MATH 125B HW #1 Solutions to selected problems 5.1.4 Suppose that a < b and that f : [a, b] R is bounded.

. a) Prove that if f is continuous at x0 [a, b] and f (x0 ) = 0, then

b

(L)
a

|f (x)| dx > 0.

Solution: Suppose that x0 [a, b] and |f (x0 )| = c > 0. Since f is continuous at x0 , there exists > 0 c c such that |x x0 | < implies |f (x) f (x0 )| 2 (and hence |f (x)| 2 ). Let x1 = max(a, x0 ) and x2 = min(b, x0 + ). Then L(|f |, (a, x1 , x2 , b)) = (x1 a)m1 + (x2 x1 )m2 + (b x2 )m3 c (x1 a)0 + (x2 x1 ) + (b x2 )0 2 > 0.
b

Hence (L)
a

|f (x)| dx > 0.

5.1.8 a) If f is increasing on [a, b] and P = {x0 , . . . , xn } is any partition of [a, b], prove that
n

(Mj (f ) mj (f ))xj (f (b) f (a)) P .

j=1

Solution: For each j, xj P . Furthermore, since f is increasing, Mj (f ) = f (xj ) and mj (f ) = f (xj1 ). It follows that
n n

(Mj (f ) mj (f ))xj
j=1

j=1

(f (xj ) f (xj1 ) P (f (xn ) f (x0 )) P (f (b) f (a)) P .

= =

b) Prove that if f is monotone on [a, b], then f is integrable on [a, b]. Solution: Suppose that f is increasing and that > 0. Choose any P with P part (a), it follows that
b b

f (b)f (a) .

Using

(U )
a

f (x) dx (L)
a

f (x) dx < .

Since > 0 was arbitrary, it follows that the upper and lower integrals agree; i. e., f is integrable on [a, b]. If f is decreasing, we can apply the above result to f to show that f , and hence f , is integrable on [a, b]. 5.2.0 Supose that a < b. Decide which of the following statements are true and which are false. Prove the true ones and give counterexamples for the false ones. b) If f is Riemann integrable on [a, b] and P is any polynomial on R, then P f is Riemann integrable on [a, b]. Solution: True. We rst claim that f n is Riemann integrable on [a, b] for all n N. We will prove this claim using induction on n. When n = 1 the claim simply states that f is Riemann integrable, which was one of our assumptions. If f n1 is Riemann integrable, then f n = f n1 f is the product of two Riemann integrable functions and is hence itself Riemann integrable. This proves the claim.
1

Since P is a polynomial, we can write P f as a linear combination of powers of f . Because sums and scalar multiples of Riemann integrable functions are also Riemann integrable, we conclude that P f is Riemann integrable. 5.2.3 Use Taylor polynomials with three or four nonzero terms to verify the following inequalities. a)
1

0.3095 <
0

sin(x2 ) dx < 0.3103

Solution: Rather than computing the Taylor series for sin(x2 ) directly, it is simpler to start with the Taylor series for sin x. If 0 x 1, then Taylors formula gives 1 1 5 1 7 1 x x x8 cos c, sin x = x x3 + 6 120 5040 40320 for some c with 0 c x. Substituting, we obtain 1 1 10 1 14 1 sin x2 = x2 x6 + x x x16 cos c, 6 120 5040 40320 for some c with 0 c x2 . To save space, we will write 1 1 10 1 14 x x . P (x) = x2 x6 + 6 120 5040 We note that
1

P (x) dx
0

= =

1 1 11 1 1 3 x x7 + x x14 3 42 1320 75600 1 1 1 1 + . 3 42 1320 75600 = = 1 x16 cos c 40320 1 x16 cos c 40320 1 . 40320
1

1 x=0

Now, sin x2 P (x) sin x2 P (x)

Furthermore,
1

sin x2 dx P (x) dx
0

=
0 1

sin x2 P (x) dx sin x2 P (x) dx

0 1

1 dx 40320

= We conclude that 1 1 1 1 1 + 3 42 1320 75600 40320 i. e., 0.31024

0 1

1 . 40320 1 1 1 1 1 + + ; 3 42 1320 75600 40320

sin(x2 ) dx
0 1

sin(x2 ) dx 0.31030.

5.2.5 Prove that if f is integrable on [0, 1] and > 0, then

1/n n

lim n

f (x) dx = 0

for all < . Solution: Let M = sup |f [0, 1]|. Then

1/n 1/n

f (x) dx

0 1/n

|f (x)| dx

n n
0

M dx M

0 as n . Alternative solution: If = 0, the claim is trivial. Otherwise, treat n as a real variable, and apply LHpitals rule and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: o
1/n n

lim n

f (x) dx

f (x) dx n n f (n )n1 = lim n n1 = lim n f (n ) n = 0. = lim

n 0