ht with a Gun
Direct a carpenter
as tools an axe,
to build a house; he
;
is
only to have
is
he
not to use
nail,
is
door
latch,
and accomplish
;
all
that
an ordinary door
expected to do
he
is
to let in light,
and
glass
at the
;
or
smoke
to
come
into the
room
the onl}'
site
Do you
not
to
manage
I
it.
easy of
presume the
i^revious directions as to
how an
First
axe
is
to be used
making
2G4
AT
HOME
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
trees
the ancient
Ijy
sig-ht of.
Then
calculate,
how
many you
feet
make a
wall seven
is
that of
be accomplished easily
a long handspike
is
employed.
This done, lay four of the largest logs into a square, (we
will
sticks placed
'
slantwise, as
skeds
'
are
upon the
It Avill
foundation logs.
I'KAMi:
OK A
i.<(;-iroisK.
be necessary, in order to
roll
up the
have them of a
the
weight;
this,
however, must
only
at
work
it
is
them
to drop into
it
nnikes the
building firm, and leaves less space open betwixt the logs.
Now
log",
SHINGLE -SrLITTIXd.
a piece from
log',
t>G5
it
ft.
G in.
long-,
is
and so
;
until the
bottom one
reached
this
split
one mnst
out
;
this
is
up one more
log,
finished
if
at
all.
In
one end of the house chop out another opening precisely in the
feet
wide
this
is
for
the fireplace.
laborious part
w^alls
is
over.
Roofing
the proceeding
rafters
must be
trenailed together
and
to be either tiled or
slated,
but in lieu of
tiles or
answer
a
well.
To make them,
IT
!,((;
I'OIt
MAKING SHIMiLHS.
Split
remove the
wedge and
driving
it
it
to split off
in slabs
cedar.
was made of
2r6
slates (parenthetically
will be as well to
say that
made on
purpose,
frau,'
which in
commercially, and
where there
I!
is
made by machinery and sold by the thousand). To shingle a house when you have no nails, begin at the
bottom of the
rafters,
and
exactly in the
same way
as
an ordinary house
is
tiled.
it
rests firmly
let
must be
you
by means of cross-pieces
lialf-split
log, for
which
i)egs are to
be
This plan
make sac apital substitute for an iron liin ge Any ordinary amount of ingenuity will be equal to designing a latch.
A fireplace
well
is
made
Measure about
five feet
from
MAKIXG A FIREPLACE.
267
the logs forming the end in which you have axed out the place for your
fire
;
cut as
many
light poles as
you
think you
taller
may
Commence by
placing
Of
ends of the
been constructed.
About
six inches
ot
be quite four
rights
sticks,
feet.
Next wreath
and
it
This
composed of
and water.
It
must be
in the space
2()8
AT
1I0MI-]
]X TIIH WII.DHRNHSS.
poles with
tciiii2>iiif^
this conipo,
and work
it
ii
stick, so
left
then
otlier
which may be
plank
if
only with
made' round
;
do
it
with
a small
bench
will
When
means of a
needed
bit of hide
pegged on,
hinge boys
all
If
it i-ains,
;
that
is
is
the slant
the wet.
the
for
carpentering
will,
another not so
The work
first
fire,
by
placing
as
fire
burning day
the wet for some time will keep the basketwork from
catching
fire
it
QUARTERS Or
til
ti
TIIK
if
COMMISSION.
well
260
to
yonr
fireplace, wliieli,
made and
properly
are
itlier
>UQ-ll
This
poles
kind
f)f
fireplace
if tlie
liii^li
and carried
sntficiently
above
s)ii;>ke is
carried up
briskly,
by a draug-ht that
g-ets
keeps the
fire
burning"
and
rid
it
of the
when
escapes
an enclosed space.
need hardly say, that wdiere
log'
tools
are to be obtained,
to those
equal
are
it
made
more elaborate
(for
edi-
all
winterec
two winters)
in log-houses built
River.
making the
perfectl}',
fireplaces
Ave
and chimneys,
lime to
Avliich
answered
and
burnt
make mortar
and
nails,
for building
and
Of course we
kinds, besides
had
glass
and
tools
of
all
having
regidar carpenters.
We
had
also
to build ver)
complete
270
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
officers
down
fire
in
my
few hours
it
yet as long as
may mention
one
little
weather
never
in the
much
would
do
if at
a white heat
when he
matches
had
built
it
it.
not at
job as
appears to be to us,
who have
still
at \d. a box.
he manages to light
I
had again
and
[igain read
of
it
me
how
it
was
possible until I
saw
done.
to rub
JhM
TO KINDLE A FIRE.
turned grey, or you froze to death.
;
271
It is not in this
way the Indian manages he takes a round piece of wood and a flat piece the former he tapers to a conical
;
flat
piece
it,
on the
with his
in
hand he rapidly
rotates the
it
end of the
stick
the
firmly down.
This
burning dust
is
Cedar wood
is
best,
but
it
must be very
thus
dry, sound,
and
free
if
from knots.
is
procure a light,
wood
it
make
at the
same time
It is
The
ing
fir
is
to tear
of
gunpowder
slightly
damp
this
may be you
are going
it
Ram
272
it is raiiiv
AT HOME IX
TIIli:
WILDERNESS.
if
the
weather
is
Now
heap
and
fire
you
will
;
in
all
it
likelihood
the bark-wad
smouldering*
blow
and then
the rest
is
easy.
matches I invariably
else,
it
use
them
in preference to
little
anything
and by exeris
cising a
care
and
strict
economy
box
wonderful
of matches
a large metal
full
is
in a tin, or
this
up
in this
As a
rule, I
am
not
and
legion
my
advice
is,
INSECT PESTS.
273
CHAPTER
Mofsquitoos
XVIII.
vSpaniarcls
Stone-Wasps Kattle-Siiake Bites A use for IJattle The Trap-door Spider The Deer-tick Leeches in
^louth.
Sand-tiiesThe
Breoze-fly
The
Tninipot-flies .Tack-
the
the
The
cousin,
repre-
knat, belongs
two wings).
Individuals
all
vicious
and blood-
To
those
visited
the
home and
all
you know
nothing at
the
seems,
lively,
invariably
hungry.
certainly
as
to
imagine
had endured
much misery
the course of
.iiy
'"T"
274
AT
HOME
it
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
for
wanderings as
was possible
mosquitoes to
will show.
inflict
how
sadly I
Cascade mountains
prairie,
which
in reality is simply
an
oj)en
patch of
river,
by a short
named the Sumass river. Any settler who might chance to visit
this spot in
up
and quietly
settle
all
down
to
establish his
gave cheer-
ing promise of
be,
How
astonished he would
of promise?
lake,
and
away
ijiit
such
would be his
and thus
comes about.
When
its
hills,
reversing
up as you would
it
a basin.
Overflow-
an
On
the
^.m
m
275
its
UNPLEASAXT SUSPICIONS.
pitched on the edge of a
little
stream, threading-
way through
this prairie.
to the
left,
and in
about two
river,
were
alive
the
forest stocked
The
first
my own
my
companions
skins
poles to
first
them
My
susjiicions
were confirmed
in
about
belief,
five
something beyond
and
as tliey
Night and
day the
sant;
hum
we
ate them,
With
trousers
tied tightly
round the
and coat
sleeves
'""T"
27 a
enveloped in a <^auze
^
hands in
g-loves,
and and
feet in
slept,
sliooting'-boots,
we
lived
Lighting'
Imge
fires,
we could think
mosquitoes
was
all
in vain, the
stifled
;
anything
else that
was
mortal
riNKKlW.'
increased in
number
daily.
first
dexterously to raise
mouth
the slightest
Human
endurance has
its
limits
was utterly
slapping, stamping,
vagely
slaughtering
mosquitoes.
The human
beauty
face
strict lines of
each
VANQUISHED BY FLIES.
on the grass in very agony go
;
277
avail
but
all
was of no
do what they
in
would, their
persecutors
them
swarms.
The
dogs,
howling piteously, wandered up and down restless and wretched, until, guided by a Avise instinct, they dug
holes in the earth as a dernier ressort
in,
;
then, backing
ears,
was
officers
want of
sleep,
and
irritation
To
until winter
alter-
We
were
fairly
vanquished
the
labour of a
Tents Avere struck, the mules packed, the survey suspended, and a general exodus effected.
a relief
we seldom
it
did come;
returned
when
more
hungry and
to be a
new
specific
name being
given in
honour of
its
obesity.
Why
the
its
Sumass mosquito
known brethren
278
*
ken
not
and
it is
men
ai*e
or animals.
The habits
of Ctdex iiincjids
The
are long-,
oval,
by
side,
in
a vertical position
then, with an
them together;
raft floating
At
first
the
colour
is wdiite,
come out
swimming, on their
The
respiratory or breathing
tail,
shifting the
is
skin
assumed, during
actively, assisted
which
by the
to paddles attached to
istence they never feed
(one woid.d
and although
it is
THE TRAXSFOKMATIOX.
reversed, the
279
head
being-
final
of
life
drowning
for the
element in whic}\
previous
fatal to it
being so closely
floats
somewhat moist and crumpled, from packed, the tiny fly creeps out and
suddenly trans-
on
its
may now
Should
it
be sunny
and hot, the wings rapidly dry, and, bidding a long and lasting good-bye to its frail barque, the mosquito
flies
to the land, to
of
persecution.
Endowed with an
mos-
ti
ms
to his
advantage.
and when he
is,
he takes good care to whip out every intruder from his canoe before reaching the platform. These quaintlooking scaftbldings, scattered over the lake, each with
280
its little
pearance.
moored to the
poles,
and
made
of twisted bark.
much by
the exchange;
if
gestion begat a restless desire to roll about whilst sleeping, the chances
would be the
the
not
isles.
platform
favourites not
have a decided
these
my ingenuity suggested
;
but nothing I
There are
worth trying
is
but
all
in
some degree
PALLIATIVES
WORTH
TRYING.
2bl
bear it;
was water, used as hot as it was i)ossible to plun<,nnf,r the hands into it, and applying
saturated cloths to the face and head, afforded very delightful, though only temporary, relief: but a minute's
respite
from misery
is
it
can be
had
The Indians
Bay Company.
An
belonging to the Boundary Commission, during the work, was one day en route to an outpost camp, having for a guide an Indian lad the mosquiofficer
' ' ;
and
my
friend's
commenced
kindly took
ings
;
to swell rapidly.
him
to a lodge
he told
me
;
that
it
it
afforded
him
but
most assuredly
the did not improve his personal appearance; he was singular sight I ever beheld, and I cannot think
most
him except
to
Zamiel or a clown in plain clothes. Rubbing in soft fat is also a good plan to allay the
terrible ceaseless itching.
The
British
the disposed to think must be very closely allied to mosquito family The Ranger ' (Captain Flack) speaks
'
of in his
282
*
a state without a
fault,' said
a native.
'
state.
'
for
them
are e-normous,
in rather trouble-
some.
same place
much above
is
them
as an alligator.
But mosquitoes
her.
natur',
and
ar' large,
her trees
ar' large,
her rivers
and
^s
quite as formidable
The male
on
;
flowers,
sipping the
whereas
Da-
very
much
Madame
Brulot
dumpy
lady herself.
when folded, twice the length of the Her mouth is not attractive, being a
is
sucked.
is
As
the barbed
instilled into
the
SAND-FLIES.
283
puncture an icliorous
irritation.
fluid,
Where
rather
it is more than likely they a doubtful matter, although water plants, as the larva are attached to the stems of on to them, just helow the is easily discovered holding grub, It is a long, ugly-looking surface of the water. the second pair divided into twelve: rings or segments ; used for holding on to of feet, being prehensile, are
the plants.
When
it
undisturbed
;
it is
somewhat
it
active,
and
but,
touch
ever
^o
feet
slightly,
and
stiffens
itself,
hanging by the
like a bit of
full
dead rush.
The
itself
;
which
changes to a pupa
invariably spun
the long
way
it is affixed,
and the
top
left
position,
upright open, so that the pupa, being in an bag. pushes its head a little way out of the
From
horns
;
this
head four hair-like filaments project "r^e the end of these are breathing organs. About
fly,
June the pupa changes into the little from its sarcophagus and starts on its
which bursts
differing
aerial flight.
Here we
shall
find a contrivance
totally
effective in aiding
drowning. The the newly liberated captive to escape easily creeps end of the silken bag being open, the fly
dragging with it a minute out, not into the water, but lining to the pupa silken baUoon a sort of inner
case.
In this
little
balloon the
fly
ir^!^^
284
AT
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
its
slender walls,
hum
of delight, goes
away
flowers.
fairly
To
illustrate the
Our route lay along the banks of the Upper Columbia to reach the S23okan river.
Flowers in profusion
;
The
was heavy
the
air, stirred
up by the
the grass.
at once,
and covered
\t^ith
their
was of no
avail.
that
left
We
away our
assailants.
My
^
MULE KILLED BY
r
SAND-FLIES.
285
walls,
t,
goes
obliged to endure, the sufferings the poor animals were of their pests. spite of every effort to rid themselves
es
and
is
fairly
use to induce
is
it
to move.
ate the
briefly
to
?ver be
amongst the other with the tired animal, or distribute it and, with his mules. The tired mule was unpacked,
load, left
on the
trail
after,
two
Columofiision
Short, after him. packers and a spare mule were sent it was only however, as the time and distance were,
busily
?
heavy
3d
from
atisfacle,
managed to get him with immense trouble the packers the poor beast back to camp. A sight so pitiable as covered, from head presented I never beheld he was The little harpies looked to hoofs, with sand-flies.
;
had
by the
hror.gh
distended as to reveal quite pink, their skins being so gorged with. No one the colour of the fluid they were recognised the animal as a mide, so fearcould have
fully
covered
black,
was
it
We
him
h their
)squito,
f
but
to
no
purpose:
about
two
hours after
reaching the
Who
piinc-
iiid
r
our
pigmies would have could have dreamed that such or three hours killed a powerful mule in two
'
avail-
With
and by
3
true.'
drive
sved at
One mode
of protection
is
;53P
286
AT
IIO^tE IX
THE WILDERNESS.
smoke
;
fires, so as
to produce clouds of
dislilve
the animals
Vnow
it,
smoking
logs, struggle
be nearest.
This method
adopted by Indians
and
one
may
ahvays
During night
sand-flies
trouble
but
little
like
a most appropriate
name
and
for
makes
is
as if a red-hot
soil,
flesh.
Sandy
lots
Bad
as
these
flies
are, I still
The
but mos-
quitoes never
wink
their eyes,
move.
Bruce, in his
small two-winged
*
Travels
fly,
in
Abyssinia,' describes
it
infests.
He
says
'
is,
we must
and tiger
lion,
human and
brute
As soon
TUE ZIMB.
hrnlotx
'287
forsake their food and run wildly about the plain until
and
tlie
ih shall
is;
No remedy
of Albara
;
and
grazing
turning
e
;
like
are attacked
by
this
afflicted
with
world,
numerous tumours.
the
inhabitants,
from the
line for
red-hot
iiid lots
)n,
to
change their
;
nor
is
they
as
means of avoiding
this,
though
Bad
I
worse.
nios-
them of
all
their substance.'
Lit
From
in the
'
Marquess de bpineto,
'
011
the
Philosophical Magazine,'
it
that formed
ribes
bltsalya,
breeze
tricts it
'0
Israelites,"
and
sever
the
land
of
iiinst
d tiger
ls
more
d brute
us wild
i
but the
liiiid
inundated by that
e<()ih
cattle
followed
288
that no
could be seen De
soil
had ever
cattle,
(vii.
an account
'
manner of operation
The Lord
of
shall hiss for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the
rivers of Egypt
I
and they
shall
;
all
them
or, in
fly shall
mystic
title
figure of
an insect
and
it is
this fly, or
shipped in the
fly,
literally the
of Baal, or,
small
sand-fly,
Slmulla ColnmhamhenHU^
pliiys
fearful
companions in
Servia.
all
neighbourhood
of Columbaz,
flies
in
are
was
in these caverns,
St.
TIU: TSETSE.
3
'J8'J
of the
dragon,
iind
still
sissert,
;
are
hatched
lad ever
from
its
inidecomposed
is
remains
whereas the
simply retire
he black
that the
rain.
flies
Astara.
wind or
account
he Lord
ft
fly
called the
than a house-fly,
of the
brown,
est all of
>rds,
puncture of which
and dog,
the
In one journey,' he
;reat,
3
by
whi(ni
lost forty-
hierooses the
We
and
and the
ble that
le
upon them.'
arising from
Man
its sting,
proto-
a like immunity.
gad-fly
)n,
wor-
does;
but,
once stung,
it
swells
under the
lame of
Jaal,
or,
It is also
plays
ir-footed
ibaz,
flies
m
are
invariably die.
There
lives
Innibaz,
3utlis of
by
hreezc-Jii/
mean
flies
Tahanas
(order,
caverns,
lied the
frequently confounded.
The
latter
^'~;sam'
290
cormnonly
jilike
which
is
deposits
its
eg'gs
sometimes on the
;
hair,
the skin
or liavino'
(^x^ierience,
been the
all,
victims
of a past
and painful
at the
make the
which they
Viu.
1,
Fio.
L>.
On
the contrary,
in the breeze-fly
we have
to do
with a veritable
hJood-.vicl'er,
by
man
America.
and are
literallv
Ascend
to the reoions of
huno-ry breeze-flies
awaiting*
your arrival
tlie
damp
slia<lows of the
prairie, there
pine-trees, or
of
its
'
clarion shrill
'
and
hum
BREI]ZE FLIES.
291
)le
pest,
wings, ere one feels a sharp prick, as though a red-hot blade had been thrust into the
in
flesh.
(osits its
lerneatli instinct,
quick succession,
painful
form of wire-gauze.
trumpet,
ter, into
if
g-ive
im-
snorting-,
indeed I
may
say generally,
summarily discharging
human
Whether
in
water,
fly
made for the where both man and beast well know the
folloAvs.
nearest
breeze-
seldom or never
of
I have frequently
had a
ti-ain
pack-mules
completely scattered
by these
formidable pests.
ve to do
an would
:'cies,
The
largest
and
fiercest
is
the
black
breeze-fly
[Tahanm
all
atratus).
Its
body
is
either
it is
3rtli-west
when
and
strong.
awaiting'
exquisitely
beautiful, in colour
of
highly-
shores of
vvs
of the
The next
irie,
in size
is
{TdlxinvH
there
cindu,^),
sable relative.
stripes
the soiind
It is clad in bright
orange
livery,
banded with
vibrating
u 2
iJ9-2
AT
black
;
HOME
IN
THE WILDERNESS.
being*
iiliiiost
of the family.
The
eyes
The
third or smallest
;
is
hanus Uneafus)
In
as in the
two preceding.
The lady
to be
breeze-fly, I
am
grieved to say,
is I'ar
more
lord.
whatever
may be
How
sharp as a surgeon's?
like instruments
questionable
would be
minute
more
anatomy of these
insects.
opportunity to investigate
To the
2r,3
being-
anatomist
n.t
home, in cosy
closet,
he eyes
ht sun-
which
varied duties
are
merous
carried on.
The
ly
{Ta-
dug up in larva lives in the earth, a gvuh easily of an elongated sub-cylindrical lands
;
picuous
id.
,s
In
its colour a form, tapering off towards each extremity ; divided yellow destitute of feet having a body
dingy
beaii-
hooks an admirable
more
never,
enabling
it
to
drag
itself
The
also
head
is
g'ht,
or
The pupa
such a
id
ir,
De Geer
tells
us the pupa of
lady,
when
and as
.'
naked, incomplete, elongated, subthe body, the cylindrical, with six spines at the end of the margins of the abdominal segments ciliated, and
forehead bi-tubercled.'
the eggs of the Tahanun are deposited
it is
blade
:ionable
Where
is
or
when
that of
of the
le skin,
fastened by a the stems of plants, to which they are on glutinous secretion the grub when hatched, ftilling
;
leath of
^ould be
1
itself.
Neither
is it
known
it
minute
has an
all
day, col-
.tell
the
lecting beetles
dense, shady
To the
Mooyee,
204
AT
IIO.AIK
L\
THE WILDERNESS.
that flows
tains
:
down
Rocky Moun-
my
my
j)erson,
was appropriated to
my
hunt.
My
flies
during
my
him
to return,
forest, I
came on a
My
beast
leap
commenced
that
of
it
jump and
was possible
them
forward, backward,
in
a word, performed
a practised
horseman, I found
seat.
it
a most
difficult
matter to keep
my
As a
finale, off
all
he went
like a
mad
him
;
creature,
my
efforts to stop
then, as
flies,
swarm of enraged
bees,
he
into
the air
all
my
and ere I
KICKED OFF.
Loun-
'295
could
regam my
feet I
had the
satisfuction of seeing
it
him
every
Itecl
to
hunt.
Itliered
me
to
my
own
devices.
show
)reeze-
hntinff
how terribly these pests can madden an animal. From an intimacy by no means sought, or on my part
cultivated,
on a
I clear
breeze-flies, I
am
dis-
called Zimh^
and described by
beast
leaj)
many have
supposed.
leveral
and elephant
its
'
When
the
would
ir
legs
which
and
leaped
formed
ictised
sep
to
abandon on the
prairie (a disabled
my
any
further) was,
when we
truly
mature,
len, as
of the
es,
he
having precluded
flies,
stween
i
was at once
shot.
ones
such
m
ill
I
out
many months.
my
where
the
ere I
and
If a
man were
29G
1
tied, or
off,
chance of beating*
my
firm con-
wonld rapidly
(fig*.
kill
him.
a good idea of the
The
illnstration
1)^ will
g*ive
Belted Breeze-fly
feel
and
its
armature of
six
lancets,
terminated by two
large
fleshy lip-like
by the maxillary
on
inexperienced in hunter's
craft,
ap2)oars
to be small
leafless tree;
and
but
the Indian or
'
trapper
herd of Wapiti
Wild
means of
protecting* themselves
A. perfect forest of
horns
may
the bullocks, save their noses, kept above water for the
Page 290.
r
THE
jiiirpose
(PJSTRID.E.
207
of breathing.
])reeze-flies,
Sflc/s'
tornnt flows.
And
gluoni
The
The some
l>iincture
thing- goes
on now as of old
breeze-flie.-^
in.
the
a'Oi)><
may be,
in
ages and
flew
universal her<l
terror
'
on
hearing the
shrill blast of
flies
Two more
dreaded by horned
and deer
if
its
up to
their necks.
The
this
in
aim
is
in
it
small hole
is
always
left for
the
worm
to breathe,
and
as
a.
means of
298
AT
HOME
to
IX
THE WILDERNESS.
;
escape,
when about
the
forces its
way
itself,
by-and-bye to
continually
its
victims.
I have
cattle, their
backs covered
call the
worm
'
holes,' as
hunters
trumpet-fly.'
Of course
the skin
valueless
when
so punctured.
The second
the animal
m
its
its
stomach.
Once
in the
white grub
is
and
them
to
arid finally
have thought
I
it
best to mention
th^se
flies,
as the
in the
wanderer
will the
more
readily recognise
them
Avilderness.
2<)9
way
and
(E. cqiii)
com-
mon
to England.
to the punctures of blood-sucking- insects, stings
;
|bje to
Next
!culiar
there
are
tlieir
to this spiteful
of,
community, the
when
One a hornet,
jcourse
called
by the packers a
Jack-Spaniard,'
quartern
)es
loaf,
and suspends
it
not
itself
down
in,
they usually
iniinal
into
hang about
six feet
trails
of
in the
them
lowish
ngs or
and
in revenge
armed
of the
til
helter-skelter
when
the hornets sting them, and as the packers pass the angry
insects in pursuit of the scattered train, they in their
the
from
led
3
by
jack-spaniards' nests
are plentiful,
for
one to ride
mo-,
ahead of the
train,
and
inally
the smoke
bury
3t.
upon
SI
or fat
the the
procured.
08(ily
is
!^
.'U)0
nost,
sides
If
pack train
travelling
up a
slope,
the mules by
mule
1.
On
the other
hand,
'
if
one
'
is
stone wasps
on
examination to be enraged
little
Bacon, or other
fat,
r-'
limes dan\Ji>?.
.'
There
thr poison
resorted
I.
is
made by
the
serpent's
empoisoned
and convey
it
Whisky
h\
Mid by hunters
U;
and tmppers to be a
snake.
raitlo-
The stronger
and
the better
is it
it
suited to
2>i'oduces
it
must be drank
until
a
stupor.
myself kiiew a
man
drink
UATTI.E SXAKHS.
;}0l
stones
rly
fie.
it
produced any
visible effect,
on
If
by a rattle-snake, and he
tried a
perfectly recovered. I
lies
by
ealed
am
unable to say.
It
is
one to
|3y very
listake to
imagine
jump
at or
attack a
man
other
these
or a female wdth
young
will
her,
but according to
my
expei'ience, the
is
on find
3econie
reptile
to inak'
escape
I
if possible,
when
surprised by num.
iscover
bingin^>ed into
lino-.
.'s
into jumj)ing
they have no
coils,
diin-
fold themselves
when basking
rattle-
There
poison
ision of
the sun.
West
of the
Rocky Mountains
I
have sometimes
esorted
rpent's
s
ino- tlie
10
The
here,
rattle, too
is
well
known
to require
any description
virus
in cases of
labour
;
'
it
effect
innters
raltlolitod to
odiicos
II
The
<r
hiilf
.')02
AT
HOME
TX
Tin-:
WILDERXES.S.
it
with
i\
door or
lid,
den
make
this
a hinge of silken
its
door, as
When
w^ith its
Woe
seized
by the
fast,
spider,
all
it is
dragged into
ii
ihe hole
and
chance of escape
utterly cut
and noses
clo'^^e
to,
or
upon
which
its
poison fangs.
nostrils
first
of the
.re
and
li})s,
discli
over the face and head, and soon involves the throiit
know
l)ite
it
is
grass
own
contriving.
West/t'rn prairies,
is
in the fall of
the year, by a
DMER
with a
traptiesivo
TICKS.
30.'}
troublesome
Uttle
pest,
called
rJeer-tick.
have
if
by chance you
sit
down
to rest, or walk
to the
this
anion g'st the fallen leaves in the autumn, you will most
silken
oor, as
itch
scratching- only
One
rushes
awaits
iihicky
This
all its
,\s
near
skin.
fed into
pinch
!i
the
out. did,
An
that
experienced wand<'rer
the
escape
would know,
he
would be
ut their
'
left
What would
he do ?
'
Why,
tnke
it,
a leaf or two
it
I,
which
its
and lay
care-
with
of the
sch
if
avLIc?:
would
its
be, that
:re
had wriggled
chnir
from
hold,
and
extends
sick
and
stupid.
By
throat
I
ill ell'ects
follow the
know
made
in the skin.
(liscr)vered bl<"od
proves
and frothy
hen the
er roast
li])s,
that something
hv
\a,--'-
;304
AT
llOi^lE
IN TIIH WILDERNESS.
sticking-
The blood-suckers
iinimal
fasten
on
if
t<:>
the
mouth of the
and
whilst drinking,
and
not discovered
results.
and animals
have
a
if it is
to do
them
service.
The
best thing
;
is
it
tlie
hold and
fall
II
305
[i
of the
red
and
s results.
3clies off
!
CHAPTER
li
XIX.
carryA Fall-trap How
End.
to
to
have
Hints on
thein
jlaced
Le
1
Taxidermy What
Pack
tools to
the-proceeds of the
HuntThe
on
mouth,
Many
wanderers
may
perchance
have
a ta^ie for
and
tall
who have
it;
you
cannot imagine
profitably wiled
pleasantly and
and
i)lants too, if
a most simple process, and to dry, pack, and either bring or send home insects, reptiles, and the various tenants
of the salt and fresh waters, needs only a
skill,
little
care
and
when
it is
I shall
first
when
fitting out,
directions,
which
I think
will enable
any person to
skilled,
become
an amatein* taxidermist,
sufficiently
may bo
England or elsewhere.
For
tools,
i"T
.306
two
must
be
made
the contents in
to
case,
so as to form loops
of different widths
from
Your
and
made
of
immense use
You
any
other instruments.
Add
skinning gear
tin,
fit
is
completed.
to
Go next
to a
worker in
make a
the larger
fill
two smaller
fill,
bichloride of mercurj^,
limate.
the division
307
From
must be
.
tier
fitted to
it,
the
bung to
3ontents in
m
)e
end to
catch hold
of.
sewn
;
at
much camphor,
;
widths
!rn to
and
arsenic, as
a pound
copy
and a few
up.
Your
up
maker, and
I
3,
:'S
screw stoppers.
work
penknife,
on a large
scale,
you
will find
a pair of
of strong*
mouthed stoppered
divisions,
bottles
II
be found
but of course
require
I
any
couple of
and cork
for
pinning
If
in
and your
worker in
compound
to be found
more unchemical
which must
ox must be
^e
and two
the
is
[irsenic,
other with
rrosive sube
carried in
ck of cotton
}
We
it
forgotten.
308
wool
in the bird's
down
the throat.
spoiled
by neglect of
I never, if I can
it is cold.
help
it,
To
skin a bird,
way
rump and
it
legs
and wings must next be cleaned, dusted over with arsenic, bound round with cotton wool, and drawn
back into the
skin, the
^\it
off
the
rump and
arsenic
proper form.
placiiig
fill
The eye
a needle through
and jerking
it
out, then I
the orbit with wool dusted with arsenic, and adjust the
lid.
My own
at all times a
it will
help
309
]>iece of
sli it
down
I can
The eyes finished, you more than a month's reading. with wool, but on no account fdl the skin moderately Place it head downwards in a paper cone
stretch
it.
constantly
)Y,
and
if
cold.
)
To
inscribed with
a bit of parchment to one of the legs your the sex, and a reference number to
the body,
the skin
and divide
efnlly over
Animals are skinned much the same remove the way as birds, only in the latter be sure to bone of the tail, and replace it with a stick.
and thigh Carefully remove all the flesh from the leg
bones, scrape every particle of fat clean
skin,
id the ends
)ack to the
body, and
head so as
;he
fill the and use every care not to stretch or over animals dry moss skin with cotton wool for very large wool or hemp. The or grass answers quite as well as
;
base of
nose, feet,
of the legs
over with
of mercury. I with a strong solution of bichloride animals before always cr.refully measure both birds and
I
md
'om
.
drawn
off
commence
to skin them,
the
and where
killed, in
my
powdered
note-book.
In
! ;
preservation of small
mammals,
oper form,
wine
it is all
essential to
by
make an
placi]ig'
then I
inject
fill
adjust the
chloride of
solution of biwith the glass syriuge a saturated mercury. Often if this precaution is neglected
ing to skin
all
Y,
times a
although
before
Liffer
it
should be very preserved in spirits, and their coloration if any noted before immersion, because few
carefally
will help
310
same
brilliancy
of marking after
death or soaking in
sj)irits
Lizards,
if spirits
readily skinned
and dried
just in the
same manner
as
squirrel.
fish
req
and
this
makes the
you do
feel disposed to
it is
just as well to
know how
to
can be successfully
managed.
The
fish
A tin
many
to hold as
you
may
desire to pack.
Take the
hemp
note-book
no
possibility of
their
moving or
shifting about.
cover.
Now
fill
PRACTICAL HINTS.
ing after
list alive,
311
disappear
;e,
can be
lanner as
il
history
are dried
Tg-e fish
sure there are no leaks, and a day or two, to malce a strong- wooden case, firmly then get it fitted into so prepared I have brought screwed together. Fish England, without their sustahiing throuo-h the tropics to plan If you wish to dry them, the the slio-htest damage. remove a slice from one to answer best is to I have then to scrape away all the flesh side of the fish, and and to dust the skin well over from the remaining skin, out the fins on pieces of cork with dry arsenic and pin
for
Wl
iiakes the
iibersome.
servatioii,
water,
first
to
Lccessfully
1
be well
of stronginject tlie
11.
A tin
many
as
out of the
md
)und with
in a small
tamped or
3
changed lastly, place the need to be frequently and dry it slowly. in a proper position
;
shell
in your
ti
another
und with
of their
i^tli
star-fishes into boiling a very good plan to dip it before soaking them in cold water for a few seconds their tendency to break and prevents in a great measure collecting and preserving uni-
I find
it
In
spirit
)on a table
most careful not to lose or destroy valve shells always be importance in definin^ S operculum, it is of the utmost
the
312
si^ecies.
The operculum
is
tlie
shell
when
oif,
quarters
black patch
The
best plan
to
fill
the
tlien to
gum
In bivalves
care
hinge.
Never place
shells in boiling
fish,
water:
it
always
injures them.
The
if
water, and then the valves are always wide enongh apart
to admit of the fish being easily extracted.
spirit
With
When
dry I give
it
a second coat
is
over this
when the
lead has
become hard
For stoppers
same
a firmer con-
damp
proof
and
do not
TO MAKE A
ich shuts
tiies into
1
'
FALL- TRAP.'
313
recommended
to economise spirit.
either.
My
adv^'^.e is,
d in the
out
the
stingio fill
may be useful, when collecting specimens of natural history, to know the way to construct a fall-trap. This
It
form of trap
is
for
the
nate,
and
bivalves
ijure
^t
>
bearing animals.
As
the
a similar
always
cold
in
Two
emfirst
igh apart
the
this
pile
thing in
event the
e
fall-trap
Avliich
are in
likelihood
concealed in the
ground
The
fall-trap is
best 2)Ian
into
:'
we
shall see
by-
fliQ
build a half-circle,
makin^^'
)ver this
coverinof
le
to the
it
hard I
lay
across
stoj^i^ers
the fui-thest
we have constructed, and the entrance. The heavy end fcihould be away, the lighter end we i^oise carefully
sticks.
e lead a
As a
familiar
ner con-
d to be
[)
This con-
proof
fall
'
are together
do not
ecinien^
supported on a smooth
the stttnes composing
stick,
which
is
built in
amongst
the halt-circle.
This support
314
stick
must project
liorizontally
from
tlie
centre of the
it
The length of
side walls
its
be just six inches within the entrance walls, against the ends of which the tree or
'
fall
'
traverses.
A tempting
marten
is
most fastidious in
its
tastes
if
the meat
it
at all
is
useless as a
is
made from
:
this
stick,
and pushed on
Xow
tree or
we make
fall.'
The
figure of
'
is
easily
it,
made
the vertical
and a second at
is
The horizontal
;
on
fall.
We have
set
for
some
trace of our
we
must
leave
it.
Wo
shall see
how
it
acts
when weau-aiu
ACTS.
315
of
tlio
The
fall
'
is
it,
crushed and
et
from
lifeless, is
stietched
fine
male marten.
it
If
you observe
must be
in
will explain to
some
ebony
emulated
ouglit to
linst
'fall.'
The
tree
the
and
and here
let
me
the
emitting
J
explain
how
about,
marten
at all
suddenly
sniffs
from
is
horizontal stick
satisfied ita
approachiiig the
traj),
havin<i'
is
less as
ide
')
:
from
this
and stones,
footprints,
ished
1.
on
an enemy, ventures
?^ow
liori-
to creep
the
'fall,'
he
tree or
vertical
all
the >frength
this is
it
ot to
be accom2)lished,
ntre for
next
what
it
backin'-- out
cond at
^\diich is
morsel after
will do.
The
<li(
made
as
smooth
as
an
rizontal
liie
;
and loop
trjip
'
;
asily traverses it
on
eutiance of the
is
nd now,
or
withoiit the
stick
fall,'
some
tical
which
rests
of orir
inie
'e
upon the
we
Finding
aj'ain
makes him
irritable,
and
31G
sudden jerk.
fall
'
tumbles in pieces to
down suddenly
You
'
fall
upon the
from which
is
the bait
suspended, that
when
made,
When
wide-mouthed
which
I place a small
'omnium gatherum,'
them
until
I do not turn
them out
Then
drop
or examine
I
my
re-
hunt very
carefully,
all
kill
temporary stupor
in pillboxes,
th(>
pack
my
note-book.
sizes, just in
fhe same
manner
in
Packed
maaner the
aniiiinie
and
from break-
GOOD-BYE.
len jerk.
317
age
when
I have filled a
number
of cases I fasten
up
[pieces to
them
vertically in a box.
Secured
Hiddenly
[ve,
fling a
tliat
top of the
pattern
To unpack
them upon
[m
is
I
wliicli
made,
outside
crusliiiio-
to secure
it
for transport
for
many
a vear
if
properly
damped
inoutlied
all insects
a small
t
I catch
tlierum/
tl
movement
is
if
my
re-
impossible,
ds of the
no fear of breakage.
I brought
my
extensive
sohition
collection
3
cliloro-
extra
n'odiices
's
pack
bibidous
1
And now,
tical hints I
e.
If the prac-
ilat in
shall prove in
days
labelled
II
to
come useful
who
diij's
paper
iiiiiiiuer
eked in
bj\ 'ilk-
;"
INDEX.
ANI
CAN
94 Bit and Bites from poisonous Blankets, the, 77 Blazing a trail, 180 Blind on mule, 79
bridle,
reptiles,
ANIMALS,
the
tethering, 95
secret of wintering, 19
300
69
or
Arrangements for packii Ascending the pass, 182 Axe, the American, 123 Axctnan'i tent, 114
g,
159
Bone-rings and toggles,' 232 Boots and mocassins, 142 ]5rand a mule, to, 50 Branding, its importance, 48
'
Breeze-fly, the,
289
BAGGAGE,
]{ag,
rafting, 135
Bridge-cradle, 177
idge-tree, 176 Bridging streams, 175 Bridle and bit, 94 Ih'igade,' preparing for, ol Buck-jumping, 213
'
U4
Bake
a loaf, to, 138 Bargaining with red men, 185 Bark, canoe, 192 Barrel-chair, 121 Barrels, packing, 163 Basket, iishing for salmon, 261 Baskets, mule, 135 Beiiver skin, the unit of computation,
to
run
a,
89
Bull-boat, to make, 1 90 Bull driver, the, 98 Bush and prairie fires, 197
and camp,
'Bed
cloths, the
way
to fold, 11 'J
CABRESTO,
_-, to
the,
a,
118
make
95 209
Camp-bedding, "18
bedstead,
116
Camp-fire, to make a, 196 Camp-kettle, wrought iron, 136 Canadian blanket-coats, 141 Canoe, bark, 192 cedar, 1 9 Canteens to bo avoided, 133
320
INDEX.
CAR
IND
Carnis extractum, Liebig, 252 Cataract, liability of mules to, 12 Catching salmon, 258 Cattle, wild, risk in roping,' 214 Cedar, canoe, 191
'
FALL
trap, to
make
a,
313
Feeding dogs, 235 Fire, how to kindle, 270 camp, to make a, 196
Chair, barrel, 121 Choice of fire-arms, 149 of fishing gear, 145 Coats, Canadian blanket, 141 Colville Fort, 57 Commission, winter quartei's of, 269 Conveyance of mails over the ice, 238 Cooking utensils, 131 Cording' a swamp, 179 Corner, an ugly, 181 Corona, the, 77 Counter-branding, value of, 51
of,
149 197
to clean, 155
prairie,
bush and
'
Flour better than biscuit, 137 Fort Colville, 57 Freight, Jew's, 66 Frost-bite, remedy for, 243
Frost, liow to against, 143
protect
of,
the
feet
Counting
miiles,
172
Fryingpan, value
131
Cured
white-fish,
256
I
I
of halting,
18
aparejo, 70 Gable-ended tent, 109 Geldings preferable to mares, 7 Girth, the, or Synch,' 82 Green hands,' instructions for, 123 Grimsk'y's pack-saddle, 67 Gum-stick, 202
' '
GABLE- ENDED
i
I
mocassins, 235 packing, 229 234 harness, 232 work 240 228
tethering,
to to
in pairs,
Deer-tick, the, 303 Diamond-tree pass, 1 74 Disadvantages of leather, 141 Dogs, feeding, 235
Gun-case, the right sort of, 157 Gun, the way to sling, 87
HALF-SHELTER
tent,
108
travelling with,
Harness, seven dogs to, 232 Hat, the best kind of, 144 Home in the Wilderness, 1 Hoofs, good and bad, 1 Hornets and wasps, 299 Horse's tail, its value where Hi is are
plenty, 21
EDIBLE berries,
roots, 249 Envelopes, bed, avoid, 120 Equipment for one, 135 my own, 153 Equisetum, danger of eating, 18 Evidences of suffering, 72 Extractum, Liebig Carnis, 252 Eyes, to examine! the, 12
249
House, log, to build, 263 Hudson's Bay Company's system of packing, 63 Hunter's l)cdding, a, 115 Hunting-bee, 245
TNDIAN
J-
pad, 89
fishing,
259
51
irojo,
70
109
322
IXDEX.
RAF
TSE
'
RAFTING
a stream, 189 baggage, 195 Kattlo-snako, the, 301 Red-men, bargaining with, 185
Stick-gum,' 202
Kemedy
203
the,
165
saddle, Californian, 81
Rigging, the, 7-1: Rivers, to cross, 184
201 80
Sweat
cloth,' the,
77
Swimming a
mules,
'
horse, 193
187
Synch,' the, 76
Rodeo, at a, 215 'Roping a load,' 167 'Roping,' wild cattle, risk Roots, edible, 249 Round-topped aparejo, 68
214
TAPUJO'orblind,. 78
Taxidermy, hints on, 305
Rum
'
versus tea and coflFee, 133 Run,' buflfalo to, 89 the salmon, 60 Runners, sleigh with, 231
'
possible,' 87 Saddle-knob, iises of the, 87 Saddle, Maclellan, 86 Saddles-riding, 80 Saddling and packing a mule, 160 Salmon-fishing, Indian stages for,
qACK,
half-shelter, 108 bag, 112 gable-ended, 109 105 poles and pegs. 111 the more desirable form Tethering animals, 95 dogs, 234
Sibley's,
' '
'
of,
104
259
for,
261
run,' the,
Shingles, splitting, 265 Shoeing, advantages of, 1 Sibley tent, 105 Simulia Colurabaschensis, the, 288 Sleigh with runners, 231
Sling rope,' the, 75 Sloper's and Paris' system, 255 Snow-blindness, 236 shoes, to tramp on, 241 Solid-block stirrup, 85 Spider trap-door, 301
'
Thin, why mules work, 15 Tobacco, substitute for, 250 Tobogan,' the, 231 Toggles and bone-rings,' 232 Tools, requisite, 121 Trading, system of, 55 Trail, blazing a, 180 making a, 175 Trails, narrow, 173 Train-pack, working a, 169 the unsaddling, '204 Tramp on snow-shoes, to, 241 Trap-door spider, 301
'
'
313 230 Travelling with dogs, 228 Tree-bridge, 176 how to fell a, 124
fall,
to
make
a,
Travaille,' the,
'logging
up,' 127
packing
I'or a,
168
mam
INDEX.
UGL
ZIM
323
UGLY
Why
tlie
i
mules 'work
thin,'
15
mustangs, 205
269
in,
147
ANCOUVER ISLAND,
at,
landing
113
I
of,
22
YEAST
yiMB,
powder,
Preston
and
M.rrill's, 137
the,
286
form
of,
104
I.O.SDON'
r u
K u
11
I'
r r
>\
i>
u k
an
ij
c o.