Bibliography

Secondary Sources Websites

Beaty, William. "Tesla Invented Radio." SCIENCE HOBBYIST: Top Page. 1992. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://amasci.com/tesla/tradio.html>. It is debated who truly was the father of the radio, but William Beaty believes that it was Nikola Tesla who was the true father. Beaty supports Tesla and explains how he is never mentioned in textbooks and under acknowledged. Bellis, Mary. "The Invention of Radio." Inventors. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://inventors.about.com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio.htm>. Mary Bellis gives a brilliant overview of the invention of the radio. She provides many important dates concerning it and provides many vital reasons that prove how the radio changed history. Bellis, Mary. "James Clerk Maxwell." Inventors. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_James_Maxwell.htm>. James Clerk Maxwell was known as possibly one of the greatest physicists of all time. He was the man to discover electric fields and predicted the existence of radio waves. Bonsor, Kevin. "HowStuffWorks "How Satellite Radio Works"" HowStuffWorks "Learn How Everything Works!" Web. 28 Jan. 2012. < http://www.howstuffworks.com/satelliteradio.htm>. HowStuffWorks describes how satellite radios work and the difference between normal radios and satellite radios. It is compared the clarity of having satellite radio compared to normal radio in cars. Not only is the clarity improved, but there are no commercials and if you are traveling from one state to another, there is no need to switch radio stations or find a new one that has the type of music you want to listen to. Burke, Kathryn. "Letter Writing in America." National Postal Museum. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/letterwriting/lw02.html>.

This source explains communication during the revolutionary war, which was by mail. This information was crucial for comparing wars that used radio as communication and wars that did not. This site is a secondary source because it is written by someone who did not witness the Revolutionary War. "Communication during the Civil War." Kidport. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.kidport.com/reflib/usahistory/civilwar/communication.htm>. This website describes communication during the civil war and how people received information at home. They were able to take photographs because it was new at the time. This was a secondary source because it was not written by an eyewitness of the Civil War although the pictures were from time. "Crystal Radio Circuits." Technical Library. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.techlib.com/electronics/crystal.html>. Crystal Radio Circuits describes the makeup of a crystal radio. It can be compared to the other forms of radio. Fry, Mervyn C. "Reginad Fessenden Biography." Hammond Museum of Radio Home Page. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.hammondmuseumofradio.org/fessenden-bio.html>. Reginald Fessenden surprised all when he broadcasted a Christmas song on Christmas, interrupting radio stations. Fessenden changed communication history when he figured out how to broadcast audio through radio. "How Radios Have Changed in 70 Years from The People History Site." The People History. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/radio.html>. This website tells the importance of the radio and the impact it made in history. It also tells many important dates in which the radio has been used starting with the work of Nikola Tesla. Important Events in Radiotelegraphy: February 1, 1916." United States Early Radio History. Washington Government Printing Office 1916. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://earlyradiohistory.us/1916impt.htm#peaks>. This site provides a myriad of important events concerning the radio including the process of its creation and times that it has benefited mankind. The site includes dates starting from the beginning of the creation of the radio to more recent events. The events highlight some of the many events that the radio is most well known for. Joeelle24. "Radio Through The Years!" Socyberty. 18 Mar. 2010. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://socyberty.com/history/radio-through-the-years/>.

Radio during the First World War was vital. Especially for people at home who were curious about the war and wanted to be updated at home. This is a secondary source because the author of the article was not present during this time. "Julio Cervera Baviera." Amateur (Ham) Radio Club, Highfields Cardiff Home Page. Highfields Amateur Radio Club. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://highfieldsarc.co.uk/biogs/jcbaviera.htm>. Julio Cervera Baviera worked with Marconi and later on developed the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. The website explains his life and his involvement with the radio. "Julio Cervera Baviera, Spanish Engineer." Science Photo Library. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/224308/enlarge>. Julio Cervera Baviera, Spanish Engineer gives a brief summary and Baviera and his contributions to science, specifically in telecommunication. This website is a secondary source because the author was not there to witness Bavieras actual life. "Karl Jansky." NNDB: Tracking the Entire World. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.nndb.com/people/055/000204440/>. Karl Jansky was a scientist who developed using radio in sace and for space exploration. This site is about Janskys life and his part in improving the radio. "Mahlon Loomis." Inventors. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://inventors.about.com/od/weirdmuseums/ig/Historical-Radios/MahlonLoomis.htm>. This website gives a clear overview of Mahlon Loomiss life and even more importantly, the impact he had on the invention of the radio. This site is a seconday source because the author did not personally know or witness Loomiss life. "THE RADIO INSTITUTE; Engineering Convention Here This Week Recalls Its Humble Birth in 1912." New York Times. 11 Jan. 1942. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=F20E17F93D58167B93C3A8178AD85F468485F9&scp=8&sq=radio%20on %20titanic%201912&st=cse>. This newspaper commended the 30th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic. Although many lives were lost, it is also noted that many that would have been lost, were saved thanks to radio communication. Radio and Television. 2012. The History Channel website. Jan 25 2012, 11:01 <http://www.history.com/topics/radio-and-television>.

Radio and Television gives statistics about how popular the radio was in 1933. The website also gives a background about the history of the radio. "RADAR and Doppler RADAR Invention and History." Inventors. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blradar.htm>. In this website, it is explained what Heinrich Rudolph Hertzs part in the invention of the radio is. Hertz was the one to detect current made by oscillations to make the static that could be heard on the radio. Later these were called radio waves and because of him, others were able to create the radio and other inventions. "Regency TR-1 Transistor Radio History." Regency TR-1 Transistor Radio History. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.regencytr1.com/index.htm>. Regency TR-1 Transistor Radio History explains who developed the first transistor radio and when. It is clear that this source is secondary because the author writes in the past tense. "A Science Odyssey: Radio Transmission: Early Years." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/radio/earlyyears.html>. A Science Odyssey: Radio Transmission Early Years tells about how the radio has transformed through the years and how it started with vacuum tubes. This source was written later after radio has evolved from having vacuum tubes so it is a secondary source. "A Science Odyssey: Radio Transmission: FM vs AM." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/radio/radiorelayer.html>. PBS explains the difference between FM and AM frequency. It also explains the advantages FM frequency has over AM frequency.

Primary Sources
"Ask A Satellite For Directions." Time Magazine. 21 Oct. 1991. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974069,00.html>. This Time article shows how GPSs have changed navigation. They have helped people so much, guiding us through roads everyday. "A CENSUS OF "THINGS" REVEALS OUR INCREASING MECHANIZATION; Twelve Million Radios Recently Counted Are but One Item in a List That Has Altered Our Way of Life." New York Times. 8 Nov. 1931. Web. 26 Jan. 2012.

<http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=FA091EF83F591B728DDDA10894D9415B818FF1D3&scp=45&sq=radios%20in %20homes&st=cse>. A census reveals that 12 million radios were already sold by 1931. This shows how successful the invention was even after only a decade of its release to the public. The Challenge of Tomorrow. Advertisement. Green Free Library. The First National Bank of Wellsboro, 8 Jan. 1936. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <http://greenfreelibrary.newspaperarchive.com/FlashViewer/Viewer.aspx? img=12224058&firstvisit=true&src=searchtResult=0tPage=0>. This ad was found in a newspaper called Wellsboro Agitator and is a primary source from 1936. The ad explains how people viewed space travel and expresses how important it was to people in the early 1900s. Fonda, Daren. "Technology: Satellite Radio Comes Home." Time Magazine. 14 Feb. 2007. Web. 27 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1027510,00.html>. Satellite radio has been fairly new and offers customers commercial free stations that can be heard from one side of the earth to the other without having to change stations. Kranz, Gene. "Failure Is Not an Option." New York Times. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/kranz-failure.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=space %20mission%20communication%20radio&st=cse>. This article in the New York Times provided excerpts from Gene Kranzs book, Failure is Not an Option. In the excerpt, it is clear that radio helped mission control and the crew on the Apollo 13 mission stay in contact even when everything else was lost. McNichol, Tom. "Extraterrestrial Communication." Time. 17 Nov. 2009. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1932261_1929892_19298 77,00.html>. In this newspaper article, a primary source, it is explained how people today are still looking for life other than the ones found in our planet. They also mention the program SETI, search for extraterrestrial Intelligence. As well, how radio frequencies are used to send out signals. "NEED OF APPLIANCES FOR HOMES UP 25%; WLB Survey Shows What People in 40 States Would Buy if Devices Were Available." New York Times. 21 May 1945. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?

res=F20C15FF3E5F1B7B93C3AB178ED85F418485F9&scp=52&sq=radios%20in %20homes&st=cse>. This New York Times article surveys that demand for household appliances, such as radios, were 25-100% more in demand. This is a primary source because the newspaper surveys during the same time it was published. "NEW PACT TO EXTEND RADIO TELEPHONE; Additional Links Between Ships and Land Provided in the Agreement." New York Times. 24 May 1937. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=F40B15FC3A541B728DDDAD0A94DD405B878FF1D3&scp=10&sq=radio%20on %20ships&st=cse>. The newspaper explains how radio and telephones will now be required on American vessels. This event really shows how much of an important asset the radio and telecommunication was for people. "RADIO AND PHONE CONNECT COAST GUARD WITH SHIPS; Nine Stations Place Atlantic Seaboard in Almost Instant Touch With New York." New York Times. 7 Mar. 1926. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=FB0D1EFB385D13738DDDAE0894DB405B868EF1D3&scp=9&sq=radio%20on %20ships&st=cse>. New York Times reports that radio and phones have been installed into coast guard ships. The new invention helped them be able to keep in touch and allow better communication. "RADIO GUIDES SHIPS IN FOG WHEN POWERFUL LIGHTS FAIL; Automatic Radio Beacons and Direction Finders Lessen Number of Disasters at Sea -- Beacon Signal Leads Listener to Believe He Heard Mars." New York Times. 31 Aug. 1924. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=F20F13F83D551B7A93C3AA1783D85F408285F9&scp=4&sq=radio%20on %20ships&st=cse>. Automatic radio beacons, flashing invisible Hertzian beams, are working in conjunction with lighthouses so that ships could be guided even n the dark. Radio is not only used for communication, but also for safety. "RADIOS, IRONS CLOSEST TO SATURATION POINT; Refrigerators Moved Into Third Place in 1940." New York Times. 27 Feb. 1941. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=FB0D13FD3859167B93C5AB1789D85F458485F9&scp=14&sq=radios%20in %20homes&st=cse#>. It is said that radios were the most popular electronic appliance in 1941, beating irons and refrigerators. Radios were even popular with the public.

"Science: Submarine Plow." Time. 11 Apr. 1938. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759469,00.html>. This article reports about the transatlantic cable and when it was first laid out. This source is primary because it was written at the time the cable was laid. "STIFFER RADIO LAW SOUGHT FOR SHIPS; Congress Group Weighs Bill to Require Vessels to Add to Communications Safety." New York Times. 9 May 1953. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=F20F14FF3D59177B93CBA9178ED85F478585F9&scp=7&sq=radio%20on %20ships&st=cse>. A bill has been added stating that all American deep-sea shipping must have a device that is able to receive radio calls aboard. This would ensure the safety of the passengers on the vessels.

Interviews
Jepsen, Thomas C. E-mail interview. 21 Jan. 2012. This interview was conducted with Thomas C. Jepsen, a former telecommunications systems engineer. Mr. Jepsen knew a great amount of information about telegraph. Whitehead, Ronald. E-mail interview. 27 Nov. 2011. Ronald Whitehead was a pilot in the Gulf and Vietnam War. He was able to answer many questions about communication on the plane because he is a primary source. Chaikin, Andrew E-mail interview. Winter 2012 Andrew Chaikin is an author, speaker, and space historian. Chaikin has experience with space related subjects and has excellent insight on communication in space and is a reliable source.

Pictures
Cbrassell. Marconi Awarded NobelPrize. Digital image. Dipity. 11 Nov. 2009. Web. Winter 2012. <http://www.dipity.com/cbrassell/Comm-250-Brassell-Radio-Days-Timeline/>. This shows a picture of the Nobel Prize. This prize was resented to Marconi, however he had to share it with Karl Ferdinand Braun. The Edison Medal. Digital image. Tesla Universe. Web. Winter 2012. <http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-article-nikola-tesla-becomes-the-recipientof-edison-medal>.

The Edison Medal was presented to Tesla in 1917. This picture shows the Edison medal. English Channel, Britain, and France. Digital image. Britannica. Web. Winter 2012. <http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-163776>. This was the area where Marconi tested his invention, the radio. He sent a message through the English Channel, from Britain to France. FM vs AM: What's the Difference? Digital image. A Science Odyssey: Radio Transmission. PBS. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/radio/radiorelayer.html>. It is shown how to tell apart AM and FM frequency in this illustration. It depicts how the waves look in each frequency. FPG/Taxi/Getty Images. Golden Age of Radio. Digital image. HowStuffWorks. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/history-of-radio-pictures2.htm>. During the Golden Age of radio, many families purchased radios and they were a success. They were used for entertainment as well as news. George Westinghouse. Digital image. Wilmerding Renewed Incorporated. Web. Winter 2012. <http://www.wilmerdingrenewed.org/george.html>. George Westinghouse, owner of the Westinghouse Company, supported Tesla through much of his career. He supported him with funds and helped him achieve many of the successes he had. Heinrich Hertz. Digital image. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_prehist.shtml>. Heinrich Hertz, depicted in this picture, was one on the inventors who helped with the creation of the radio. He was the first to be able to detect radio waves, which later led to the creation of the radio. In a SCR-399 truck, National Electronics Museum. Personal photograph by author. 2012. This photo was taken on a trip to the National Electronics Museum in Maryland. It shows what the inside of a SCR-399 looks like Jackson, William H. The Transcontinental Telegraph and the End of the Pony Express. Digital image. THe Library of Congress American Memory. 1951. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct24.html>.

In this picture, a map of the transcontinental telegraph is shown. This was important for the U.S. before wireless communication because it was the fastest way to communicate. James Clerk Maxwell. Digital image. Biography Wanted. 24 June 2011. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://biographywanted.com/histories/james-clerk-maxwell/biography-james-clerkmaxwell/>. James Clark Maxwell was a physicist who predicted the existence of radio waves. As well as this, he discovered the electric field. Julio Cervera Baviera. Digital image. Artculos Hispagenda. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.articulos.hispagenda.com/?p=3516>. This picture shows the Spanish inventor, Julio Cervera Baviera. Baviera worked with Marconi on the radio and later started his own Spanish wireless company. Karl Jansky (1905-1950). Digital image. Magnet Lab National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/jansky.html>. Karl Jansky figured out a way to send extraterrestrial radio waves. He used the idea of the radio and improved it, helping the exploration of space. Mahlon Loomis. Digital image. Wikipedia. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahlon_Loomis>. Mahlon Loomis is said to have found out wireless communication eight years before Marconi was even born. He was one of the inventors that have not been acknowledged very often when hearing about the radio. Matt Campbell/AFP/Getty Images. Marconi and the Titanic. Digital image. HowStuffWorks. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/history-of-radio-pictures1.htm>. This picture shows a paper stating that Marconis radio was being used on the Titanic. This event really publicized the radio after saving so many lives. Mr. and Mrs. Cooper and Family Tuning Their Wireless to Listen to a Speech by Winston Churchill. Digital image. Making The Modern World. NMPFT / Daily Herald Archive / Science and Society Picture Library, 19 May 1945. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_rise_of_consumerism/02.ST.03/? scene=5>. Back then, people had limited sources of entertainment. Today we have phones and internet, televisions, and social networking. In the past, people would listen to the radio for entertainment and news.

Newlight, J. M. Nikola Tesla. Digital image. TESLA. 2001. Web. Winter 2012. <http://www.teslaplay.com/index.html>. This is a picture of Tesla, one of the known inventors of the radio. It has been said that he should be credited as the father of the radio because Marconi used so many of his patents to build it. Nikola Teslas Wardenclyffe Tower and Laboratory. Digital image. The Velvet Rocket. 17 Mar. 2010. Web. Winter 2012. <http://thevelvetrocket.com/tag/nikola-tesla/>. Wardenclyffe was a dream of Teslas; he wanted to build his own city. However, this dream was abandoned after lack of funding. Philmore LITTLE WONDER Crystal Set Radio (1950s). Digital image. Peebles Originals. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.peeblesoriginals.com/vintage/index.php>. One of the older techniques of making a radio included using crystal. This method was used after vacuum tubes but before transistors. Postcard Showing the Titanic Sinking. Digital image. The Guardian. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/26/titanic-artefact-case>. This illustration shows the Titanic sinking. It was clear that without the radio, all of the survivors would have died. Radio Patent. Digital image. IOffer. Web. Winter 2012. <http://www.ioffer.com/si/antique+radio?page=2>. This picture shows Marconis patent for his invention, the radio. Although it is debated who was the father of the radio, Marconi did receive the patent. Randy. Tesla Stamp. Digital image. Nikola Tesla. Web. Winter 2012. <http://randyhiatt.tripod.com/Teslapage.html>. In 1983, Tesla was featured on the postage stamp. This was the same year Tesla and two other inventors won priority over the radio over Marconi. Regency TR-1. Digital image. Transistor.org. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.transistor.org/collection/regency/regency1.html>. One method of making a radio was to use a transistor. This shows the variety of transistor radios that Regency TR-1 made and sold. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden. Digital image. Microwaves101.com. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/halloffame1.cfm>.

Reginald Aubrey Fessenden was one of the contributors to the radio. He discovered how to add audio to the radio. Roosevelt, Franklin D. Girl Listening to Radio. Digital image. Wikipedia. 1938 - 1945. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Girl_listening_to_radio.gif>. In this picture, taken by Franklin D. Roosevelt, shown is a girl listening to the radio. This portrayed how even children listened to the radio for entertainment in the 90s. Samuel F.B. Morse. Digital image. History.. It's Happening. EBSCO. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <http://www.ebscohost.com/flashPromo/historyhappenings/morse.html>. This is a picture of Samuel Morse, the creator of Morse code. He was the reason why we could communicate with telegraph. Satellite Radio. Digital image. Space Daily. 14 Apr. 2005. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.spacedaily.com/news/satellite-biz-05zy.html>. Satellite radio has been quite new. It is another form of radio that provides commercial free stations. SCR-399 Description, National Electronics Museum. Personal photograph by author. 2012. This photo was taken at the National Electronics Museum. It is a picture of the description of the SCR-399 SCR-399 truck layout, National Electronics Museum. Personal photograph by author. 2012. This photo was taken at the National Electronics Museum. It is a picture of the truck layout of a picture of the SCR-399 SETI. Digital image. Pacific Cup. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <http://pacificcup.org/sponsors/SETI>. This shows the SETI logo. SETI is a program that is in search for life other than on our planet. Sirius Satellite Radio. Digital image. Beat Crave. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://beatcrave.com/2009-06-08/sirius-xm-set-to-raise-prices/>. This is the Sirius logo. It is a company of satellite radio and has been successful. Soneill3. Guglielmo Marconi. Digital image. Dipity. 19 Jan. 2011. Web. Winter 2012. <http://www.dipity.com/purpleobsession/History-of-Broadcasting/>. This is a picture of Marconi. He is given the most credit to inventing the radio.

Structure of AC Motor. Digital image. GallantMotor. 2007. Web. Winter 2012. <http://gallantmotor.com/acvsdc>. Tesla invented the first AC motor although many believed he could not. Thomas Edison. Digital image. IEE-NITW Student Branch. 11 Jan. 2010. Web. Winter 2012. <http://ewh.ieee.org/sb/hyderabad/nitw/#>. Tesla worked for Thomas Edison as a young man Transatlantic Cable. Digital image. Telecom Ramblings. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. <http://www.telecomramblings.com/network-maps/transatlantic/>. The Transatlantic cable was one of the earlier was to communicate. Transcontinental Telegraph Worker. Digital image. The Zig Zagger. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.thezigzagger.com/wp-content/plugins/flash-album-gallery/facebook.php? i=15&f=stylishgrey&h=480>. The transcontinental telegraph was a benefit for the U.S. for the most part. Transistor Radio. Digital image. Grow-a-Brain. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://growabrain.typepad.com/growabrain/2004/10/transistor_radi.html>. The transistor radios were one of the later designs. It was portable and pocket sized. Vacuum Tube Amp. Radio (R601PW). Digital image. Made-In-China. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/val-tech/productdetailAqkmgzsdCuWV/China-Vacuum-Tube-Amp-Radio-R601PW-.html>. The vacuum tubes were one of the later "View of Mission Control Center during the Apollo 13 Oxygen Cell Failure" Digital image. Pictures of Apollo 13. NASA. Web. 24 Jan. 2012. <http://www.udel.edu/physics/scen103/ZING/apollo13pictures.html>. The crew in the Apollo 13 mission relied very much on telecommunications.

Videos

Ideas That Changed the World 9 of 10 - Communication 1 of 2 - BBC Science Documentary. Dir. BBC. BBC World News. Online Video. Youtube. Web. Winter 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQMXrRXrV4c&feature=related>.