CA Ex S1M02 Communicating Over The Network

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CCNA Exploration 4.0
Objectives

Describe the structure of a network, including the devices and media that are necessary for successful communications. Explain the function of protocols in network communications. Explain the advantages of using a layered model to describe network functionality. Describe the role of each layer in two recognized network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI model. Describe the importance of addressing and naming schemes in network communications.
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The Platform for Communication
The Elements of Communication
People exchange ideas using many different communication methods. All of these methods have 3 elements in common: 1. message source (sender) 2. the channel 3. message destination (receiver)
Communicating the Messages

A better approach is to divide the data into smaller, more manageable pieces to send over the network. This division of the data stream into smaller pieces is called segmentation. Segmenting messages has 2 primary benefits: First, by sending smaller individual pieces from source to destination, many different conversations can be interleaved on the network. (multiplexing) Second, segmentation can increase the reliability of network communications.
Communicating the Messages

The downside to using segmentation and multiplexing to transmit messages across a network is the level of complexity that is added to the process. In network communications, each segment of the message must go through a similar process to ensure that it gets to the correct destination and can be reassembled into the content of the original message.
Components of the Network

Network Component:
Hardware: Devices and media Software: Services and processes
Devices: physical elements
Media: Physical elements, often visible but occasionally not be visible.
Services and processes: are the communication programs, called software, that run on the networked devices.
A network service provides information in response to a request. Services include many of the common network applications people use every day, like e-mail hosting services and web hosting services. Processes provide the functionality that directs and moves the messages through the network. Processes are less obvious to us but are critical to the operation of networks.
Extra: Windows service
A Windows service is an application that starts when the Microsoft Windows operating system is booted and runs in the background as long as Windows is running. Typically, it does not have a user interface and is a long-running executable application that can run in its own session. It is very similar in concept to a Unix daemon.
Extra: Windows service
Extra: ProcessExplorer tool
End Devices and their Role on the Network

The network devices that people are most familiar with are called end devices. These devices form the interface between the human network and the underlying communication network. Some examples of end devices are: Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers) Network printers VoIP phones Security cameras Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless barcode scanners, PDAs)
End Devices and their Role on the Network
Host: In the context of a network, end devices are referred to as hosts. A host device is either the source or destination of a message transmitted over the network. Servers are hosts that have software installed that enables them to provide information and services, like e-mail or web pages, to other hosts on the network. Clients are hosts that have software installed that enables them to request and display the information obtained from the server.
Intermediary Devices and their Role on the Network

Intermediary devices to provide connectivity and to work behind the
scenes to ensure that data flows across the network. These devices connect the individual hosts to the network and can connect multiple individual networks to form an internetwork. Examples of intermediary network devices are: Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points) Internetworking Devices (routers) Communication Servers and Modems Security Devices (firewalls)
Intermediary Devices and their Role on the Network
Processes running on the intermediary network devices perform these functions: Regenerate and retransmit data signals Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and internetwork Notify other devices of errors and communication failures Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure Classify and direct messages according to QoS priorities Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings
Networking Media

Communication across a network is carried on a medium. The medium provides the channel over which the message travels from source to destination. These media are: Metallic wires within cables Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable) Wireless transmission
Networking Media
Different types of network media have different features and benefits. Criteria for choosing a network media are:
The distance the media can successfully carry a signal. The environment in which the media is to be installed. The amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted. The cost of the media and installation.
Networking Media
The signal encoding that must occur for the message to be transmitted is different for each media type. On metallic wires, the data is encoded into electrical impulses that match specific patterns. Fiber optic transmissions rely on pulses of light, within either infrared or visible light ranges. In wireless transmission, patterns of electromagnetic waves depict the various bit values.
LAN, WAN and Internetworks
Local Area Networks

Networks infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:
The size of the area covered The number of users connected The number and types of services available Local Area Network (LAN): An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region
Wide Area Networks

LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network
known as a Wide Area Network (WAN). WANs use specifically designed network devices to make the interconnections between LANs.
Telecommunications Service Provider (TSP)

The Internet A Network of Networks

Although there are benefits to using a LAN or WAN, most of us need to communicate with a resource on another network, outside of our local organization. Examples of this type of communication include: Sending an e-mail to a friend in another country Accessing news or products on a website Getting a file from a neighbor's computer Instant messaging with a relative in another city Following a favorite sporting team's performance on a cell phone
The Internet A Network of Networks

A global mesh of interconnected networks (internetworks) meets these human communication needs. The Internet is created by the interconnection of networks belonging to Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Intranet is often used to refer to a private connection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization, and is designed to be accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization.
Network Representations
Important terms to remember are: Network Interface Card Physical Port Interface
Lab 2.2.4.2
In this activity, you will gain experience with data network symbols by creating a simple logical topology.
Extra: ping
Verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP computer by sending
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages. The receipt of corresponding Echo Reply messages are displayed, along with round-trip times.
ping 127.0.0.1 This ping is unique and is called an internal loopback test. It verifies the operation of the TCP/IP stack and NIC transmit/receive function. ping IP-address-of-host-computer A ping to a host PC verifies the TCP/IP address configuration for the local host and connectivity to the host. ping default-gateway-IP-address A ping to the default gateway verifies whether the router that connects the local network to other networks can be reached. ping remote-destination-IP-address A ping to a remote destination verifies connectivity to a remote host.
Lab 2.2.5: tracert
Determines the path taken to a destination by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages to the destination with incrementally increasing Time to Live (TTL) field values.
Lab 2.2.5
This lab also assumes the installation of NeoTrace.
Extra: nslookup
Displays information that you can use to diagnose Domain Name

System (DNS) infrastructure. Before using this tool, you should be familiar with how DNS works. The Nslookup command-line tool is available only if you have installed the TCP/IP protocol.
Extra: ARP
Displays and modifies entries in the Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) cache, which contains one or more tables that are used to store IP addresses and their resolved Ethernet or Token Ring physical addresses. There is a separate table for each Ethernet or Token Ring network adapter installed on your computer.
Extra: Netstat
Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is

listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, IPv4 statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP protocols), and IPv6 statistics (for the IPv6, ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over IPv6 protocols).
Extra: netsh
You can use commands in the Netsh Interface IP context to configure the TCP/IP protocol (including addresses, default gateways, DNS servers, and WINS servers) and to display configuration and statistical information.
Protocols
Rules that Govern Communications

All communication, whether face-to-face or over a network, is governed by
predetermined rules called protocols. These protocols are specific to the characteristics of the conversation. Protocol suite: a group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to perform a communication function. how the individual protocols within the suite are implemented on the host. The protocols are viewed as a layered hierarchy, with each higher level services depending on the functionality defined by the protocols shown in the lower levels.
A protocol stack shows
Network Protocols
At the human level, some communication rules are formal and others are simply understood, or implicit, based on custom and practice. For devices to successfully communicate, a network protocol suite must describe precise requirements and interactions. Networking protocols suites describe processes such as: 1. The format or structure of the message 2. The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks 3. How and when error and system messages are passed between devices 4. The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
Network Protocols
The format or structure of the message
Network Protocols
The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks
Network Protocols
How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
Network Protocols
The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards

Many of the protocols that comprise a protocol suite reference other
widely utilized protocols or industry standards. A standard is a process or protocol that has been endorsed by the networking industry and ratified by a standards organization, such as IEEE or IETF. The use of standards in developing and implementing protocols ensures that products from different manufacturers can work together for efficient communications.
The Interaction of Protocols

An example of the use of a protocol suite in network communications is the interaction between a web server and a web browser. This interaction uses a number of protocols and standards in the process of exchanging information between them.
Technology Independent Protocols

Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the same sets
of protocols. This is because protocols specify network functionality, not the underlying technology to support this functionality.
Using Layered Models
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model

Assists in protocol design. Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work together. Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below. Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities.
Protocol and Reference Models
There are 2 basic types of networking models: protocol models and reference models. A protocol model provides a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. Example: TCP/IP A reference model provides a common reference for maintaining consistency within all types of network protocols and services. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the most widely known internetwork reference model. It is used for data network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting.
Protocol and Reference Models
The TCP/IP Model
The first layered protocol model for internetwork communications was created in the early 1970s and is referred to as the Internet model.
The Communication Process

1. Creation of data 2. Segmentation and 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
encapsulation Generation of the data onto the media Transportation Reception of the data Decapsulation and reassembe Passing this data to the destination application
Animation 2.4.4
Protocol Data Units and Encapsulation

Encapsulation process: application data is passed down the protocol stack on its way to be transmitted across the network media, various protocols add information to it at each level The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). The PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite: Data, Segement, Packet, Frame, bit
Extra: Peer-to-peer communications
In order for data to travel from the source to the destination, each layer of the OSI model at the source must communicate with its peer layer at the destination. This form of communication is referred to as peer-to-peer. During this process, the protocols of each layer exchange information, called protocol data units (PDUs).
Extra: Detailed encapsulation process
5 conversion steps in order to encapsulate data: 1. Build the data. 2. Package the data for end-to-end transport. 3. Add the network IP address to the header. 4. Add the data link layer header and trailer. 5. Convert to bits for transmission.
Extra: Data Encapsulation Example
Application Header + data
Application Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 3: Network Layer Layer 2: Network Layer
010010100100100100111010010001101000
Layer 1: Physical Layer
Extra: HTTP Methods
The Sending and Receiving Process
Step 1:
Refer to 2.4.6
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:
Step 8:
Step 9:
Step 10:
The OSI Model

Initially the OSI model was
designed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to provide a framework on which to build a suite of open systems protocols.
The OSI Model
Extra: OSI layers
Extra: OSI layers
Comparing the OSI Model with TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP is protocols model vs IOS is Reference Models
Lab 2.4.8.2
In this activity, you will see how Packet Tracer uses the OSI Model as a reference to display the encapsulation details of a variety of the TCP/IP protocols.
Network Addressing
Addressing in the Network

There are various types of addresses that must be included to
successfully deliver the data from a source application running on one host to the correct destination application running on another. Using the OSI model as a guide, we can see the different addresses and identifiers that are necessary at each layer.
Getting the Data to the End Device
During the process of encapsulation, address identifiers are added to

the data as it travels down the protocol stack on the source host. Multiple layers of addressing to ensure its delivery: Ethernet MAC Addresses, IP Addresses TCP/UDP Port numbers
Getting the Data through the Internetwork
Encapsulation headers are used to manage communication in data networks
Getting the Data to the Right Application
Warriors of the Net

warriors-700-VBR_1.mpg
See also:
Proxy Server URL
Lab 2.6.1
Lab 2.6.2: Introduction to Ethereal tool
Lab 2.7.1
Summary

CA Ex S1M02 Communicating Over The Network

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CCNA Exploration 4.0

H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

The Platform for Communication

H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

The Elements of Communication

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Communicating the Messages

H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Communicating the Messages

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Components of the Network

Devices: physical elements

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Components of the Network

Media: Physical elements, often visible but occasionally not be visible.

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Components of the Network

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Components of the Network

Extra: Windows service

Extra: Windows service

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Extra: ProcessExplorer tool

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End Devices and their Role on the Network

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End Devices and their Role on the Network

Intermediary Devices and their Role on the Network

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Intermediary Devices and their Role on the Network

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LAN, WAN and Internetworks

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Local Area Networks

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Wide Area Networks

Telecommunications Service Provider (TSP)

The Internet A Network of Networks

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The Internet A Network of Networks

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Lab 2.2.5: tracert

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This lab also assumes the installation of NeoTrace.

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Displays information that you can use to diagnose Domain Name

Displays and modifies entries in the Address Resolution Protocol

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Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is

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Rules that Govern Communications

A protocol stack shows

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The setup and termination of data transfer sessions