UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DATA BOOK
Contents
Physical Constants
Physical Properties of Air and Water
Dimensionless Groups
Periodic Table
Series and Expansions
Complex Numbers
Trigonometric Formulae
Hyperbolic Functions
Full Range Fourier Series
Half Range Fourier Series
Limits
Differentiation
Stationary Points
Integration
Numerical Differentiation and Integration
Vectors and Matrices
Vector Calculus
Partial Differential Equations
Laplace Transforms
Bessel Functions
Error Function
Miscellaneous Formulae
Underwoods Equations
Kremser-Souders-Brown Equation
Sherman-Morrison Update (Householders Formula
Broydens Method
Statistics
Fluid Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Control
Transport Properties of Water, Steam and Air
Thermodynamic Data for Water, Steam and Air
Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants

Page
1
1
2
3
4
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
12
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
21
24
25
26
28
38

Physical Constants
Avogadros constant
Boltzmanns constant
Charge on electron
Mass of electron
Faradays constant
Gravitational acceleration
Plancks constant
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Universal gas constant
Velocity of light in vacuo
Volume of an ideal gas at STP
Standard pressure
Standard temperature
Wiens displacement constant

6.022 1026
1.381 1023
1.602 1019
9.110 1031
9.648 107
9.81
6.626 1034
5.670 108
8314.5
2.998 108
22.41
1.0132 105
273.15
2.898 103

N
k
e
me
F
g
h

R
c
Vo
P
T
b

kmol1
J/K
C
kg
C / kmol
m / s2
Js
W / m2 K4
J / kmol K
m/s
m3 / kmol
N / m2
K
mK

Physical Properties of Air & Water (more data on p.26 et seq.)

Air
Mean Molar Mass
Specific gas constant
Specific heat capacities at 298 K
Composition
O2
N2
Ar

29.0 kg / kmol
R = 287 J / kg K
CP = 1005 J / kg K; CV = 718 J / kg K; = 1.40

Mole %
21.0
78.1
0.9

Weight %
23.1
75.6
1.3

Viscosities and Thermal Conductivity at an absolute pressure of 1 bar

T

0
1.71
1.32
0.024

20
1.81
1.50
0.025

40
1.90
1.69
0.027

60
2.00
1.88
0.028

80
2.09
2.09
0.029

100
2.18
2.30
0.031

105

105

C
N s / m2
m2 / s
W/mK

Water
Specific heat capacity at 298 K = 4187 J / kg K
Surface tension with air at 298 K = 0.073 N / m
Viscosities, Thermal Conductivity and Vapour Pressure
T

k
p*

0
1.79
1.79
0.57
0.61

20
1.01
1.01
0.60
2.34

40
0.656
0.661
0.63
7.38

60
0.469
0.477
0.65
19.9

80
0.357
0.367
0.67
47.4

100
0.284
0.296
0.68
101.3

C
103 N s / m2
106 m2 / s
W/mK
kN / m2
1

Dimensionless Groups
Drag Coefficient

FD
Au 2 / 2

CD =

Nu =

Nusselt
Pe =

Peclet (Heat)
Etvs

Flow Coefficient
Fourier

Friction Factor

gd 2

E =

CQ =

Q
ND3

Fo =

kt
C P d 2

Cf =

Pe =

ud
= ReSc
D

Power Coefficient

Np =

P
N 3D5

Prandtl

Pr =

u 2 2
u

Fr =

gh

Gr =

Grashof

Gr =

Head Coefficient

CH =

gH
N 2D2

j-factor (Heat)

jH = St Pr 2/3

j-factor (Mass)

jD = St Sc 2 /3

Lewis

Le =

Morton

M =

M=

Sc
k
=
Pr C PD
u
a

4g
3

Reynolds

Re =

ud

Richardson

Ri =

gh
u2

Schmidt

Sc =

Sherwood

Sh =

Specific Speed

Ns =

NQ1/2
( gH )3/ 4

Stanton

St =

Nu
h
=
Re Pr uC P

Modified Stanton

St =

kg
Sh
=
ReSc u

Weber

u 2 d
We =

d 3 g

C P

d 3 g C P
Ra = Gr Pr =
k

d 3 2 g

Grashof

Mach

C P ud
= Re Pr
k

Peclet (Mass)

Rayleigh
Froude

hd
k

kg d

Periodic Table
1
IA

2
IIA

3
IIIA

5
VA

6
VIA

7
VIIA

9
VIII

10

11
IB

12
IIB

13
IIIB

14
IVB

15
VB

16
VIB

17
VIIB

1.008

18
O
2

H
Atomic Number

Hydrogen

6.94 4

Li

Be
Beryllium

22.99 12

Sodium

Magnesium

5
55

85.47

Symbol

40.08

21

87.62

44.96 22

47.90

Sc

Ti

Scandium

Titanium

39

88.91 40

91.22

23

50.94

24

Cr

Vanadium
41

52.00 25

Chromium

92.91 42

95.94

54.94

26

55.85 27

Mn

Fe

Manganese
43

Iron

44

(98) 101.07

45

58.93 28

58.71

Co

Ni

Cobalt

Nickel

102.91 46

29

106.4 47

63.54 30

65.38

Cu

Zn

Copper

Zinc

107.87 112.4

12.01 7

19.00 10

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

26.98 14

28.09 15

Si

Aluminium

Silicon

31

49

16.00 9

B
Al

48

14.01 8

Boron
13

Calcium
38

Cr

10.81 6

Chromium

Ca

Potassium
37

Helium
5

24.31

Mg

39.10 20

Atomic Mass

24
52.00

Element

Na
19

9.01

Lithium
11

4.003

He

69.72 32

30.97 16

32.06 17

P
Phosphorus

72.59 33

Ga

Ge

Gallium

Germanium

114.82 118.69

Sulphur

74.92 34

78.96

As
Arsenic

50

51

121.75

Ne
35.45

20.18

Neon
18

39.95

Cl

Ar

Chlorine

Argon

35

79.91 36

83.80

Se

Br

Kr

Selenium

Bromine

Krypton

52

127.6 53

126.90 54

131.30

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

Rubidium

Strontium

Yttrium

Zirconium

Niobium

Molybdenum

Techtinium

Ruthenium

Rhodium

Palladium

Silver

Cadmium

Indium

Tin

Antimony

Tellurium

Iodine

Xenon

132.91 56

137.34

57-71

72

178.49

73

180.95

74

183.85 75

186.2 190.2

76
77

192.2 78

195.1 79

196.97 80

200.59 81

204.37 82

207.19 83

209.0 84

(210) 85

(210) 86

(222)

Cs

Ba

Lanthanide

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Caesium

Barium

Series

Hafnium

Tantalum

Tungsten

Rhenium

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum

Gold

Mercury

Thallium

Lead

Bismuth

Polonium

Astatine

Radon

87

4
IVA

(223) 88

(226)

89-103

Fr

Ra

Actinide

Francium

Radium

Series

57

58

140.12

59

140.91

60

144.24

61

146.92

62

150.53

63

151.96

64

157.25

65

158.92

66

162.50

67

164.93

68

167.26

69

168.93

70

170.34

71

174.97

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

Lanthanum

Cerium

Praseodymium

Neodymium

Promethium

Samarium

Europium

Gadolinium

Terbium

Dysprosium

Holmium

Erbium

Thulium

Ytterbium

Lutetium

232.04

91

Lanthanides
89

Actinides

138.91

227.03

90

(231)

92

238.03

93

(237)

94

(239)

95

(241)

96

(247)

97

(249)

98

(251)

99

(254)

100

(257)

101

(258)

102

(255)

103

(257)

Ac

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lw

Actinium

Thorium

Protactinium

Uranium

Neptunium

Plutonium

Americium

Curium

Berkelium

Californium

Einsteinium

Fermium

Mendelevium

Nobelium

Lawrencium

Series and Expansions

Arithmetic progression

S n = a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ...(a + (n 1)d ) =

Geometric progression S n = a + ar + ar 2 + ... + ar n 1 =

summed to infinity:
Binomial expansion

S =

a
1r

a 1 r n

1 r

r <1

for

(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +

n
(2a + n 1)d )
2

n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3

x +
x +
2!
3!

If n is a positive integer the series terminates and is valid for all x. The general term in the series
p

is written as n Cp x where n C p =

n!
is the number of combinations of p objects that can
p!(n p)!

be formed from a sample of n objects. When n is not a positive integer, the series is valid for
x < 1 and does not terminate.

Taylor Series
h2
hn (n)
f (x) +...+
f (x)+
2!
n!
h2
h n (n)
h n +1
f ( x)+ +
f ( x)+
f ( n+1) ( x + h)
Finite form f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x) +
n!
2!
(n + 1)!

Infinite form

f (x + h) = f (x) + hf (x) +

where is in the range (0,1)

MacLaurin Series
f (x) = f (0) + x f (0) +

x2
f (0) +
2!

x n (n)
f (0) +
n!

The series does not necessarily converge, but usually does for a specific range of x.

Taylor Series With More Than One Variable (Infinite Form)

2
f
f
1 2 2 f
2 f
2 f
+
h
+ 2hk
+k
f ( x + h, y + k ) = f ( x, y ) + h + k
x
y
2!
x 2
xy
y 2

in which subsequent square brackets involve the binomial coefficients (1,3,3,1), (1,4,6,4,1) etc.
and all derivatives are evaluated at (x, y).

Power Series for Real Variables

x2 x3
xn
e =1 + x +
+
+... + + ...
2! 3!
n!

valid x

n
x2 x3
n +1 x
ln(1 + x ) = x
+
... + ( 1)
+...
2
3
n

valid for 1 < x

e ix + e ix
x2 x4 x6
=1
+

+...
cos x =
2
2! 4! 6!

valid x

e ix e ix
x3 x5
sin x =
= x
+ ...
2i
3! 5!

valid x

1
2
17 7
tan x = x + x 3 + x 5 +
x + ...
3
15
315

valid for x <

tan 1 x = x

x3 x5
+
...
3
5

valid for x 1

sin 1 x = x +

1 x3 1 3 x5
+
+
2 3 2 4 5

valid for x 1

Integer Series
N

n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + N =

n =1
N

1
N ( N + 1)
2

n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + N =

n =1
N

1
N( N + 1)(2 N + 1)
6
2

n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + N = [1 + 2 + 3+ ... + N ] =

n =1

1 2
2
N ( N + 1)
4

( 1)n +1
1 1 1
= 1 + + ... = ln 2
n
2 3 4
n =1

see expansion of ln(1 + x)

( 1)n +1
1 1 1

= 1 + + ... =
3 5 7
4
n = 1 2n 1

see expansion of tan

1
1 1 1
2
+ + + ... =
2 = 1+
4 9 16
6
n =1 n
N

n(n + 1)( n + 2) = 1 2 3 + 2 3 4+ ... + N( N + 1)( N + 2) =

n =1

N ( N + 1)( N + 2)( N + 3)
4

which is a member of the more general result

N
N ( N + 1)( N + 2)...( N + r )( N + r + 1)
n(n + 1)(n + 2)...(n + r ) =
( r + 2)
n =1
5

Complex Numbers
Z = x + iy = r cos + i r sin = r exp{i( + 2n)}

i 2 = 1;

x = (Z) = Real part;

y = ( ) = Imaginary part

Argand Diagram
(Z)
Imaginary Axis

Z = x + iy

= x2 + y2

r =Z

y
x

= arg(Z ) = tan 1

y
x

(Z)

Real Axis

Complex Conjugate
Z = x iy = re i

ZZ = Z 2 (real)

De Moivres Theorem
(cos + isin )n = exp(ni ) = cos(n ) + isin (n )

Power Series for Complex Variables

Z2
Zn
e = 1+ Z +
++
+
2!
n!
Z

This is the definition of eZ for all finite Z. It has the derivative eZ and the property
e

Z1 + Z2

= e 1e

Z2

n
Z2 Z 3
n +1 Z
+
...+(1)
+...
2
3
n
e iZ + e iZ
Z2 Z4
cos Z =
= 1
+
... valid Z
2
2! 4!

ln (1 + Z) = Z

principal value converges for

Z < 1, except for Z = 1

e iZ e iZ
Z3 Z5
sin Z =
=Z
+
... valid Z
2i
3! 5!
tan

Z =Z
2

Z3 Z5
+
...
3
5

sin Z + cos Z = 1

valid for Z 1 , except at Z = i

Trigonometric Formulae
sin(A B) = sin Acos B cos Asin B

sin A cos B = 12 [sin( A + B ) + sin( A B)]

cos(A B) = cos Acos B sin Asin B

cos A cos B = 12 [cos( A + B) + cos( A B)]

tan (A B) =

tan A tan B
1 tan Atan B

sin A + sin B = 2 sin

1
2

sin A sin B = [cos(A B) cos( A + B)]

A+ B
A B
cos
2
2

cos A + cos B = 2 cos

A+ B
A B
cos
2
2

sin A sin B = 2 cos

A+ B
A B
sin
2
2

cos A cos B = 2 sin

A+ B
A B
sin
2
2

1
2

sin 2 x = [1 cos2x]

1
2

1
4

sin3 x = [3sin x sin 3x]

cos2 x = [1 + cos2x]

1
4

cos3 x = [3cos x + cos3x]

Hyperbolic Functions
ex + e x
x2 x4
cosh x = cos(ix) =
=1+
+
+...
2
2! 4!

valid x

e x e x
x3 x5
sinh x = isin(ix) =
=x+
+
+...
2
3! 5!

valid x

For x > 2.0

sinh x cosh x

ex
to within 2%
2

cosh (ix) = cos x

cos(ix ) = cosh x

sinh(ix ) = i sin x

sin(ix ) = i sinh x

cosh x sinh x = 1

cosh (x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y

sinh( x y ) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y

Full Range Fourier Series

1
2

f ( ) = ao +
1
an =

(an cos(n ) + bn sin(n ))

n=1

f ( ) cos(n ) d ,

f ( ) =

or

in

(cn e

1
bn =

2
0

1
cn =
2

) ,

n=

f ( ) sin(n ) d

f ( ) e

in

1
2

d = (an ibn )

(n > 0)

1
(a
2 n

(n < 0)

+ ibn )

Half Range Fourier Series

If f(x) is even and periodic with half-period L
f (x) =

then

1
a
2 o

nx
+ an cos
L
n =1

where

2
nx
an =
f (x)cos
dx
L
L
0

If f(x) is odd and periodic with half-period L

L

nx
f (x) =
bn sin
L
n =1

then

where

2
nx
bn =
f (x)sin
dx
L
L
0

If f(x) is not periodic, either of these may be used to represent f(x) over the range of 0 < x < L.

Limits
s n

n x

0 as n

if x < 1

xn
0 as n
n!
n

x
x
1+
e as n
n
x ln x 0 as x 0

Differentiation
Product

(uv ) = u v + uv

Quotient

(u / v ) =

Leibnitz

(uv)

(n )

where

u v uv
v2

=u

(n)

nC p

v + nu
=

(n 1) (1)

v +

+ n Cp u

( n p) ( p)

+ +uv

(n)

n!
p!(n p)!

Stationary Points
Unconstrained
Stationary points occur for f(x, y) where grad f = 0, i.e. where

f
f
= 0 and
= 0 simultaneously.
x
y

Let (a, b) be the stationary point and define

f xx =
If
If
If
If

2 f
x 2

f yy =
a,b

f xy f xx f yy < 0

2
f xy f xx f yy < 0
2
f xy f xx f yy > 0
2
f xy f xx f yy = 0

2 f
y2

f xy =
a,b

2 f
xy

a,b

and fxx < 0 then f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (a, b)

and fxx > 0 then f ( x, y ) has a minimum at (a, b)
then f ( x, y ) has a saddle point at (a, b)
then the nature of the turning point depends on higher order derivatives

Constrained (Lagranges method of undetermined multipliers)

Stationary points for f ( x, y ) along the line h( x , y) = 0 are coincident with the stationary points for

L( x, y, ) , where
L( x, y, ) = f ( x, y ) h( x, y )
i.e. where

L
L
L
= 0,
= 0 and
= h(x,y) = 0 simultaneously.
x
y

Integration
Trigonometric Integrals

Hyperbolic Integrals

sin x dx = cos x + c

sinh x dx = cosh x + c

cos x dx = sin x + c

cosh x dx = sinh x + c

tan x dx = ln(cos x) + c

tanh x dx = ln(cosh x) + c

1
2

1
2

cosec x dx = ln(tan x) + c

cosech x dx = ln(tanh x) + c

sec x dx = ln(tan x + sec x) + c

sech x dx = 2 tan 1 (e x ) + c

= ln tan

x
+
4 2

+c

cot x dx = ln(sin x) + c

coth x dx = ln(sinh x) + c

sec 2 x dx = tan x + c

sech 2 x dx = tanh x + c

tan x sec x dx = sec x + c

tanh x sech x dx = sech x + c

cot x cosec x dx = cosec x + c

coth x cosech x dx = cosech x + c

dx
2

a x

= sin

dx
2

a x

= cos

dx

x
+c
a

a2 + x2

x
+c
a

x a

dx
1
1 x
+c
2 = tan
a +x
a
a
2

dx
k
x+k
1 x
ln
+ 2tan
4 =
a + bx
4a
xk
k

dx
2

= sinh 1

x
+ c = ln x + a 2 + x 2 c
a

= cosh 1

x
+ c = ln x + x 2 a 2 c
a

dx
1
x
tanh1
2 =
a x
a
a
2

+ c valid for ab < 0, where k = 4

a
b

Standard Substitutions
If the integrand is a function of:
2
2
2
2
(a x ) or a x
2

a +x

x a

(a + x ) or
(x a ) or

substitute
x = a sin or x = a cos

x = a tan or x = a sinh

x = a sec or x = a cosh

x
If the integrand is a rational function of sin x and/or cos x substitute t = tan , whence
2
2
2t
1t
2dt
sin x =
cos x =
dx =
2
2
1+t
1+t
1+ t 2
If the integral is of the form :
dx
(ax + b) px + q
dx
2

(ax + b) px + qx + r
10

Substitute:

px + q = u 2
ax + b =

1
u

Integration by Parts
b
a

dv
b
u
dx = [(uv)]a
dx

b
a

du
v dx
dx

Change of Variable in Double Integration

f (x(u,v), y(u,v)) J du dv

f (x, y) dx dy =

where J

x
u

x
v

(x, y)

(u,v) y
u

y
v

x
u

y
u

x
v

y
v

is the Jacobian

Differentiation of an Integral
d
dx

b( x )

b( x )

a( x )

a( x )

db
da
f ( , x)d = f (b, x)
f (a,x) +
dx
dx

df ( ,x)
d
dx

Reduction Formulae
/2

/2

cos x dx =
0
/2

sin x dx =
0

sin x cos x dx

m 1
m
/ 2

m1
m+ n

sin

/ 2

sin
m 2

x (1 x) dx =
0

(m > 1)

(m > 1)

x cos x dx

0
/ 2

n 1
sin m x cos n2 x dx
m+n 0
m 1
n 1
2
2

( n+1) = n ( n) = n !

x dx

m +n
2

( n +1) = x n e x dx = n x n 1e x dx
0

m2

(n > 1)

(m, n > 1)

Gamma function (n > 1)

n! m!
(n + m + 1)!

For integer values of n.

(m, n > 1)

11

Numerical Differentiation and Integration

yn are values of y at equal intervals of x of length h
dy
y y n1
2
= n+1
+ O(h )
dx n
2h
dy
3 yn + 4 yn +1 yn+ 2
2
=
+ O( h )
dx n
2h
2
d y
y 2yn + yn1
2
= n+1
+ O(h )
2
2
dx n
h

Trapezium Rule (N is the number of intervals)

xN

y dx =
x0

h
(y0 + 2y1 +
2

+2yn +

+2y N 1 + y N )

Simpsons Rule (N is the number of intervals and must be even)

xN

y dx =
x0

h
(y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 + +2yn1 + 4yn + 2yn+1 +
3

+ 4yN 1 + y N)

All these expressions are approximations for small h and only become exact in the limit h

Vectors & Matrices

(A B X)T = X T BT A T
(A B X)1 = X 1 B 1 A 1
If A is orthogonal
rowi rowj = 0 when i

Reversal rule
(if inverses exist)

i.e. AT A = D where D is a diagonal matrix

If D = I, A

= AT and A is orthonormal

A x = b may be solved for x if A is square and A

A x = 0 has a non-trivial solution x when A is square if A = 0

12

0.

Scalar Triple Product

a1 a2
a (b c ) = b1 b2

c1

c2

a3

(b c ) a

b3 = (a b ) c
c3

(c a ) b

Vector Triple Product

a (b c ) = (a c ) b ( a b) c
(a b) c = (a c ) b ( b c ) a

Vector Calculus
s(x,y,z) denotes a scalar function of (x,y,z)
v(x,y,z) denotes a vector function of (x,y,z)
v(x,y,z) = (vx,vy,vz)T = i vx(x,y,z) + j vy(x,y,z) + k vz(x,y,z)

+ j +k
x
y
z

Del vector operator

Laplacean operator

Gradient

grad s = s = i

s
s
s
+ j +k
x
y
z

Divergence

div v = v =

v x v y v z
+
+
x
y
z

Curl

curl v = v =
x
vx

curl v = v = i

2
2
2
+
+
x 2 y2 z2

y
vy

z
vz

v y vx
v z vy
v x vz

+j

+k

y
z
z
x
x
y

2 s 2 s 2 s
s= 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
2

v=

2 v 2 v 2 v
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2

operating on each component of v.

13

Identities
grad (s1 + s2) = grad s1 + grad s2
div (v1 + v2) = div v1 + div v2
curl (v1 + v2) = curl v1 + curl v2
div (sv) = s div v + (grad s)v
curl (sv) = s curl v + (grad s) v
div (v1 v2) = v2 curl v1 v1 curl v2
curl (v1 v2) = v1 div v2 v2 div v1 + (v2) v1 (v1) v2
div grad s = 2s
div curl v = 0
curl grad s = 0
curl curl v = grad (div v) 2v

where 2 operates on each component of v.

Potentials
If curl v = 0, v = grad where is the scalar potential
If div v = 0, v = curl A where A is the vector potential
(A is usually chosen so that div A = 0)

Gauss Divergence Theorem

Converts a volume integral to a surface integral and vice versa
div v dV = v dS = total flux of v through surface S
V

Stokes Theorem
Converts a surface integral to a line integral and vice versa
curl v dS =
S

 d

rim

Total (Convective) Derivative

If f is a function of x, y, z and t, (f may be a scalar or a vector), the total derivative is
given by
Df
Dt

= vx

f
x

+ vy

f
y

+ vz

f
z

f
t

= (v ) f +

where the velocity is v = v x i + v y j + vz k .

14

f
t

Partial Differential Equations

Continuity

div v = 0

Laplace

=0

Poisson

= f ( x , y, z )

2
2

Navier-Stokes
Heat Transfer

Mass Transfer

Dv
Dt

1
2
= p + v + g

DT
H
k
=
+
2T
Dt
C P C P
Dc
Dt

= R +D c

Cartesian co-ordinates
v x v y v z
2 f 2 f 2 f
f f f
2
+
f =
, ,
, v =
+
, f = 2 + 2 + 2
y
z
x y z
x
x
y
z

Cylindrical co-ordinates
f =

f 1 f f
1 (rv r ) 1 v v z
+
+
,
,
, v =
,
r r z
z
r r
r

2 f =

1
f
1 2 f 2 f
+ 2
+
r
r r r
r 2 z 2

Spherical co-ordinates

f 1 f
1 f
1 r 2 vr
1 ( v sin )
1 v
f =
,
,
, v = 2
+
+
,
r r r sin
r
r sin

r sin
r
2 f =

1 2 f
1

f
1
2 f
r
+
sin

+
r

r 2 r
r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2 2

15

Laplace Transforms

L(y(t)) = y (s) = y(t)e

1
t
t
e

y (s)
1

sin( t)

y(t )

te

n!

n +1

s +

s +

y (s)
s

cos( t)

s
1

dt

Simple Functions
y(t )

st

2
2

(s + )

sin( t)

(s + ) +
s+

cos( t)

erfc

s +
1

(s + ) +
exp(k s )

2 t

Derivatives and Integrals

dx(t)
dt

t x(t)
d n x(t)
dt n

s x (s) x(0)

d x (s)

ds
n

s x (s) s

x
s

x( )d

x(t)
t
n 1

x(0) s

n 2

x (0) ... x

x ( ) d

( n 1)

(0)

Convolution
t

x1 ( ) x 2 (t )d

x1 (s) x 2 (s)

Step and Impulse Functions

H(t)

1
s

H(t )

e s
s

(t)

(t )

x( s + )

Shifting and Scaling

H(t ) x(t )
x( t)

e s x ( s)
x (s / )

x(t)

Initial and Final-Value Theorems

lim x (t ) = lim s x ( s)
s

t 0

16

lim x (t ) = lim s x ( s)
s 0

Bessel Functions
2

y = A J n (r ) + BY n (r)

y = A In (r) + B K n (r )

y = Ar J m (r) + Br Ym (r)

m = n +1

r y ry (r + n )y = 0

y = Ar I m (r ) + Br K m (r)

m = n +1

J 0 (r ) = J1 (r )

Y 0 (r) = Y1 (r )

I0 (r) = I1 (r)

K0 (r) = K1 (r)

1
J1 (r) = J 0 (r) J1 (r)
r

1
Y1(r) = Y0 (r) Y1 (r)
r

r y + ry + (r n )y = 0
r y + ry (r + n )y = 0
r y ry + (r n )y = 0

I1(r ) = I0 (r)

1
I1 (r )
r

1
K1(r ) = K0 (r) K1 (r )
r

(rJ1 (r)) = rJ0 (r )

(rI1 (r )) = rI0 (r )

(rY1 (r )) = rY0 (r )
(rK1( r)) = rK0 (r)

Zeros
J0

2.405

5.520

8.654

11.792

J1
Y0

3.832

7.016

10.173

13.324

0.894

3.958

7.086

10.222

Y1

2.197

5.430

8.596

11.750

17

Bessel Functions
r

J0

Y0

I0

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0

1.000
0.990
0.960
0.912
0.846
0.765
0.671
0.567
0.455
0.340
0.224
0.110
0.003
0.097
0.185
0.260
0.320
0.364
0.392
0.403
0.397

1.081
0.606
0.309
0.087
0.088
0.228
0.338
0.420
0.477
0.510
0.521
0.510
0.481
0.436
0.377
0.307
0.230
0.148
0.065
0.017

1.000
1.010
1.040
1.092
1.167
1.266
1.394
1.553
1.750
1.990
2.280
2.629
3.049
3.553
4.157
4.881
5.747
6.785
8.028
9.517
11.302

K0
+

1.753
1.115
0.778
0.565
0.421
0.319
0.244
0.188
0.146
0.114
0.089
0.070
0.055
0.044
0.035
0.028
0.022
0.017
0.014
0.011

J1

Y1

I1

0.000
0.100
0.196
0.287
0.369
0.440
0.498
0.542
0.570
0.582
0.577
0.556
0.520
0.471
0.410
0.339
0.261
0.179
0.095
0.013
0.066

3.324
1.781
1.260
0.978
0.781
0.621
0.479
0.348
0.224
0.107
0.001
0.100
0.188
0.264
0.325
0.371
0.401
0.415
0.414
0.398

0.000
0.101
0.204
0.314
0.433
0.565
0.715
0.886
1.085
1.317
1.591
1.914
2.298
2.755
3.301
3.953
4.734
5.670
6.793
8.140
9.759

K1
+
4.776
2.184
1.303
0.862
0.602
0.435
0.321
0.241
0.183
0.140
0.108
0.084
0.065
0.051
0.040
0.032
0.025
0.020
0.016
0.012

Error Function
x

d
2
2 dx
(erf x) =
exp ( x )
dy

dy

2
2
erf x = 1 erfc x =
exp( t )dt

x
erf x

0.0000
0.0000

0.1000
0.1125

0.2000
0.2227

0.3000
0.3286

0.4000
0.4284

0.5000
0.5205

x
erf x

0.6000
0.6039

0.7000
0.6778

0.8000
0.7421

0.9000
0.7969

1.0000
0.8427

1.1000
0.8802

x
erf x

1.2000
0.9103

1.3000
0.9340

1.4000
0.9523

1.5000
0.9661

1.6000
0.9763

1.7000
0.9838

x
erf x

1.8000
0.9891

1.9000
0.9928

2.0000
0.9953

1.0

18

Miscellaneous Formulae
Underwoods Equations

i xiF
= 1 q
i

Rm + 1 =

i xiD
i

Kremser-Souders-Brown Equation
yB yT A A N +1
=
yB yT* 1 A N +1

where the absorption factor, A

L
mG

Sherman-Morrison Update (Householders Formula)

when

B = A + uvT

A 1u v T A 1
v T A 1u + 1

then

B1 = A 1

and

y (k ) f ( k +1) f (k )

Broydens Method
( k)

(k )

then

H( k )y( k ) s( k) )(s( k ) ) H (k )
(
(k +1)
(k )
H
=H
T
(s( k) ) H( k )y( k )

( k +1)

where

Statistics
x=

n
i =1

f i xi
n

j =1

n
i=1

sp =

fj
2

(xi x )
n 1

(n1 1)s12 + (n2 1)s22

n1 + n2 2
2

(Oi Ei )

i=1

Ei
19

One-Way ANOVA
For c treatments, each of n observations
Source of variation

Sum of Squares
c

Between groups (treatments)

n
i =1

Mean Square

c 1

s2B

(xij xi )

c (n 1)

(xij x )

cn 1

(x i x )2

Within groups (residual variation)

i=1 j=1

d.f.

Total variation
i=1 j=1

where the total sum-of-squares is given by:

(xij x ) =
2

i, j

i, j

xij c n x

and the between-group sum-of-squares is given by:

n
i

20

(x i x )2 = n

xi2 cn x 2

Fluid Mechanics
Rate of Strain & Vorticity Components
Rectangular coordinates: velocity components (u, v, w) in directions ( x , y , z)

e xx = 2

u
x

e yy = 2

u v
+
y x
w v
x =

y z

v
y

ezz = 2

u w
+
z x
u w
y =

z x

e xy = e yx =

w
z

v w
+
z y
v u
z =

x y

e xz = ezx =

e yz = ezy =

Cylindrical polar coordinates: velocity components (vr ,v ,vz ) in directions (r, , z)

err = 2

v r
r

2 v 2vr
+
r
r
v
v
erz = ezr = r + z
z
r
v
v
= r z
z
r
e =

v
1 vr
+
r r
r
1 vz v
r =

r
z
er = e r = r

ezz = 2

vz
z

1 vz v
+
r
z
1 (rv ) 1 vr
z =

r r
r
ez = e z =

Spherical coordinates: velocity components (vr ,v ,v ) in directions (r, , )

err = 2

vr
r

e = 2

e =

2 v
+ vr
r

1 v vr v
+ + cot
r sin
r
r
1 vr v v
1 vr v v
+
er = er =
+
r
r
r sin r
r
r
1 v
1 v v
=
+
cot
r r sin
r

er = er =
e = e

r =

v
1

( v sin )
r sin

1 (rv ) 1 vr

r r
r

1 vr 1 (rv )

r sin r r

The shear stress in a Newtonian fluid is:

ij

= eij

21

Navier-Stokes and Continuity Equations for an Incompressible Newtonian Fluid

Vector Notation:

Dv
v
=
+ v v = p + 2 v + g
Dt
t

Navier-Stokes

Continuity

div v = v = 0

Rectangular coordinates: velocity components (u, v, w) in directions ( x , y , z)

2

u
u
u
u
p
u u u
+u
+v
+w
+
+
+ gx
= +
t
x
y
z
x
x 2 y 2 z 2

x-component

y-component

p
v
v
v
v
v v v

+u + v +w
= +
+
+
+ gy
t
x
y
z
y
x 2 y 2 z 2

z-component

w
w
w
w
p
w w w
=

+u
+v
+w
+
+
+
+ gz
t
x
y
z
z
x 2 y 2 z 2

Continuity

u v w
+
+
=0
x y z

Cylindrical polar coordinates: Velocity components (vr ,v ,vz ) in directions (r, , z) .

r-component

vr
v
v v v 2
v
p
1 (rvr )
1 2 vr 2 v 2 vr
+ vr r + r + v z r =
+
+ 2

+ 2 + gr
t
r
r
r
z
r
r r r
r 2 r 2
z

-component
v
v v v vr v
v
1 p
1 (rv )
1 2 v
2 vr 2 v
=
+ 2
+ g

+ vr
+
+
+ vz
+
+
+
r
r r r
r 2 r 2
t
r
r
r
z
z 2
z-component

vz
v
v v
v
p
1 v z
1 2 vz 2 vz
+ vr z + z + vz z = +
r
+ 2
+ 2 + gz
t
r
r
z
z
r r
r
r 2
z

Continuity

1 (rvr ) 1 v vz
+
+
=0
r r
r
z

22

Spherical coordinates: Velocity components (vr ,v ,v ) in directions (r, , ) .

r-component

v vr v2 + v2
vr
vr v vr

+ vr
+
+

=
t
r
r r sin
r

-component

v v vr v v cot
v
v
v v
+ vr + +
+

=
t
r
r r sin
r
r

-component

p
2v
2 v
2
2 v
+ gr
+ 2 vr 2r 2 2 v cot 2
r
r
r r
r sin

1 p
2 v
v
2cos v
+ 2 v + 2 r 2 2 2 2
+ g
r r sin r sin
r

v
v
v v vr v v v cot
v v
+ vr + +
+
+
=
t
r
r r sin
r
r

v
1 p
2 vr
2 cos v
+ g
+ 2 v 2 2 + 2
+ 2 2
r sin
r sin r sin r sin

1 2
1

1
2
r
+
sin

+
r 2 r
r
r 2 sin

r 2 sin 2 2

where:

2 =

Continuity

1 (r 2 v r )
1 (v sin )
1 v
+
+
=0
2
r
r
r sin

r sin

Potential and Streamfunctions

Definition

v =

Cartesian coordinates, ( x , y ) :

(u,v) =

Cylindrical coordinates, (r, ) :

(vr , v ) =

,
=
,
x y
y
x

1
1

,
,
=
r r
r
r

Axisymmetric flows: Stokes streamfunction,

Cylindrical polar coordinates, (r, z) : (vr , v z ) =

1 1
,
=
,
r z
r z r r

Spherical polar coordinates, (r, ) :

1
1
1
,
= 2
,
r r
r sin
r sin r

(vr , v ) =

23

Thermodynamics
Definitions

Enthalpy
Gibbs free energy
Helmholtz free energy
Heat capacity at constant pressure

H U + PV
G H TS
A U TS
H
CP
T

Ratio of heat capacities

U
T
C P CV

Thermal expansivity

CV

Heat capacity at constant volume

Isothermal compressibility

1 V
V T

1 V
V P

Differential relationships for a closed system

dU = TdS PdV
dH = TdS + VdP
dG = VdP SdT
dA = SdT PdV

Maxwell relations
T
V

=
S

P
T

=
V

P
S

S
V

T
P

V
T

Van der Waals equations of state

P=

RT
a
2
V b V

Vant Hoff equation

d ln K p
dT

24

H0
RT 2

where a =

RTc
27 R 2Tc2
and b =
64 Pc
8Pc

=
S

V
S

=
P

S
P

Fugacity of pure species

Fugacity of a pure gas at specified T, P:

Fugacity of a pure liquid at specified T, P:

= P exp

vap

liq

= f

sat

1
RT

1
exp
RT

RT
dP
P

V dP
P sat

Properties of mixtures

For any thermodynamic state function (other than T and P):

ni

Partial molar property:

Property of the mixture:

P ,T , n j i

xi i
i

xi d i = 0

Gibbs-Duhem equation (fixed T, P):

i

Excess function:

ex real mixture ideal mixture

Mixing function:

mix after mixing before mixing

Relationship between activity coefficient and partial molar excess Gibbs free
energy
RT ln 1 = G1ex

Control
Name

G (s )

First order lag

1
Ts + 1
Ts + 1
1
TIs
TDs

First order lead

Integrator
Differentiator
Dead time

exp (t d s)

Amplitude Ratio
AR( )
1

2 2 + 1
2 2
T +1
1

T I
TD

Phase Shift
( )
tan 1 (T )

tan 1 (T )

2
t d

25

Transport properties of saturated water & steam

Temp.
C

0.01
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
360
374.15

26

Isobaric specific
heat capacity
kJ/kg K

C Pf

C Pg

4.217
4.193
4.182
4.179
4.179
4.181
4.185
4.190
4.197
4.205
4.216
4.254
4.310
4.389
4.497
4.648
4.867
5.202
5.762
6.861
10.10
14.6

1.854
1.860
1.866
1.885
1.885
1.899
1.915
1.936
1.962
1.992
2.028
2.147
2.314
2.542
2.843
3.238
3.772
4.561
5.863
8.440
17.15
25.1

Thermal conductivity
W/m K

kf
0.569
0.587
0.603
0.618
0.632
0.643
0.653
0.662
0.670
0.676
0.681
0.687
0.687
0.679
0.665
0.644
0.616
0.582
0.541
0.493
0.437
0.400
0.24

Viscosity
kg/s m

kg

f / 10 3

g / 10 6

0.0173
0.0185
0.0191
0.0198
0.0204
0.0210
0.0217
0.0224
0.0231
0.0240
0.0249
0.0272
0.0300
0.0334
0.0375
0.0427
0.0495
0.0587
0.0719
0.0929
0.1343
0.168
0.24

1.755
1.301
1.002
0.797
0.651
0.544
0.462
0.400
0.350
0.311
0.278
0.219
0.180
0.153
0.133
0.1182
0.1065
0.0972
0.0897
0.0790
0.0648
0.0582
0.045

8.8
9.1
9.4
9.7
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.1
11.4
11.7
12.1
13.3
14.4
15.6
16.7
17.9
19.1
20.2
21.4
23.0
25.8
27.5
45.0

Prandtl number
= C P k

Pr f

Prg

13.02
9.29
6.95
5.39
4.31
3.53
2.96
2.53
2.19
1.93
1.723
1.358
1.133
0.990
0.902
0.853
0.841
0.869
0.955
1.100
1.50
2.11

0.942
0.915
0.918
0.923
0.930
0.939
0.947
0.956
0.966
0.976
0.986
1.047
1.110
1.185
1.270
1.36
1.45
1.56
1.74
2.09
3.29
3.89

Temp.
C

0.01
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
360
374.15

Transport properties of steam

Isobaric sp.
heat capacity
kJ/kg K

Thermal
conductivity
W/m K

Cp

Dynamic
viscosity
kg/s m
6

100
200
300
400

2.028
1.979
2.010
2.067

0.0245
0.0331
0.0434
0.0548

12.1
16.2
20.4
24.6

0.986
0.968
0.946
0.928

500
600
700
800

2.132
2.201
2.268
2.332

0.0673
0.0805
0.0942
0.1080

28.8
32.9
36.8
40.6

0.912
0.898
0.887
0.876

Temp.
C

/ 10

Prandtl number

Pr = C P k

Values for water at atmospheric pressure between 0C and 100C are given with sufficient
accuracy by the saturated values in the previous table.
The above values are correct for a pressure of 1 atm = 1.01325 bar but may be used with
sufficient accuracy at other pressures.

Transport properties of air

Isobaric sp.
heat capacity
kJ/kg K

Thermal
conductivity
W/m K

Cp

-100
0

1.01
1.01

0.016
0.024

12
17

0.75
0.72

100
200
300
400

1.02
1.03
1.05
1.07

0.032
0.039
0.045
0.051

22
26
30
33

0.70
0.69
0.69
0.70

500
600
700
800

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16

0.056
0.061
0.066
0.071

36
39
42
44

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73

Temp.
C

Dynamic
viscosity
kg/s m
6

/ 10

Prandtl number

Pr = C P k

This table may be used with reasonable accuracy for values of CP, , and Pr of N2, O2 and CO.
The above values are correct for a pressure of 1 atm = 1.01325 bar but may be used with
sufficient accuracy at other pressures.

27

Thermodynamic Data for Water and Steam

Source of data
The data on the following pages have been produced using equations from the IAPWS
Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General
and Scientific Use and the Supplementary Release: Saturation Properties of Ordinary Water
Substance. These documents can be found on the International Association for the Properties of
Water and Steam website http://www.iapws.org.
The arbitrary datum state chosen is that saturated liquid water at the triple point has internal
energy U = 0 and entropy S = 0.

Triple point data for steam

Temperature =
Pressure =
Phase
Ice
Water
Steam

273.16 K (0.01C)
0.00611 bar
Specific volume
m3/kg
0.0010905
0.0010002
206

Critical point data for steam

Temperature =
Pressure =
Density =

28

647.096 K (373.946C)
220.64 bar
322 kg/m3

Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
333.5
0.0062
2500.9

Specific entropy kJ/kg

K
1.221
0.0
9.156

Properties of saturated water and steam:

temperatures from the triple point to 100C
Temp. Pressure
(C)

(bar)

0.01
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
25
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100

0.00611
0.00706
0.00814
0.00935
0.01073
0.01228
0.01403
0.01599
0.01819
0.02065
0.02339
0.02645
0.02986
0.03170
0.03364
0.03783
0.04247
0.04760
0.05325
0.05948
0.06633
0.07385
0.08210
0.09113
0.10100
0.11178
0.12352
0.13632
0.15023
0.16534
0.18172
0.19947
0.21868
0.23944
0.26184
0.28600
0.31202
0.34002
0.37010
0.40240
0.43704
0.47416
0.51388
0.55636
0.60174
0.65018
0.70183
0.75685
0.81542
0.87771
0.94390
1.01418

V (m3/kg)
water
steam
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001002
0.001002
0.001003
0.001003
0.001003
0.001004
0.001004
0.001005
0.001006
0.001006
0.001007
0.001008
0.001009
0.001010
0.001010
0.001011
0.001012
0.001013
0.001014
0.001015
0.001016
0.001017
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.001022
0.001023
0.001024
0.001025
0.001026
0.001028
0.001029
0.001030
0.001032
0.001033
0.001035
0.001036
0.001037
0.001039
0.001040
0.001042
0.001043

206.005
179.776
157.135
137.652
120.846
106.319
93.732
82.804
73.295
65.005
57.762
51.422
45.861
43.340
40.975
36.673
32.879
29.527
26.560
23.929
21.593
19.515
17.663
16.010
14.534
13.212
12.026
10.962
10.006
9.145
8.368
7.667
7.033
6.460
5.940
5.468
5.040
4.650
4.295
3.971
3.675
3.405
3.158
2.932
2.725
2.534
2.359
2.198
2.050
1.914
1.788
1.672

H (kJ/kg)
U (kJ/kg)
S (kJ/kg K) Temp.
water steam water evapn steam water steam (C)
zero
8.4
16.8
25.2
33.6
42.0
50.4
58.8
67.2
75.5
83.9
92.3
100.6
104.8
109.0
117.4
125.7
134.1
142.4
150.8
159.2
167.5
175.9
184.2
192.6
201.0
209.3
217.7
226.0
234.4
242.8
251.1
259.5
267.9
276.3
284.6
293.0
301.4
309.8
318.2
326.6
335.0
343.3
351.7
360.1
368.6
377.0
385.4
393.8
402.2
410.6
419.1

2375.0
2377.6
2380.4
2383.1
2385.9
2388.6
2391.4
2394.1
2396.9
2399.6
2402.3
2405.0
2407.8
2409.1
2410.5
2413.2
2415.9
2418.6
2421.3
2424.0
2426.7
2429.4
2432.1
2434.7
2437.4
2440.1
2442.7
2445.4
2448.0
2450.7
2453.3
2455.9
2458.5
2461.1
2463.7
2466.3
2468.8
2471.4
2474.0
2476.5
2479.0
2481.5
2484.1
2486.5
2489.0
2491.5
2494.0
2496.4
2498.8
2501.2
2503.6
2506.0

0.0
8.4
16.8
25.2
33.6
42.0
50.4
58.8
67.2
75.5
83.9
92.3
100.6
104.8
109.0
117.4
125.7
134.1
142.4
150.8
159.2
167.5
175.9
184.2
192.6
201.0
209.3
217.7
226.1
234.4
242.8
251.2
259.5
267.9
276.3
284.7
293.1
301.4
309.8
318.2
326.6
335.0
343.4
351.8
360.2
368.6
377.0
385.4
393.9
402.3
410.7
419.2

2500.9
2496.2
2491.4
2486.7
2481.9
2477.2
2472.5
2467.7
2463.0
2458.3
2453.5
2448.8
2444.1
2441.7
2439.3
2434.6
2429.8
2425.1
2420.3
2415.5
2410.8
2406.0
2401.2
2396.4
2391.6
2386.8
2382.0
2377.1
2372.3
2367.4
2362.5
2357.7
2352.8
2347.9
2342.9
2338.0
2333.0
2328.1
2323.1
2318.1
2313.1
2308.0
2303.0
2297.9
2292.8
2287.6
2282.5
2277.3
2272.1
2266.9
2261.7
2256.4

2500.9
2504.6
2508.2
2511.9
2515.6
2519.2
2522.9
2526.5
2530.2
2533.8
2537.4
2541.1
2544.7
2546.5
2548.3
2551.9
2555.5
2559.2
2562.8
2566.3
2569.9
2573.5
2577.1
2580.6
2584.2
2587.8
2591.3
2594.8
2598.3
2601.8
2605.3
2608.8
2612.3
2615.8
2619.2
2622.7
2626.1
2629.5
2632.9
2636.3
2639.7
2643.0
2646.4
2649.7
2653.0
2656.3
2659.5
2662.8
2666.0
2669.2
2672.4
2675.6

zero
0.031
0.061
0.091
0.121
0.151
0.181
0.210
0.239
0.268
0.296
0.325
0.353
0.367
0.381
0.409
0.437
0.464
0.492
0.519
0.546
0.572
0.599
0.625
0.652
0.678
0.704
0.730
0.755
0.781
0.806
0.831
0.856
0.881
0.906
0.931
0.955
0.979
1.004
1.028
1.052
1.076
1.099
1.123
1.146
1.170
1.193
1.216
1.239
1.262
1.285
1.307

9.156
9.103
9.051
8.999
8.949
8.900
8.851
8.804
8.757
8.711
8.666
8.622
8.578
8.557
8.535
8.493
8.452
8.411
8.371
8.332
8.294
8.256
8.218
8.181
8.145
8.110
8.075
8.040
8.007
7.973
7.940
7.908
7.876
7.845
7.814
7.784
7.754
7.725
7.696
7.667
7.639
7.611
7.584
7.557
7.530
7.504
7.478
7.453
7.428
7.403
7.378
7.354

0.01
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
25
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100

29

Properties of saturated water and steam:

temperatures from 100C to the critical point

Temp. Pressure
(C)

(bar)

100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
373.95

1.014
1.209
1.434
1.692
1.987
2.322
2.703
3.132
3.615
4.157
4.762
5.435
6.182
7.009
7.922
8.926
10.028
11.235
12.552
13.988
15.549
17.243
19.077
21.059
23.196
25.497
27.971
30.626
33.470
36.512
39.762
43.229
46.923
50.853
55.030
59.464
64.166
69.146
74.418
79.991
85.879
92.094
98.650
105.561
112.843
120.510
128.581
137.073
146.007
155.406
165.293
175.700
186.660
198.218
210.438
220.640

30

V (m3/kg)
water
steam
0.001043
0.001047
0.001052
0.001056
0.001060
0.001065
0.001070
0.001075
0.001080
0.001085
0.001091
0.001096
0.001102
0.001108
0.001114
0.001121
0.001127
0.001134
0.001141
0.001149
0.001157
0.001164
0.001173
0.001181
0.001190
0.001199
0.001209
0.001219
0.001229
0.001240
0.001252
0.001263
0.001276
0.001289
0.001303
0.001317
0.001333
0.001349
0.001366
0.001384
0.001404
0.001425
0.001447
0.001472
0.001499
0.001528
0.001560
0.001597
0.001638
0.001685
0.001741
0.001808
0.001895
0.002015
0.002217
0.00311

1.67196
1.41856
1.20945
1.03598
0.89133
0.77012
0.66808
0.58179
0.50850
0.44600
0.39248
0.34648
0.30680
0.27244
0.24260
0.21659
0.19384
0.17390
0.15636
0.14089
0.12721
0.11508
0.10429
0.09468
0.08609
0.07841
0.07151
0.06530
0.05971
0.05466
0.05009
0.04594
0.04218
0.03875
0.03562
0.03277
0.03015
0.02776
0.02555
0.02353
0.02166
0.01993
0.01833
0.01685
0.01547
0.01418
0.01298
0.01185
0.01078
0.00977
0.00881
0.00787
0.00695
0.00601
0.00495
0.00311

H (kJ/kg)
U (kJ/kg)
S (kJ/kg K) Temp.
water steam water evapn steam water steam (C)
419.1
440.1
461.3
482.4
503.6
524.8
546.1
567.4
588.8
610.2
631.7
653.2
674.8
696.5
718.2
740.0
761.9
783.9
806.0
828.2
850.5
872.9
895.4
918.0
940.8
963.7
986.8
1010.0
1033.4
1057.0
1080.8
1104.8
1129.0
1153.4
1178.1
1203.0
1228.3
1253.9
1279.8
1306.1
1332.8
1360.1
1387.8
1416.2
1445.2
1475.0
1505.7
1537.5
1570.7
1605.4
1642.3
1682.1
1726.2
1777.2
1844.5
2018.1

2506.0
2511.9
2517.7
2523.3
2528.8
2534.3
2539.5
2544.6
2549.6
2554.4
2559.0
2563.5
2567.8
2571.8
2575.7
2579.4
2582.8
2586.0
2589.0
2591.7
2594.2
2596.4
2598.3
2599.9
2601.2
2602.2
2602.9
2603.2
2603.1
2602.7
2601.8
2600.5
2598.7
2596.5
2593.7
2590.3
2586.4
2581.8
2576.5
2570.5
2563.6
2555.8
2547.1
2537.2
2526.0
2513.4
2499.2
2483.0
2464.5
2443.2
2418.3
2388.6
2351.8
2303.6
2230.1
2018.1

419.2
440.3
461.4
482.6
503.8
525.1
546.4
567.7
589.2
610.6
632.2
653.8
675.5
697.2
719.1
741.0
763.1
785.2
807.4
829.8
852.3
874.9
897.6
920.5
943.6
966.8
990.2
1013.8
1037.6
1061.5
1085.8
1110.2
1134.9
1159.9
1185.2
1210.9
1236.8
1263.2
1290.0
1317.2
1344.9
1373.2
1402.1
1431.7
1462.1
1493.4
1525.8
1559.4
1594.6
1631.6
1671.1
1713.9
1761.5
1817.2
1891.2
2086.6

2256.4
2243.1
2229.6
2216.0
2202.1
2188.0
2173.7
2159.1
2144.3
2129.2
2113.7
2098.0
2082.0
2065.6
2048.8
2031.7
2014.2
1996.2
1977.8
1959.0
1939.7
1919.9
1899.6
1878.8
1857.4
1835.3
1812.7
1789.4
1765.4
1740.7
1715.2
1688.9
1661.7
1633.6
1604.5
1574.3
1543.0
1510.5
1476.7
1441.5
1404.7
1366.2
1325.8
1283.3
1238.5
1190.9
1140.2
1086.0
1027.4
963.4
892.7
812.9
720.0
605.5
443.1
0.0

2675.6
2683.4
2691.1
2698.6
2705.9
2713.1
2720.1
2726.9
2733.4
2739.8
2745.9
2751.8
2757.4
2762.8
2767.9
2772.7
2777.2
2781.4
2785.3
2788.8
2792.0
2794.8
2797.3
2799.3
2800.9
2802.2
2802.9
2803.2
2803.0
2802.2
2800.9
2799.1
2796.6
2793.5
2789.7
2785.2
2779.9
2773.7
2766.7
2758.7
2749.6
2739.4
2727.9
2715.0
2700.6
2684.3
2666.0
2645.4
2621.9
2595.1
2563.8
2526.9
2481.6
2422.7
2334.3
2086.6

1.307
1.363
1.419
1.474
1.528
1.582
1.635
1.687
1.739
1.791
1.842
1.892
1.943
1.992
2.042
2.091
2.139
2.188
2.235
2.283
2.331
2.378
2.424
2.471
2.518
2.564
2.610
2.656
2.702
2.748
2.793
2.839
2.885
2.930
2.976
3.022
3.068
3.114
3.161
3.208
3.255
3.302
3.351
3.399
3.449
3.500
3.552
3.605
3.660
3.718
3.779
3.844
3.916
4.000
4.112
4.410

7.354
7.295
7.238
7.183
7.129
7.077
7.026
6.977
6.929
6.883
6.837
6.793
6.749
6.707
6.665
6.624
6.584
6.545
6.506
6.468
6.430
6.393
6.356
6.320
6.284
6.248
6.213
6.178
6.142
6.107
6.072
6.037
6.002
5.966
5.930
5.894
5.858
5.821
5.783
5.745
5.706
5.666
5.624
5.582
5.537
5.491
5.442
5.391
5.336
5.276
5.211
5.138
5.054
4.949
4.801
4.410

100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
373.95

Properties of saturated water and steam:

pressures from the triple point to 1 bar

Pressure Temp.
(bar)

(C)

0.00611
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00

0.01
17.50
28.96
36.16
41.51
45.81
49.42
52.55
55.31
57.80
60.06
62.13
64.05
65.84
67.52
69.09
70.58
72.00
73.34
74.63
75.86
77.03
78.16
79.25
80.30
81.32
82.30
83.25
84.17
85.06
85.93
86.77
87.59
88.39
89.17
89.93
90.67
91.40
92.11
92.81
93.49
94.15
94.80
95.44
96.07
96.69
97.29
97.89
98.47
99.04
99.61

H (kJ/kg)
V (m3/kg)
U (kJ/kg)
S (kJ/kg K) Pressure
water steam water steam water evapn steam water steam (bar)
0.001000
0.001001
0.001004
0.001006
0.001008
0.001010
0.001012
0.001013
0.001015
0.001016
0.001017
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.001021
0.001022
0.001023
0.001024
0.001025
0.001026
0.001026
0.001027
0.001028
0.001029
0.001029
0.001030
0.001031
0.001031
0.001032
0.001032
0.001033
0.001034
0.001034
0.001035
0.001035
0.001036
0.001036
0.001037
0.001037
0.001038
0.001039
0.001039
0.001039
0.001040
0.001040
0.001041
0.001041
0.001042
0.001042
0.001043
0.001043

206.00
66.99
34.79
23.73
18.10
14.67
12.36
10.69
9.43
8.44
7.65
6.99
6.45
5.98
5.58
5.23
4.92
4.65
4.41
4.19
3.99
3.81
3.65
3.50
3.37
3.24
3.12
3.02
2.91
2.82
2.73
2.65
2.57
2.50
2.43
2.37
2.30
2.25
2.19
2.14
2.09
2.04
1.99
1.95
1.91
1.87
1.83
1.80
1.76
1.73
1.69

0.0
73.4
121.4
151.5
173.8
191.8
206.9
220.0
231.5
241.9
251.4
260.1
268.1
275.6
282.6
289.2
295.5
301.4
307.0
312.4
317.6
322.5
327.3
331.8
336.2
340.5
344.6
348.6
352.4
356.2
359.8
363.4
366.8
370.2
373.5
376.7
379.8
382.9
385.8
388.8
391.6
394.4
397.2
399.9
402.5
405.1
407.6
410.1
412.6
415.0
417.4

2375.0
2398.9
2414.5
2424.2
2431.4
2437.2
2442.0
2446.1
2449.8
2453.0
2456.0
2458.7
2461.2
2463.5
2465.7
2467.7
2469.6
2471.4
2473.1
2474.8
2476.3
2477.8
2479.2
2480.6
2481.9
2483.2
2484.4
2485.6
2486.8
2487.9
2488.9
2490.0
2491.0
2492.0
2492.9
2493.9
2494.8
2495.7
2496.5
2497.4
2498.2
2499.0
2499.8
2500.6
2501.3
2502.1
2502.8
2503.5
2504.2
2504.9
2505.5

0.0
73.4
121.4
151.5
173.8
191.8
206.9
220.0
231.6
241.9
251.4
260.1
268.1
275.6
282.6
289.3
295.5
301.4
307.1
312.5
317.6
322.6
327.3
331.9
336.3
340.5
344.6
348.6
352.5
356.3
359.9
363.4
366.9
370.3
373.5
376.7
379.9
382.9
385.9
388.8
391.7
394.5
397.3
400.0
402.6
405.2
407.7
410.2
412.7
415.1
417.5

2500.9
2459.5
2432.3
2415.2
2402.4
2392.1
2383.4
2375.8
2369.1
2363.0
2357.5
2352.4
2347.7
2343.3
2339.2
2335.3
2331.6
2328.1
2324.7
2321.5
2318.4
2315.5
2312.6
2309.9
2307.2
2304.7
2302.2
2299.8
2297.4
2295.2
2293.0
2290.8
2288.7
2286.6
2284.6
2282.7
2280.8
2278.9
2277.0
2275.2
2273.5
2271.7
2270.0
2268.4
2266.7
2265.1
2263.5
2262.0
2260.4
2258.9
2257.4

2500.9
2532.9
2553.7
2566.6
2576.2
2583.9
2590.3
2595.8
2600.6
2605.0
2608.9
2612.5
2615.9
2619.0
2621.8
2624.5
2627.1
2629.5
2631.8
2634.0
2636.1
2638.0
2639.9
2641.8
2643.5
2645.2
2646.8
2648.4
2649.9
2651.4
2652.9
2654.2
2655.6
2656.9
2658.2
2659.4
2660.6
2661.8
2663.0
2664.1
2665.2
2666.3
2667.3
2668.3
2669.3
2670.3
2671.3
2672.2
2673.1
2674.1
2674.9

0.000
0.261
0.422
0.521
0.592
0.649
0.696
0.737
0.772
0.804
0.832
0.858
0.882
0.904
0.925
0.944
0.962
0.979
0.996
1.011
1.026
1.040
1.054
1.067
1.079
1.091
1.103
1.114
1.125
1.135
1.145
1.155
1.165
1.174
1.183
1.192
1.201
1.209
1.217
1.225
1.233
1.241
1.248
1.255
1.263
1.270
1.277
1.283
1.290
1.296
1.303

9.156
8.723
8.473
8.329
8.227
8.149
8.085
8.031
7.985
7.944
7.907
7.874
7.844
7.817
7.791
7.767
7.745
7.725
7.705
7.687
7.669
7.652
7.637
7.621
7.607
7.593
7.580
7.567
7.555
7.543
7.531
7.520
7.509
7.499
7.489
7.479
7.470
7.460
7.451
7.443
7.434
7.426
7.418
7.410
7.402
7.394
7.387
7.380
7.373
7.366
7.359

0.00611
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00

31

Properties of saturated water and steam:

pressures from 1 bar to 30 bar

Pressure Temp.
(bar)

(C)

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0

99.61
111.35
120.21
127.41
133.52
138.86
143.61
147.90
151.83
155.46
158.83
161.98
164.95
167.75
170.41
172.94
175.35
177.66
179.88
182.01
184.06
186.04
187.96
189.81
191.60
193.35
195.04
196.68
198.29
199.85
201.37
202.86
204.31
205.72
207.11
208.47
209.80
211.10
212.38
213.63
214.86
216.06
217.25
218.41
219.56
220.68
221.79
222.88
223.95
226.05
228.08
230.06
231.98
233.85

32

H (kJ/kg)
V (m3/kg)
U (kJ/kg)
S (kJ/kg K) Pressure
water steam water steam water evapn steam water steam (bar)
0.001043
0.001053
0.001061
0.001067
0.001073
0.001079
0.001084
0.001088
0.001093
0.001097
0.001101
0.001104
0.001108
0.001111
0.001115
0.001118
0.001121
0.001124
0.001127
0.001130
0.001133
0.001136
0.001138
0.001141
0.001144
0.001146
0.001149
0.001151
0.001154
0.001156
0.001159
0.001161
0.001163
0.001166
0.001168
0.001170
0.001172
0.001175
0.001177
0.001179
0.001181
0.001183
0.001185
0.001187
0.001189
0.001191
0.001193
0.001195
0.001197
0.001201
0.001205
0.001209
0.001213
0.001217

1.6941
1.1594
0.8858
0.7187
0.6058
0.5242
0.4624
0.4139
0.3748
0.3426
0.3156
0.2926
0.2728
0.2555
0.2403
0.2269
0.2149
0.2041
0.1944
0.1855
0.1775
0.1701
0.1633
0.1570
0.1512
0.1458
0.1408
0.1361
0.1317
0.1276
0.1237
0.1201
0.1167
0.1134
0.1104
0.1075
0.1047
0.1021
0.0996
0.0972
0.0949
0.0928
0.0907
0.0887
0.0868
0.0850
0.0832
0.0816
0.0800
0.0769
0.0741
0.0714
0.0690
0.0667

417.4
467.0
504.5
535.1
561.1
583.9
604.2
622.7
639.5
655.2
669.7
683.4
696.2
708.4
720.0
731.0
741.6
751.7
761.4
770.8
779.8
788.5
797.0
805.2
813.1
820.8
828.4
835.7
842.8
849.8
856.6
863.3
869.8
876.1
882.4
888.5
894.5
900.4
906.2
911.8
917.4
922.9
928.3
933.6
938.8
943.9
949.0
954.0
958.9
968.6
977.9
987.1
996.0
1004.7

2505.5
2519.2
2529.1
2536.8
2543.1
2548.5
2553.1
2557.1
2560.7
2563.9
2566.8
2569.4
2571.8
2574.0
2576.0
2577.9
2579.6
2581.2
2582.7
2584.1
2585.5
2586.7
2587.8
2588.9
2589.9
2590.9
2591.8
2592.6
2593.4
2594.1
2594.8
2595.5
2596.1
2596.7
2597.2
2597.8
2598.2
2598.7
2599.1
2599.5
2599.9
2600.2
2600.6
2600.9
2601.1
2601.4
2601.6
2601.9
2602.1
2602.4
2602.7
2602.9
2603.1
2603.2

417.5
467.1
504.7
535.3
561.4
584.3
604.7
623.1
640.1
655.8
670.4
684.1
697.0
709.2
720.9
732.0
742.6
752.7
762.5
771.9
781.0
789.8
798.3
806.6
814.6
822.4
830.0
837.4
844.6
851.6
858.5
865.2
871.7
878.2
884.5
890.7
896.7
902.7
908.5
914.2
919.9
925.4
930.9
936.3
941.5
946.7
951.9
956.9
961.9
971.7
981.2
990.5
999.5
1008.4

2257.4
2226.0
2201.5
2181.1
2163.5
2147.7
2133.4
2120.2
2108.0
2096.6
2085.8
2075.5
2065.8
2056.4
2047.4
2038.8
2030.5
2022.4
2014.6
2007.0
1999.6
1992.4
1985.4
1978.6
1971.9
1965.3
1958.9
1952.6
1946.4
1940.3
1934.4
1928.5
1922.7
1917.0
1911.4
1905.9
1900.5
1895.1
1889.8
1884.6
1879.4
1874.3
1869.2
1864.2
1859.3
1854.4
1849.6
1844.8
1840.0
1830.7
1821.5
1812.4
1803.6
1794.8

2674.9
2693.1
2706.2
2716.5
2724.9
2732.0
2738.1
2743.4
2748.1
2752.3
2756.1
2759.6
2762.8
2765.6
2768.3
2770.8
2773.0
2775.1
2777.1
2778.9
2780.6
2782.2
2783.7
2785.1
2786.5
2787.7
2788.8
2789.9
2791.0
2791.9
2792.8
2793.7
2794.5
2795.2
2795.9
2796.6
2797.2
2797.8
2798.3
2798.8
2799.3
2799.7
2800.1
2800.5
2800.8
2801.1
2801.4
2801.7
2801.9
2802.3
2802.7
2802.9
2803.1
2803.2

1.303
1.434
1.530
1.607
1.672
1.727
1.776
1.820
1.860
1.897
1.931
1.962
1.992
2.019
2.046
2.070
2.094
2.117
2.138
2.159
2.178
2.198
2.216
2.234
2.251
2.267
2.284
2.299
2.314
2.329
2.343
2.357
2.371
2.384
2.397
2.410
2.423
2.435
2.447
2.458
2.470
2.481
2.492
2.503
2.513
2.524
2.534
2.544
2.554
2.574
2.592
2.611
2.628
2.645

7.359
7.223
7.127
7.053
6.992
6.940
6.896
6.856
6.821
6.789
6.759
6.732
6.707
6.684
6.662
6.641
6.621
6.603
6.585
6.568
6.552
6.537
6.522
6.507
6.494
6.480
6.467
6.455
6.443
6.431
6.420
6.409
6.398
6.388
6.377
6.368
6.358
6.348
6.339
6.330
6.321
6.312
6.304
6.295
6.287
6.279
6.271
6.263
6.256
6.241
6.226
6.212
6.199
6.186

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0

Properties of saturated water and steam:

pressures from 30 bar to the critical point

Pressure Temp.
(bar)

(C)

30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
220.64

233.85
237.46
240.90
244.18
247.33
250.35
253.26
256.07
258.78
261.40
263.94
266.40
268.79
271.12
273.38
275.58
277.73
279.83
281.87
283.87
285.83
287.74
289.61
291.45
293.25
295.01
296.74
298.43
300.10
301.74
303.35
304.93
306.48
308.01
309.52
311.00
314.60
318.08
321.43
324.68
327.81
330.85
333.80
336.67
339.45
342.16
344.79
347.35
349.86
352.29
354.67
356.99
359.26
361.47
363.63
365.75
367.81
369.83
371.79
373.71
373.95

H (kJ/kg)
V (m3/kg)
U (kJ/kg)
S (kJ/kg K) Pressure
water steam water steam water evapn steam water steam (bar)
0.001217
0.001224
0.001231
0.001238
0.001245
0.001252
0.001259
0.001266
0.001273
0.001280
0.001286
0.001293
0.001299
0.001306
0.001312
0.001319
0.001326
0.001332
0.001339
0.001345
0.001352
0.001358
0.001365
0.001371
0.001378
0.001384
0.001391
0.001398
0.001404
0.001411
0.001418
0.001425
0.001431
0.001438
0.001445
0.001452
0.001470
0.001488
0.001507
0.001526
0.001546
0.001566
0.001588
0.001610
0.001633
0.001657
0.001683
0.001710
0.001739
0.001770
0.001804
0.001840
0.001881
0.001926
0.001977
0.002038
0.002111
0.002207
0.002349
0.002703
0.003106

0.06667
0.06248
0.05876
0.05545
0.05247
0.04978
0.04733
0.04510
0.04306
0.04118
0.03945
0.03784
0.03635
0.03496
0.03366
0.03245
0.03131
0.03024
0.02923
0.02828
0.02738
0.02653
0.02572
0.02495
0.02422
0.02352
0.02286
0.02223
0.02162
0.02104
0.02049
0.01996
0.01945
0.01895
0.01848
0.01803
0.01696
0.01599
0.01509
0.01426
0.01350
0.01278
0.01211
0.01149
0.01090
0.01034
0.00981
0.00931
0.00883
0.00837
0.00793
0.00750
0.00709
0.00668
0.00627
0.00586
0.00544
0.00499
0.00448
0.00364
0.00311

1004.7
1021.5
1037.7
1053.1
1068.1
1082.5
1096.4
1109.9
1123.0
1135.8
1148.2
1160.3
1172.1
1183.6
1194.9
1206.0
1216.8
1227.4
1237.8
1248.1
1258.1
1268.0
1277.8
1287.4
1296.8
1306.1
1315.3
1324.4
1333.4
1342.2
1351.0
1359.7
1368.2
1376.7
1385.1
1393.4
1413.9
1433.9
1453.6
1473.0
1492.2
1511.1
1529.8
1548.4
1566.9
1585.4
1603.9
1622.5
1641.2
1660.2
1679.4
1699.1
1719.3
1740.3
1762.3
1785.9
1811.7
1841.6
1879.5
1951.6
2018.1

2603.2
2603.2
2603.1
2602.8
2602.3
2601.7
2601.0
2600.1
2599.2
2598.1
2597.0
2595.7
2594.4
2593.0
2591.5
2589.9
2588.3
2586.5
2584.8
2582.9
2581.0
2579.0
2577.0
2574.9
2572.7
2570.5
2568.2
2565.9
2563.5
2561.0
2558.5
2556.0
2553.3
2550.7
2548.0
2545.2
2538.0
2530.4
2522.5
2514.3
2505.6
2496.5
2487.0
2477.1
2466.7
2455.7
2444.2
2432.0
2419.1
2405.4
2390.7
2374.9
2357.9
2339.1
2318.4
2294.8
2267.3
2233.5
2187.4
2092.4
2018.1

1008.4
1025.4
1041.8
1057.6
1072.8
1087.5
1101.7
1115.5
1128.9
1141.9
1154.6
1167.0
1179.1
1190.9
1202.5
1213.9
1225.0
1235.9
1246.7
1257.2
1267.6
1277.8
1287.9
1297.8
1307.6
1317.2
1326.7
1336.2
1345.5
1354.7
1363.8
1372.8
1381.7
1390.5
1399.3
1407.9
1429.3
1450.3
1471.0
1491.3
1511.5
1531.4
1551.2
1571.0
1590.6
1610.3
1630.0
1649.9
1669.9
1690.3
1711.0
1732.2
1754.1
1776.9
1800.9
1826.6
1855.0
1888.0
1930.0
2011.1
2086.6

1794.8
1777.7
1761.0
1744.8
1728.9
1713.3
1698.1
1683.1
1668.4
1653.9
1639.6
1625.5
1611.6
1597.8
1584.2
1570.7
1557.4
1544.1
1531.0
1518.0
1505.0
1492.2
1479.4
1466.7
1454.0
1441.4
1428.9
1416.4
1404.0
1391.5
1379.2
1366.8
1354.5
1342.1
1329.8
1317.5
1286.8
1256.0
1225.1
1194.1
1162.8
1131.3
1099.3
1067.0
1034.1
1000.5
966.2
931.1
894.9
857.4
818.5
777.8
734.9
689.2
639.8
585.4
523.8
450.4
353.6
161.5
0.0

2803.2
2803.1
2802.9
2802.4
2801.7
2800.8
2799.8
2798.6
2797.3
2795.8
2794.2
2792.5
2790.7
2788.8
2786.7
2784.6
2782.4
2780.1
2777.7
2775.2
2772.6
2770.0
2767.3
2764.5
2761.6
2758.7
2755.7
2752.6
2749.4
2746.2
2742.9
2739.6
2736.1
2732.6
2729.1
2725.5
2716.1
2706.3
2696.1
2685.4
2674.3
2662.7
2650.6
2637.9
2624.7
2610.8
2596.3
2581.0
2564.8
2547.7
2529.5
2510.0
2489.0
2466.0
2440.7
2412.1
2378.9
2338.4
2283.6
2172.6
2086.6

2.645
2.679
2.710
2.740
2.769
2.797
2.823
2.849
2.874
2.898
2.921
2.943
2.965
2.986
3.007
3.027
3.047
3.067
3.085
3.104
3.122
3.140
3.157
3.174
3.191
3.208
3.224
3.240
3.256
3.271
3.287
3.302
3.317
3.331
3.346
3.360
3.396
3.430
3.464
3.496
3.529
3.561
3.592
3.623
3.654
3.685
3.715
3.746
3.777
3.808
3.840
3.872
3.905
3.940
3.976
4.015
4.057
4.107
4.171
4.294
4.410

6.186
6.160
6.136
6.113
6.091
6.070
6.049
6.029
6.010
5.992
5.974
5.956
5.939
5.922
5.906
5.890
5.875
5.859
5.844
5.829
5.815
5.800
5.786
5.772
5.759
5.745
5.732
5.718
5.705
5.692
5.679
5.666
5.654
5.641
5.628
5.616
5.585
5.554
5.524
5.494
5.464
5.434
5.403
5.373
5.342
5.311
5.279
5.247
5.213
5.179
5.143
5.106
5.067
5.026
4.981
4.931
4.875
4.808
4.719
4.544
4.410

30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
220.64

33

Specific enthalpy of water and steam

Pressure (bar) 0.1
0.5
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
220.64
sat temp. (C)
45.8
81.3
99.6
151.8 179.9 212.4 250.4 275.6 295.0 311.0 342.2 365.8 373.95
H (sat. liq.)
191.8 340.5 417.5 640.1 762.5 908.5 1087.5 1213.9 1317.2 1407.9 1610.3 1826.6 2086.6
H (sat. vap.) 2583.9 2645.2 2674.9 2748.1 2777.1 2798.3 2800.8 2784.6 2758.7 2725.5 2610.8 2412.1 2086.6
Temp. (C)
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
0.01
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
700
750
800

34

0
104.8
2592.0
2639.8
2687.5
2735.2
2783.0
2831.2
2879.6
2928.4
2977.4
3026.9
3076.7
3126.9
3177.5
3228.5
3279.9
3331.8
3384.0
3436.6
3489.7
3597.1
3706.3
3817.2
3929.9
4044.4
4160.6

0.1
104.9
209.4
314.0
2682.4
2731.5
2780.2
2828.9
2877.8
2926.8
2976.1
3025.8
3075.8
3126.1
3176.8
3227.9
3279.3
3331.2
3383.5
3436.2
3489.3
3596.8
3706.0
3816.9
3929.7
4044.2
4160.4

0.1
104.9
209.4
314.1
2675.8
2726.7
2776.6
2826.1
2875.5
2924.9
2974.5
3024.4
3074.5
3125.0
3175.8
3227.0
3278.6
3330.5
3382.8
3435.6
3488.7
3596.3
3705.6
3816.6
3929.4
4043.9
4160.2

0.5
105.3
209.8
314.4
419.5
525.3
632.2
2801.4
2855.8
2908.8
2961.0
3012.9
3064.6
3116.3
3168.1
3220.1
3272.3
3324.9
3377.7
3430.9
3484.5
3592.7
3702.5
3813.9
3927.0
4041.8
4158.4

1
105.8
210.2
314.8
419.8
525.6
632.5
741.1
2828.3
2887.0
2943.1
2997.8
3051.6
3105.0
3158.2
3211.3
3264.5
3317.8
3371.3
3425.1
3479.1
3588.1
3698.6
3810.5
3924.1
4039.3
4156.1

2
106.7
211.1
315.6
420.6
526.3
633.1
741.6
852.5
2836.1
2903.2
2965.2
3024.2
3081.5
3137.7
3193.2
3248.3
3303.3
3358.2
3413.2
3468.2
3579.0
3690.7
3803.8
3918.2
4034.1
4151.5

4.1
108.5
212.8
317.2
422.1
527.7
634.4
742.7
853.3
967.1
1085.8
2887.3
2961.7
3029.5
3093.3
3154.7
3214.5
3273.2
3331.2
3388.7
3446.0
3560.3
3674.9
3790.1
3906.3
4023.6
4142.3

6.1
110.4
214.5
318.8
423.6
529.1
635.6
743.7
854.1
967.6
1085.7
1210.9
2885.5
2969.5
3043.9
3112.8
3178.2
3241.4
3302.9
3363.4
3423.1
3541.3
3658.7
3776.2
3894.3
4013.2
4133.1

8.1
112.2
216.2
320.5
425.1
530.5
636.9
744.8
854.9
968.1
1085.7
1210.0
2786.5
2898.4
2988.1
3066.9
3139.4
3207.7
3273.3
3337.1
3399.5
3521.8
3642.4
3762.3
3882.2
4002.6
4123.8

10.1
114.1
217.9
322.1
426.6
531.8
638.1
745.9
855.8
968.7
1085.8
1209.3
1343.3
2810.3
2924.0
3016.3
3097.4
3172.0
3242.3
3309.7
3375.1
3502.0
3625.8
3748.1
3870.0
3992.0
4114.5

15.1
118.6
222.2
326.1
430.4
535.3
641.3
748.6
858.0
970.1
1086.1
1207.8
1338.3
1485.6
2693.1
2858.9
2975.7
3072.3
3157.9
3236.6
3310.8
3450.4
3583.1
3712.1
3839.1
3965.2
4091.1

20.1
123.2
226.5
330.1
434.2
538.8
644.4
751.4
860.3
971.7
1086.7
1206.7
1334.4
1475.2
1646.0
2602.6
2816.9
2953.0
3061.7
3155.8
3241.2
3396.1
3539.0
3675.3
3807.8
3938.1
4067.5

22.1
125.1
228.3
331.8
435.7
540.3
645.8
752.6
861.2
972.4
1087.0
1206.4
1333.0
1471.7
1635.6
2337.7
2732.9
2896.1
3017.8
3120.0
3210.8
3373.0
3520.4
3659.8
3794.7
3926.9
4057.7

250

300

400

500

1000

25
127.8
230.8
334.2
438.0
542.4
647.7
754.2
862.6
973.4
1087.4
1206.0
1331.3
1467.3
1623.9
1849.4
2578.6
2805.0
2950.6
3066.2
3165.9
3339.2
3493.5
3637.7
3776.0
3910.9
4043.8

29.9
132.3
235.1
338.2
441.7
545.9
650.9
757.1
865.0
975.2
1088.4
1205.7
1328.9
1461.1
1608.8
1791.8
2152.8
2611.8
2821.0
2966.8
3084.7
3279.7
3446.7
3599.4
3743.9
3883.4
4020.0

39.6
141.3
243.6
346.2
449.3
553.0
657.4
763.0
870.0
979.0
1090.7
1205.8
1325.6
1452.2
1588.8
1742.6
1931.4
2199.0
2511.8
2740.2
2906.5
3154.4
3350.4
3521.6
3679.1
3828.4
3972.6

49.2
150.2
252.0
354.3
456.9
560.1
664.0
768.9
875.2
983.2
1093.5
1206.8
1324.0
1446.4
1576.1
1716.6
1874.4
2060.7
2284.7
2520.0
2722.6
3025.3
3252.5
3443.4
3614.6
3773.9
3925.8

95.4
194.1
293.9
394.3
495.1
596.3
697.9
800.2
903.4
1007.6
1113.1
1220.2
1329.1
1440.3
1554.0
1670.8
1791.1
1915.7
2044.7
2178.5
2316.2
2595.9
2865.1
3110.5
3330.7
3530.5
3715.3

Pressure (bar) 0.1

sat temp. (C)
45.8
S (sat. liq.)
0.649
S (sat. vap.)
8.149
Temp. (C)
0.01
0.000
25
0.367
50
8.174
75
8.317
100
8.449
125
8.573
150
8.689
175
8.800
200
8.905
225
9.005
250
9.101
275
9.194
300
9.283
325
9.368
350
9.451
375
9.532
400
9.609
425
9.685
450
9.758
475
9.830
500
9.900
550
10.034
600
10.163
650
10.287
700
10.406
750
10.520
800
10.631

1
99.6
1.303
7.359

0.000
0.367
0.704
1.016
7.361
7.493
7.615
7.728
7.836
7.937
8.035
8.128
8.217
8.303
8.387
8.467
8.545
8.621
8.695
8.766
8.836
8.971
9.100
9.223
9.342
9.457
9.568

0.5
81.3
1.091
7.593

0.000
0.367
0.704
1.016
7.695
7.823
7.941
8.053
8.159
8.260
8.357
8.449
8.539
8.625
8.708
8.788
8.866
8.942
9.015
9.087
9.157
9.291
9.420
9.544
9.663
9.777
9.888

0.000
0.367
0.704
1.015
1.307
1.581
1.842
6.943
7.061
7.170
7.272
7.369
7.461
7.550
7.635
7.716
7.796
7.872
7.947
8.019
8.089
8.225
8.354
8.478
8.598
8.713
8.824

5
151.8
1.860
6.821
0.000
0.367
0.703
1.015
1.307
1.581
1.841
2.090
6.696
6.817
6.926
7.029
7.125
7.216
7.303
7.386
7.467
7.545
7.620
7.693
7.764
7.901
8.031
8.156
8.275
8.391
8.502

10
179.9
2.138
6.585
0.000
0.367
0.703
1.015
1.306
1.580
1.840
2.089
2.330
6.416
6.547
6.663
6.768
6.866
6.958
7.046
7.129
7.209
7.287
7.361
7.434
7.572
7.704
7.830
7.951
8.067
8.179

20
212.4
2.447
6.339

Specific entropy of water and steam

0.000
0.366
0.702
1.013
1.304
1.578
1.838
2.087
2.327
2.561
2.793
6.231
6.364
6.480
6.584
6.681
6.771
6.857
6.939
7.017
7.092
7.235
7.371
7.499
7.621
7.739
7.852

40
250.4
2.797
6.070

80
295.0
3.208
5.745

100
311.0
3.360
5.616

150
342.2
3.685
5.311

0.000
0.366
0.701
1.012
1.303
1.576
1.836
2.084
2.324
2.557
2.789
3.022
6.070
6.214
6.336
6.444
6.543
6.635
6.722
6.804
6.883
7.031
7.169
7.300
7.425
7.544
7.658

0.000
0.365
0.700
1.011
1.301
1.574
1.834
2.081
2.320
2.554
2.784
3.016
5.794
5.985
6.132
6.256
6.366
6.465
6.558
6.645
6.727
6.880
7.022
7.156
7.282
7.403
7.518

0.000
0.365
0.699
1.010
1.300
1.573
1.831
2.079
2.317
2.550
2.779
3.010
3.249
5.760
5.946
6.091
6.214
6.323
6.422
6.514
6.599
6.758
6.904
7.041
7.169
7.292
7.408

0.001
0.363
0.697
1.006
1.296
1.568
1.826
2.073
2.310
2.541
2.768
2.995
3.228
3.479
5.444
5.705
5.882
6.023
6.143
6.250
6.348
6.523
6.680
6.823
6.957
7.084
7.204

Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)

60
275.6
3.027
5.890
0.001
0.362
0.695
1.003
1.292
1.564
1.821
2.066
2.303
2.532
2.757
2.981
3.209
3.449
3.729
5.227
5.553
5.751
5.904
6.032
6.145
6.339
6.507
6.659
6.799
6.930
7.053

200
365.8
4.015
4.931
0.001
0.361
0.694
1.002
1.291
1.562
1.819
2.064
2.300
2.529
2.753
2.976
3.202
3.439
3.707
4.798
5.400
5.638
5.810
5.949
6.068
6.272
6.445
6.601
6.743
6.876
7.000

220.64
373.95
4.410
4.410
0.001
0.360
0.692
1.000
1.288
1.559
1.816
2.060
2.296
2.524
2.747
2.969
3.192
3.424
3.680
4.034
5.140
5.471
5.676
5.833
5.964
6.182
6.364
6.524
6.670
6.805
6.932

250

0.000
0.359
0.690
0.997
1.285
1.555
1.811
2.054
2.289
2.516
2.737
2.956
3.176
3.402
3.644
3.931
4.476
5.147
5.442
5.640
5.796
6.040
6.237
6.407
6.560
6.700
6.830

300

0.000
0.356
0.686
0.992
1.278
1.546
1.801
2.043
2.275
2.500
2.719
2.934
3.147
3.363
3.587
3.829
4.114
4.504
4.945
5.256
5.474
5.786
6.017
6.208
6.374
6.524
6.661

400

1000

35

0.001 0.008
0.353 0.337
0.681 0.659
0.986 0.958
1.271 1.237
1.538 1.500
1.791 1.748
2.032 1.982
2.263 2.206
2.485 2.421
2.701 2.628
2.913 2.828
3.122 3.022
3.331 3.212
3.543 3.398
3.764 3.582
4.003 3.764
4.275 3.945
4.590 4.127
4.910 4.309
5.176 4.490
5.556 4.841
5.825 5.158
6.037 5.431
6.218 5.664
6.378 5.864
6.523 6.041

500

36

Pressure (bar) 0.1

sat temp. (C)
45.8
(sat. liq.)
990.1
(sat. vap.) 0.0681
Temp. (C)
0.01
999.8
25
997.0
50
0.0673
75
0.0624
100
0.0582
125
0.0545
150
0.0512
175
0.0484
200
0.0458
225
0.0435
250
0.0414
275
0.0395
300
0.0378
325
0.0362
350
0.0348
375
0.0334
400
0.0322
425
0.0310
450
0.0300
475
0.0290
500
0.0280
550
0.0263
600
0.0248
650
0.0235
700
0.0223
750
0.0212
800
0.0202

1
99.6
958.8
0.592

999.8
997.0
988.0
974.8
0.590
0.550
0.516
0.487
0.460
0.437
0.416
0.396
0.379
0.363
0.348
0.335
0.322
0.311
0.300
0.290
0.280
0.263
0.248
0.235
0.223
0.212
0.202

0.5
81.3
970.9
0.309

999.8
997.0
988.0
974.8
0.293
0.274
0.257
0.243
0.230
0.218
0.207
0.198
0.189
0.181
0.174
0.167
0.161
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.140
0.132
0.124
0.117
0.111
0.106
0.101

10
179.9
887.3
5.144

20
212.4
849.6
10.04

40
250.4
798.7
20.09

60
275.6
758.2
30.82

100
311.0
688.7
55.5

Density (kg/m3)

80
295.0
722.5
42.5

150
342.2
603.5
96.7

200
365.8
490.7
170.6

220.64
373.95
322
322

250

300

400

500

1000

1000.0 1000.3 1000.8 1001.8 1002.8 1003.8 1004.8 1007.3 1009.7 1010.7 1012.2 1014.5 1019.2 1023.8 1045.3
997.2 997.5 997.9 998.8 999.7 1000.6 1001.5 1003.7 1005.8 1006.7 1008.0 1010.1 1014.3 1018.4 1037.9
988.2 988.4 988.9 989.7 990.6 991.5 992.3 994.4 996.5 997.4 998.6 1000.7 1004.7 1008.7 1027.4
975.0 975.2 975.7 976.6 977.5 978.3 979.2 981.3 983.5 984.4 985.6 987.7 991.8 995.8 1014.6
958.5 958.8 959.2 960.2 961.1 962.0 962.9 965.2 967.4 968.4 969.6 971.8 976.1 980.3 999.8
939.2 939.4 939.9 940.9 941.9 942.9 943.9 946.4 948.8 949.8 951.2 953.5 958.1 962.5 983.1
917.0 917.3 917.9 919.0 920.1 921.2 922.3 925.0 927.7 928.8 930.3 932.9 937.9 942.7 964.8
2.503 892.4 893.0 894.3 895.6 896.8 898.1 901.1 904.1 905.4 907.1 909.9 915.5 920.9 945.0
2.353 4.850 865.0 866.5 868.0 869.5 870.9 874.5 878.0 879.4 881.3 884.6 890.9 897.0 923.7
2.223 4.550
9.63
835.1 836.9 838.7 840.4 844.7 848.8 850.5 852.8 856.6 864.0 870.9 901.0
2.108 4.300
8.97
798.9 801.2 803.5 805.7 811.0 816.1 818.1 820.9 825.6 834.3 842.4 876.7
2.006 4.070
8.43
18.31 759.1 762.2 765.1 772.2 778.7 781.3 784.8 790.6 801.4 811.1 850.8
1.913 3.880
7.97
16.99 27.63
41.2
715.3 725.6 734.7 738.2 743.0 750.7 764.4 776.5 823.2
1.830 3.700
7.57
15.93 25.39
36.5
50.3
664.9 679.8 685.3 692.4 703.4 722.0 737.6 793.7
1.754 3.540
7.21
15.04 23.67
33.4
44.6
87.1
600.6 612.0 625.5 643.9 671.9 693.2 762.3
1.684 3.390
6.90
14.28 22.27
31.0
40.7
71.9
130.3 210.0 505.5 558.2 609.3 641.2 728.8
1.620 3.260
6.61
13.62 21.09
29.1
37.8
63.8
100.5 121.9 166.5 357.4 523.3 577.8 692.9
1.561 3.140
6.35
13.03 20.07
27.5
35.5
58.3
87.1
101.8 126.8 188.7 394.1 497.7 654.7
1.506 3.030
6.11
12.49 19.17
26.2
33.6
54.1
78.6
90.3
109.0 148.4 270.9 402.0 614.2
1.454 2.920
5.90
12.01 18.37
25.0
31.9
50.8
72.4
82.4
97.8
128.1 210.0 315.2 571.7
1.407 2.820
5.69
11.57 17.65
23.9
30.5
48.0
67.6
76.4
89.7
115.1 177.8 257.1 528.3
1.320 2.650
5.33
10.79 16.39
22.1
28.0
43.6
60.3
67.7
78.5
98.3
143.2 195.4 444.6
1.244 2.490
5.01
10.12 15.32
20.6
26.1
40.1
55.0
61.4
70.7
87.4
123.6 163.7 374.2
1.176 2.360
4.73
9.53
14.40
19.4
24.4
37.3
50.8
56.5
64.8
79.4
110.5 143.7 321.0
1.115 2.230
4.48
9.01
13.60
18.2
22.9
34.9
47.3
52.5
60.1
73.2
100.7 129.6 282.0
1.060 2.120
4.25
8.55
12.88
17.3
21.7
32.9
44.4
49.2
56.2
68.2
93.1
118.8 253.0
1.010 2.020
4.05
8.14
12.25
16.4
20.6
31.1
41.9
46.4
52.8
64.0
86.8
110.2 230.6

5
151.8
914.9
2.668

Density of water and steam

Specific internal energy of water and steam

Pressure (bar) 0.1
sat temp. (C)
45.8
U (sat. liq.)
191.8
U (sat. vap.) 2437.2
Temp. (C)
0.01
0.0
25
104.8
50
2443.3
75
2479.5
100
2515.5
125
2551.6
150
2587.9
175
2624.5
200
2661.3
225
2698.5
250
2736.1
275
2774.0
300
2812.3
325
2850.9
350
2890.0
375
2929.5
400
2969.3
425
3009.6
450
3050.3
475
3091.4
500
3132.9
550
3217.2
600
3303.3
650
3391.2
700
3480.8
750
3572.2
800
3665.3

0.5
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
81.3
99.6
151.8 179.9 212.4 250.4 275.6 295.0 311.0 342.2 365.8
340.5 417.4 639.5 761.4 906.2 1082.5 1206.0 1306.1 1393.4 1585.4 1785.9
2483.2 2505.5 2560.7 2582.7 2599.1 2601.7 2589.9 2570.5 2545.2 2455.7 2294.8
0.0
104.8
209.3
314.0
2511.5
2548.7
2585.7
2622.8
2660.0
2697.4
2735.1
2773.2
2811.6
2850.3
2889.4
2929.0
2968.9
3009.2
3049.9
3091.0
3132.6
3217.0
3303.1
3391.0
3480.6
3572.0
3665.2

0.0
104.8
209.3
314.0
2506.2
2545.0
2582.9
2620.6
2658.2
2695.9
2733.9
2772.1
2810.6
2849.5
2888.7
2928.3
2968.3
3008.7
3049.4
3090.6
3132.2
3216.6
3302.8
3390.7
3480.4
3571.8
3665.0

0.0
104.8
209.3
313.9
418.9
524.7
631.6
2601.6
2643.3
2683.9
2723.8
2763.6
2803.2
2843.0
2883.0
2923.2
2963.7
3004.5
3045.6
3087.1
3129.0
3213.9
3300.4
3388.6
3478.5
3570.2
3663.6

0.0
104.7
209.2
313.8
418.8
524.5
631.4
740.0
2622.2
2667.3
2710.4
2752.3
2793.6
2834.7
2875.7
2916.7
2957.9
2999.2
3040.9
3082.8
3125.0
3210.5
3297.5
3386.0
3476.2
3568.1
3661.7

0.0
104.7
209.0
313.6
418.5
524.2
630.9
739.4
850.1
2628.5
2680.2
2727.8
2773.2
2817.2
2860.5
2903.3
2945.9
2988.5
3031.1
3073.9
3116.9
3203.6
3291.5
3380.8
3471.6
3564.0
3658.0

Specific internal energy (kJ/kg)

0.1
104.5
208.7
313.1
417.9
523.4
630.0
738.2
848.6
962.3
1080.8
2668.9
2726.2
2778.3
2827.4
2874.7
2920.7
2966.1
3011.0
3055.7
3100.3
3189.5
3279.4
3370.3
3462.4
3555.8
3650.6

0.1
104.4
208.4
312.7
417.4
522.7
629.1
737.0
847.2
960.5
1078.2
1203.0
2668.4
2733.1
2790.4
2843.4
2893.7
2942.4
2989.9
3036.7
3083.1
3175.2
3267.2
3359.6
3453.0
3547.5
3643.2

0.1
104.2
208.2
312.3
416.8
522.0
628.2
735.9
845.7
958.6
1075.8
1199.5
2592.3
2679.2
2748.3
2808.9
2864.6
2917.2
2967.8
3017.0
3065.4
3160.5
3254.7
3348.9
3443.6
3539.1
3635.7

0.2
104.1
207.9
311.9
416.2
521.2
627.3
734.8
844.3
956.8
1073.4
1196.2
1329.4
2611.6
2699.6
2770.7
2833.1
2890.4
2944.5
2996.5
3047.0
3145.4
3242.0
3337.9
3434.0
3530.7
3628.2

0.2
103.7
207.1
310.8
414.8
519.5
625.1
732.0
840.8
952.4
1067.6
1188.3
1317.6
1463.0
2520.9
2650.4
2740.6
2815.0
2880.7
2941.3
2998.4
3106.2
3209.3
3310.1
3409.8
3509.4
3609.2

0.3
103.3
206.4
309.8
413.5
517.8
622.9
729.3
837.5
948.1
1062.2
1181.0
1307.1
1445.8
1612.7
2449.1
2617.9
2723.5
2807.2
2879.7
2945.3
3064.7
3175.3
3281.4
3385.1
3487.7
3590.1

220.64
373.95
2018.1
2018.1

250

300

400

500

1000

0.3
103.2
206.2
309.4
412.9
517.1
622.0
728.2
836.1
946.4
1060.0
1178.1
1303.1
1439.5
1599.6
2232.6
2551.9
2679.3
2773.4
2852.1
2922.0
3046.9
3160.9
3269.3
3374.7
3478.7
3582.1

0.3
102.9
205.8
308.8
412.2
516.1
620.8
726.7
834.2
944.1
1057.0
1174.2
1297.6
1431.2
1583.9
1799.9
2428.5
2607.8
2721.2
2810.5
2887.3
3020.8
3140.0
3251.9
3359.9
3465.8
3570.7

0.3
102.6
205.1
307.8
410.9
514.4
618.7
724.1
831.1
940.2
1052.0
1167.7
1288.9
1418.4
1562.2
1738.1
2068.9
2452.8
2618.9
2732.7
2824.0
2974.5
3103.4
3221.7
3334.3
3443.6
3551.2

0.3
101.9
203.7
305.9
408.4
511.2
614.8
719.3
825.1
932.7
1042.7
1155.9
1273.3
1396.7
1529.3
1677.0
1854.9
2097.5
2364.2
2549.7
2681.6
2875.0
3026.8
3159.5
3282.0
3398.6
3511.8

0.3
101.1
202.5
304.1
405.9
508.2
611.0
714.6
819.4
925.8
1034.2
1145.2
1259.6
1378.6
1503.9
1638.6
1787.8
1960.2
2160.3
2361.4
2528.1
2769.5
2947.1
3095.6
3228.7
3353.1
3472.2

0.2
97.7
196.6
295.8
395.1
494.6
594.3
694.4
795.1
896.6
999.1
1102.7
1207.6
1314.3
1422.8
1533.6
1646.8
1762.9
1881.9
2003.6
2126.9
2371.0
2597.9
2798.9
2976.1
3135.2
3281.7

37

Properties of Ammonia, NH3

Data are taken with permission from Rogers, G.F.C., and Mayhew, Y.R., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
of Fluids, 5th edition, Blackwell Publishers Ltd (1995).

Saturation Values

(C)

Psat

(bar)

Vvap

H liq

H vap

Sliq

S vap

50
45
40
35
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50

0.4089
0.5454
0.7177
0.9322
1.196
1.317
1.447
1.588
1.740
1.902
2.077
2.265
2.465
2.680
2.908
3.153
3.413
3.691
3.983
4.295
4.625
4.975
5.346
5.736
6.149
6.585
7.045
7.529
8.035
8.570
9.134
9.722
10.34
10.99
11.67
12.37
13.11
13.89
14.70
15.54
16.42
17.34
18.30
19.29
20.33

(m3/kg)
2.625
2.005
1.552
1.216
0.9633
0.8809
0.8058
0.7389
0.6783
0.6237
0.5743
0.5296
0.4890
0.4521
0.4185
0.3879
0.3599
0.3344
0.3110
0.2895
0.2699
0.2517
0.2351
0.2198
0.2056
0.1926
0.1805
0.1693
0.1590
0.1494
0.1405
0.1322
0.1245
0.1173
0.1106
0.1044
0.0986
0.0931
0.0880
0.0833
0.0788
0.0746
0.0706
0.0670
0.0635

(kJ/kg)
44.4
22.3
0
22.3
44.7
53.6
62.6
71.7
80.8
89.8
98.8
107.9
117.0
126.2
135.4
144.5
153.6
162.8
172.0
181.2
190.4
199.7
209.1
218.5
227.8
237.2
246.6
256.0
265.5
275.1
284.6
294.1
303.7
313.4
323.1
332.8
342.5
352.3
362.1
371.9
381.8
391.8
401.8
411.9
421.9

(kJ/kg)
1373.3
1381.6
1390.0
1397.9
1405.6
1408.5
1411.4
1414.3
1417.3
1420.0
1422.7
1425.3
1427.9
1430.5
1433.0
1435.3
1437.6
1439.9
1442.2
1444.4
1446.5
1448.5
1450.6
1452.5
1454.3
1456.1
1457.8
1459.5
1461.1
1462.6
1463.9
1465.2
1466.5
1467.8
1468.9
1469.9
1470.8
1471.8
1472.6
1473.3
1473.8
1474.2
1474.5
1474.7
1474.7

(kJ/kg.K)
0.194
0.096
0
0.095
0.188
0.224
0.261
0.297
0.333
0.368
0.404
0.440
0.475
0.510
0.544
0.579
0.613
0.647
0.681
0.715
0.749
0.782
0.816
0.849
0.881
0.914
0.947
0.979
1.012
1.044
1.076
1.108
1.140
1.172
1.204
1.235
1.267
1.298
1.329
1.360
1.391
1.422
1.453
1.484
1.515

(kJ/kg.K)
6.159
6.057
5.962
5.872
5.785
5.751
5.718
5.686
5.655
5.623
5.593
5.563
5.533
5.504
5.475
5.447
5.419
5.392
5.365
5.340
5.314
5.288
5.263
5.238
5.213
5.189
5.165
5.141
5.118
5.095
5.072
5.049
5.027
5.005
4.984
4.962
4.940
4.919
4.898
4.877
4.856
4.835
4.814
4.793
4.773

Temp.

Superheat (TT sat)

50C
100C

H vap
S vap
H vap
S vap
(kJ/kg)
1479.8
1489.3
1498.6
1507.9
1517.0
1520.7
1524.3
1527.9
1531.4
1534.8
1538.2
1541.7
1545.1
1548.5
1551.7
1554.9
1558.2
1561.4
1564.6
1567.8
1570.9
1574.0
1577.0
1580.1
1583.1
1586.0
1588.9
1591.7
1594.4
1597.2
1600.0
1602.7
1605.3
1608.0
1610.5
1613.0
1615.4
1617.8
1620.1
1622.4
1624.6
1626.8
1629.0
1631.1
1633.1

(kJ/kg.K)
6.592
6.486
6.387
6.293
6.203
6.169
6.135
6.103
6.071
6.039
6.008
5.978
5.948
5.919
5.891
5.863
5.836
5.808
5.782
5.756
5.731
5.706
5.682
5.658
5.634
5.611
5.588
5.565
5.543
5.521
5.499
5.478
5.458
5.437
5.417
5.397
5.378
5.358
5.340
5.321
5.302
5.284
5.266
5.248
5.230

The arbitrary datum state chosen for this table is that saturated liquid at 40C has H=0 and S=0.

38

(kJ/kg)
1585.9
1596.1
1606.3
1616.3
1626.3
1630.3
1634.2
1638.2
1642.2
1646.0
1650.0
1653.8
1657.7
1661.5
1665.3
1669.0
1672.8
1676.4
1680.1
1683.9
1687.5
1691.2
1694.9
1698.4
1702.2
1705.7
1709.1
1712.5
1715.9
1719.3
1722.8
1726.3
1729.6
1732.7
1735.9
1739.3
1742.6
1745.7
1748.7
1751.9
1755.0
1758.0
1761.0
1764.0
1766.8

(kJ/kg.K)
6.948
6.839
6.736
6.639
6.547
6.512
6.477
6.444
6.411
6.379
6.347
6.316
6.286
6.256
6.227
6.199
6.171
6.143
6.116
6.090
6.065
6.040
6.015
5.991
5.967
5.943
5.920
5.898
5.876
5.854
5.832
5.811
5.790
5.770
5.750
5.731
5.711
5.692
5.674
5.655
5.637
5.619
5.602
5.584
5.567

Properties of Tetrafluoroethane, CH2FCF3 (refrigerant 134a)

Data are taken with permission from Rogers, G.F.C., and Mayhew, Y.R., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
of Fluids, 5th edition, Blackwell Publishers Ltd (1995).

Saturation Values

(C)

Psat

(bar)

Vvap

H liq

H vap

Sliq

S vap

103.3
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
101.00

0.0041
0.0058
0.0155
0.0370
0.0800
0.1591
0.2944
0.5188
0.8435
1.0637
1.3272
1.6393
2.0060
2.4335
2.9281
3.4966
4.1459
4.8833
5.7162
6.6525
7.7000
8.8672
10.163
11.595
13.174
14.910
16.812
18.892
21.161
23.633
26.323
29.249
32.433
35.906
39.728
40.550

(m3/kg)
34.032
24.341
9.5984
4.2333
2.0522
1.07785
0.60592
0.36089
0.22577
0.18146
0.14725
0.12055
0.09949
0.08273
0.06925
0.05834
0.04942
0.04208
0.03599
0.03092
0.02665
0.02304
0.01998
0.01735
0.01510
0.01315
0.01145
0.00997
0.00866
0.00750
0.00645
0.00550
0.00462
0.00375
0.00266
0.00196

(kJ/kg)
77.69
80.89
90.97
101.60
112.70
124.23
136.14
148.37
160.89
167.25
173.67
180.16
186.71
193.32
200.00
206.75
213.57
220.46
227.45
234.52
241.69
248.98
256.38
263.92
271.61
279.46
287.51
295.77
304.29
313.13
322.36
332.16
342.79
355.05
373.53
389.67

(kJ/kg)
335.24
337.15
343.05
349.09
355.25
361.48
367.76
374.03
380.27
383.37
386.44
389.49
392.51
395.49
398.43
401.33
404.16
406.93
409.62
412.23
414.74
417.14
419.41
421.53
423.47
425.20
426.69
427.89
428.72
429.09
428.85
427.77
425.40
420.64
406.93
389.67

(kJ/kg.K)
0.4453
0.4640
0.5205
0.5770
0.6330
0.6884
0.7430
0.7965
0.8490
0.8748
0.9003
0.9256
0.9506
0.9754
1.0000
1.0243
1.0484
1.0723
1.0961
1.1198
1.1434
1.1669
1.1903
1.2138
1.2374
1.2610
1.2848
1.3088
1.3332
1.3580
1.3835
1.4101
1.4386
1.4709
1.5193
1.5621

(kJ/kg.K)
1.9616
1.9439
1.8969
1.8584
1.8270
1.8015
1.7809
1.7644
1.7512
1.7457
1.7408
1.7365
1.7327
1.7294
1.7264
1.7238
1.7215
1.7194
1.7176
1.7158
1.7142
1.7126
1.7109
1.7092
1.7073
1.7051
1.7026
1.6995
1.6958
1.6911
1.6851
1.6771
1.6661
1.6491
1.6088
1.5621

Temp.

Superheat (TT sat)

10C
20C
H vap
S vap
H vap
S vap
(kJ/kg)
341.16
343.14
349.27
355.55
361.95
368.44
374.99
381.56
388.12
391.38
394.63
397.86
401.07
404.25
407.40
410.50
413.56
416.57
419.52
422.41
425.21
427.93
430.55
433.06
435.44
437.69
439.77
441.67
443.36
444.82
446.01
446.88
447.40
447.49
447.04
446.84

(kJ/kg.K)
1.9955
1.9776
1.9300
1.8910
1.8592
1.8334
1.8126
1.7960
1.7828
1.7774
1.7726
1.7683
1.7647
1.7614
1.7587
1.7562
1.7542
1.7524
1.7508
1.7494
1.7482
1.7470
1.7460
1.7449
1.7438
1.7426
1.7412
1.7397
1.7378
1.7356
1.7330
1.7298
1.7259
1.7212
1.7153
1.7139

(kJ/kg)
347.29
349.35
355.70
362.20
368.84
375.57
382.38
389.22
396.07
399.49
402.90
406.29
409.67
413.02
416.35
419.65
422.90
426.12
429.29
432.40
435.44
438.42
441.32
444.13
446.84
449.45
451.93
454.29
456.50
458.54
460.42
462.09
463.55
464.76
465.65
465.77

(kJ/kg.K)
2.0287
2.0106
1.9624
1.9229
1.8907
1.8646
1.8436
1.8269
1.8137
1.8082
1.8034
1.7992
1.7956
1.7924
1.7897
1.7874
1.7855
1.7838
1.7825
1.7813
1.7803
1.7795
1.7788
1.7781
1.7775
1.7769
1.7762
1.7754
1.7745
1.7734
1.7721
1.7706
1.7687
1.7663
1.7633
1.7626

The arbitrary datum state chosen for this table is that saturated liquid at 0C has H=200 kJ/kg and S=1 kJ/kg.K

39