Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
In a parallel connection, it is wrong to assume that the 8 bits leaving the sender at the same time arrive at the receiver at the same time. Rather, some of the bits get there later than others. This is known as clock skew.
Parallel wires are physically bundled in a parallel cable, and signals can imprint themselves on each other. The possibility of crosstalk across the wires requires more processing, especially at higher frequencies.
Serial Communication Standards All long-haul communications and most computer networks use serial connections, because the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel connections impractical. The most significant advantage is simpler wiring. Also, serial cables can be longer than parallel cables, because there is much less interaction (crosstalk) among the conductors in the cable.
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 7
TDM
Time Division Multiplexing Bell Laboratories invented time-division multiplexing (TDM) to maximize the amount of voice traffic carried over a medium. TDM divides the bandwidth of a single link into separate channels or time slots. TDM transmits two or more channels over the same link by allocating a different time interval (time slot) for the transmission of each channel.
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 9
TDM
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM) STDM uses a variable time slot length allowing channels to compete for any free slot space. It employs a buffer memory that temporarily stores the data during periods of peak traffic. STDM does not waste high-speed line time with inactive channels using this scheme.
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 10
TDM Examples
11
TDM Examples
12
Demarcation Point
13
DTE-DCE
The CPE, which is generally a router, is the DTE. The DTE could also
be a terminal, computer, printer, or fax machine if they connect directly to the service provider network. The DCE, commonly a modem or CSU/DSU, is the device used to convert the user data from the DTE into a form acceptable to the WAN service provider transmission link. This signal is received at the remote DCE, which decodes the signal back into a sequence of bits. The remote DCE then signals this sequence to the remote DTE.
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 14
Cable Standards
The DTE/DCE interface for a particular standard defines the following specifications: Mechanical/physical - Number of pins and connector type Electrical - Defines voltage levels for 0 and 1 Functional - Specifies the functions that are performed by assigning meanings to each of the signaling lines in the interface Procedural - Specifies the sequence of events for transmitting data
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 15
Cable Standards
16
Cable Standards
17
Your PC also has a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) chip on the motherboard. Since the data in your PC flows along parallel circuits, the UART chip converts the groups of bits in parallel to a serial stream of bits. To work faster, a UART chip has buffers so it can cache data coming from the system bus while it processes data going out the serial port. The UART is the DTE agent of your PC and communicates with the modem or other serial device, which, in accordance with the RS-232C standard, has a complementary interface called the DCE interface.
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 18
HDLC Encapsulation
HDLC Encapsulation
20
devices on synchronous serial lines. You use Cisco HDLC as a point-to-point protocol on leased lines between two Cisco devices. If you are connecting to a non-Cisco device, use synchronous PPP.
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 21
You can identify any of the following five possible problem states in the interface status line: 1. Serial x is down, line protocol is down 2. Serial x is up, line protocol is down 3. Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped) 4. Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled) 5. Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 22
23
25
26
27
28
Activity 2.1.7.3
29
Activity 2.1.7.3
30
Activity 2.1.7.3
31
Activity 2.1.7.3
32
PPP Concepts
33
Introducing PPP
What is PPP? Cisco HDLC is the default serial encapsulation method when you connect two Cisco routers. When you need to connect to a non-Cisco router, you should use PPP encapsulation. PPP establishes a direct connection using serial cables, phone lines, trunk lines, cellular telephones, specialized radio links, or fiber-optic links. There are many features not available in HDLC: The link quality management feature monitors the quality of the link. If too many errors are detected, PPP takes the link down. PPP supports PAP and CHAP authentication. This feature is explained and practiced in a later section.
PPP contains 3 main components: 1. 2. HDLC protocol for encapsulating datagrams over point-to-point links. Extensible Link Control Protocol (LCP) to establish, configure, and test the data link connection. Family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing and configuring different network layer protocols.
34
3.
At the physical layer, you can configure PPP on a range of interfaces, including: Asynchronous serial Synchronous serial HSSI ISDN
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 35
The LCP provides automatic configuration of the interfaces at each end, including: Handling varying limits on packet size Detecting common misconfiguration errors Terminating the link Determining when a link is functioning properly or when it is failing PPP also uses the LCP to agree automatically on encapsulation formats (authentication, compression, error detection) as soon as the link is established.
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 36
37
38
Phase 1: Link establishment and configuration negotiation Phase 2: Link quality determination (optional) Phase 3: Network layer protocol configuration negotiation
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 39
1. Link establishment - (LCPs) 2. Authentication - Optional (LCPs) 3. Link quality determination - Optional (LCPs) 4. Network layer protocol configuration (NCPs) 5. Link termination (LCPs)
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 40
LCP operation uses three classes of LCP frames to accomplish the work of each of the LCP phases: Link-establishment frames establish and configure a link (Configure-Request, Configure-Ack, Configure-Nak, and Configure-Reject) Link-maintenance frames manage and debug a link (Code-Reject, Protocol-Reject, Echo-Request, Echo-Reply, and Discard-Request) Link-termination frames terminate a link (Terminate-Request and Terminate-Ack)
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 41
42
LCP Packet
43
LCP Packet
44
PPP can be configured to support various functions including: 1. Authentication using either PAP or CHAP 2. Compression using either Stacker or Predictor 3. Multilink which combines two or more channels to increase the WAN bandwidth
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 45
46
NCP Explained
47
NCP Explained
Activity 2.2.6.2
48
NCP Explained
Activity 2.2.6.2
49
NCP Explained
Activity 2.2.6.2
50
Configuring PPP
51
PPP may include the following LCP options: Authentication Compression Error Detection Multilink PPP Callback
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 52
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Initiating CHAP
Responding CHAP
Completing CHAP
66
67
68
69
70
DTE .2/S0
hostname SantaCruz username HQ password HQpass
DCE .1/S0
hostname HQ username SantaCruz password SantaCruzpass interface Serial0 ip address 172.25.3.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap ppp pap sent-username HQ password HQpass
interface Serial0 ip address 172.25.3.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap ppp pap sent-username SantaCruz password SantaCruzpass
Notes: - sent-username and password must match remote username and password. - Passwords are case-sensitive, but usernames are not. - Hostnames are not involved.
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 71
(config)# hostname RA (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp pap sent-username RA-X password CISCO-X
(config)# hostname RB (config)# username RA-X password CISCO-X (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 72
(config)# hostname RA (config)# username RB-X password CISCO-B (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap ppp pap sent-username RA-X password CISCO-A (config)# hostname RB (config)# username RA-X password CISCO-A (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap ppp pap sent-username RB-X password CISCO-B
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 73
DTE .2/S0
DCE .1/S0
hostname SantaCruz username HQ password boardwalk ppp chap hostname SantaCruz (optional) interface Serial0 ip address 172.25.3.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication chap
hostname HQ username SantaCruz password boardwalk ppp chap hostname HQ (optional) interface Serial0 ip address 172.25.3.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication chap
Notes: - Hostnames are involved unless the ppp chap hostname command is used, and must match remote routers username command (not case-sensitive). - Passwords are case-sensitive and must match
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 74
(config)# hostname RA-X (config)# username RB password CISCO (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp OR (config)# hostname RA (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp chap hostname RA-X ppp chap password CISCO (config)# hostname RB (config)# username RA-X password CISCO (config)# interface serial 0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication chap
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 75
In the last line, the code = 4 means a failure has occurred. Other code values are as follows: 1 = Challenge 2 = Response 3 = Success 4 = Failure
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 76
77
hostname SantaCruz multilink Virtual-Template 1 interface loopback 0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 interface Virtual-Template1 ip unnumbered loopback0 ppp multilink interface Serial0 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink interface Serial1 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink interface Serial2 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink
hostname HQ multilink Virtual-Template 1 interface loopback 0 ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 interface Virtual-Template1 ip unnumbered loopback0 ppp multilink interface Serial0 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink interface Serial1 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink interface Serial2 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink
78
(config)# interface Multilink 1 ip address 1.2.3.4 255.255.255.0 ppp multilink (config)# interface Serial 0/0 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink ppp multilink group 1 (config)# interface Serial 0/1 no ip address encapsulation ppp ppp multilink ppp multilink group 1
H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 79
Labs
80
Summary
81