FNH 350 Lecture 1 and Lecture 2

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1. History of Nutrition y Vitamin C(ascorbic acid) isolated by Szent-Gyorgyi(1928); its structure determined by Haworth(1932)-both received Nobel Prize in medicine and chemistry for their work (1937). 2. Organs 2.1. Mouth/oral cavity(mechanical and breakdown and moistening): salivary glands: 2.1.1.Parotids: secrete water, electrolytes(Na, K, Cl), enzyme 2.1.2.Sublingual: water, electrolyte, enzyme, mucus 2.1.3.SUbmandibular/submaxillary: water, electrolyte, enzyme, mucus Saliva composition:99.5% water to dissolve food 2.2. Esophagus(25cm) o Moves bolus(food + saliva) from oral cavity to the stomach o Swallowing:  Voluntary  Pharyngeal  Esophageal o 10 seconds for bolus to reach stomach o Gastroesophageal sphincter=lower end of esophagus, always kept close to prevent gastroesophageal reflux(movement of substance from stomach back to oesphoagus). Eg. Of disease: heartburn due to gastric acid reflux , esophagitis(inflammation of oesophagus) 2.3. Stomach (50mL volume when resting/fasting; 1-1.5L volume when fed) (a) Structures: 2.3.1.Cardia (entrance) 2.3.2.Fundus (upper left corner) 2.3.3.Body (largest part) 2.3.4.Antrum(smallest part, at the end) grind food and mix to form chyme (b) Type of cells in gastric oxyntic gland: (i) Neck cells: mucus (ii) Chief cells: enzymes (eg. Pepsinogen for protein digestion) (iii) Parietal cells: HCl denature proteins, activates pepsinogen to pepsin, release nutrients from organic complexes, antibacterial (iv) G-cells: gastrin stimulate parietal and chief cells (v) Somatostatin: inhibition; gastrin: stimulation y Disease:pepsin ulcer: repair system that product mucosa of GI tract disrupted y Cardiac glands do not have parietal cells because HCl is not needed in heart y Chyme moves to duodenum = 1-5mL twice per minute y Stomach empty after a meal takes 2-6 hours

FNH 350 Lecture 1 and Lecture 2

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2.4. Small intestine 2.4.1.First part (duodenum)=0.3m 2.4.2.Ileum 3m 2.4.3.Jejunum y Mucus: adheres to mucosa and act as barrel to protect epithelial mucosa/cell surface from acid chime y Cell and glands: secrete intestinal juices and electrolyte into lumen of small intestine nutrient digestion y Mixing and Segmentation: mixes food in GI tract by moving food mass back and forth y Propelling: peristalsis: wavelike rhythmic contraction and relaxation involving circular and longitudinal muscle Note: portal vein bring all nutrients in blood to sinusoids, then macrophage acts and metabolism of filter, then go to central veins for circulation. 2.5. Accessory organs 2.5.1. Pancreas y Duct cells-secrete aqueous NaHCO3 y Acinar cells-secrete digestive enzyme 2.5.2. Liver/gall bladder y Concentrate, stores and secrete bile by gall bladder. Bile produced in liver and stored in gall bladder. y Bile aids in lipid digestion by enabling large lipid globules to disperse in watery environment of small intestine/ bile emulsify lipids y After aiding in lipid digestion, the bile constituents are reabsorbed from ileum and returned to liver via hepatic portal vein. 2.6. Large intestine (1) Fermentation (digestion of fibre by bacteria) (2) Reabsorption of water(diffusion, facilliate diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis) y How long chime stay in colon? 12 hours -70 hours(1L of chime become 200g of defecated material efficiency 20%)