EMJ Assignment 1 2011

Index

1. Single Phase Induction Motor

Page 2

2. Hysteresis Motors

Page 3

3. Synchronous Reluctance Motors

Page 4

4. Linear Motors

Page 5

5. Stepper Motors

Page 6

6. Torque Motors

Page 7

7. Syncros

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8. Switched Reluctance Motors

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9. References

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EMJ Assignment 1 2011

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Single-phase induction motors are not self-starting without an auxiliary stator winding driven by an out of phase current of near 90o. Once started the auxiliary winding is optional. A single phase induction motor must be provided with a starting circuit to start rotation of the rotor. If not, the rotation may be commenced by manually giving a slight turn to the rotor. This motor may rotate in either direction. Only the starting circuit determines the rotational direction The starting rotation of small motors of a few watts is done by one or two single turns of heavy copper wire around one corner of the pole. An out-of-phase component in the magnetic field is caused by an out-of-phase current with the supply current induced in the single turn. Efficiency is reduced and the starting torque is very low. Such motors are used in low-power application such as desk fans and record players where low to zero starting torque is required. A rotating magnetic field of larger motors is created by providing a second stator winding which is fed with an out-of-phase current. The out-of-phase current may be derived by feeding the winding through a capacitor or from the winding having different values of inductance and resistance from the main winding. Larger motors are provided with a second stator winding which is fed with an out-of-phase current to create a rotating magnetic field. The second winding is disconnected once the motor is up to speed, usually either by means of a switch operated by centrifugal force acting on weights on the motor shaft or by a positive temperature coefficient thermistor which, after a few seconds of operation, heats up and increases its resistance to a high value thereby reducing the current through the second winding to an insignificant level. Other designs keep the second winding continuously energized when running, which improves torque.

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HYSTERESIS MOTORS:
A type of synchronous motor in which the rotor consists of a central nonmagnetic core where there are mounted rings on, of magnetically hard materials, that forms a thin cylindrical shell of material with a high degree of magnetic hysteresis. The cylindrical stator structure is identical to that of a conventional induction or synchronous motor. It is fitted with a three-or single-phase winding, with an auxiliary winding and a series capacitor for single-phase operation. The cylindrical rotor placed in the stator induces currents in the superconductor which gives rise to a magnetized rotor. HTS materials are used in this type of motor because they are intrinsically hysteretic meaning that the magnetic flux cannot move freely throughout the material causing the magnetization and stator fields to be misaligned resulting in a large alignment torque. When running at synchronous speed, the hysteresis material is in a constant state of magnetization and acts as a permanent magnet. Therefore, full-speed performance is exactly the same as in a permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Hysteresis motors provide good starting properties when loaded due to steady torque even at low speeds. The outstanding feature of the hysteresis motor is that it produces a nearly constant ripplefree torque during starting. This motor is widely used in synchronous motor applications where very smooth starting is required, such in clocks, other timing devices and record-player turntables, where smooth starting torque reduces record slippage. Due to difficulty of controlling rotor losses caused by imperfections in the stator mmf wave, hysteresis motors are limited to small sizes. Figure 1 illustrates the conventional copper wound stator and an YBCO rotor of a prototype superconducting hysteresis motor.

FIGURE 1: Stator and rotor of hysteresis motor

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SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTORS
The alignment of iron artifacts in magnetic fields is a common experience, for example, when a magnet is brought near to a pile of nails. This phenomenon forms the basis of a reluctance machine in which the axis of a suitably shaped iron rotor tends to align with the rotating field of the stator. The rotor therefore spins at the same speed as the stator field and forms a synchronous machine. The torque for a motor can be realized by allowing an easy magnetic path (low reluctance) along one axis of the rotor, known as the direct axis, and a difficult route (high reluctance) along the axis perpendicular to this, known as the quadrature axis. This effect can be achieved by simply using an iron rotor that is elongated in one direction, as illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2.Iron rotor reluctance machine showing direct and quadrature axis flux. The single-phase induction motor and the single phase-phase synchronous reluctance motors are in concept the same except that some saliency is introduced into the rotor structure by removing some metal at the appropriate places to provide the required number of poles. The motor starts as an induction motor. If the motor rotates at synchronous speed, the saliency of the motor will cause a reluctance torque to develop. This torque arises from the tendency of a rotor to align itself with the rotating field. The stator of the reluctance synchronous motor is the same as that of the split-phase induction motor. As the rotor speeds up and comes close to the synchronous speed the rotor tends to align with the synchronous rotating forward air-gap flux wave and eventually snaps synchronism. The torque of the backward rotating field will affect the performance of the motor. This effect will be similar to an additional shaft load. Synchronous reluctance motors are used in some washing machine designs and are commonly used in the control rod drive mechanisms of nuclear reactors.

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LINEAR MOTORS:
Instead of a squirrel cage rotor a, cylinder of conductor enclosing the rotor s ferromagnetic core is used. When you cut along the length of the rotary machine and unroll it you get a linear induction machine. It is a straightened out rotary motor. The rotor is the slide and the stator is a row of windings. . It is no longer called the stator and the rotor but instead it is called the primary and secondary members of the linear machine. It is very lightweight relative to the conventional motor, but less accurate in positioning. It is an AC electric motor, with an unrolled stator, that produces a linear force along its length. The Lorentz-type actuator is the most common type of operation meaning that the applied force is linearly proportional to the current and the magnetic field.(F=qvB) If a three-phase supply is connected to the primary of the linear machine, you get a travelling flux density wave that travels along the length of the primary part of the machine. This travelling wave will induce current in the secondary conductor and that will induce a force of thrust that means that if the primary member is fixed and the secondary member is movable the force will make it move. There are two major categories for designing a linear motor: y Low acceleration High speed and high power are usually of a linear synchronous design (LSM), with an active winding on the one side of the air-gap and an array of alternate-pole magnets, which can either be permanent magnets or energized magnets, on the other. These motors are suitable for maglev trains and other ground-based transportation. High acceleration It is usually of a linear induction design (LIM) with an active three-phase winding on one side of the air-gap and a passive conductor plate on the other. Normally quite short and are used to accelerate an object o a very high speed and then release it, like a roller coaster. It is also used for hypervelocity collisions, as weapons, or as mass drivers for spacecraft propulsion.

FIGURE 2 shows an induction linear machine being developed by Indramat.

FIGURE 2

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EMJ Assignment 1 2011

STEPPER MOTORS:
A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled precisely, without any feedback mechanism. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated.) Stepper motors operate differently from normal DC motors. Stepper motors effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, the first electromagnet is given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are thus aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those slight rotations is called a "step," with an integral number of steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle. This operation is illustrated in FIGURE 3 FIGURE 6

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 Stepper motors are constant-power devices. As motor speed increases, torque decreases. The torque curve may be extended by using current limiting drivers and increasing the driving voltage. Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step tends to snap the rotor from one position to another. This vibration can become very bad at some speeds and can cause the motor to lose torque. The effect can be decreased by accelerating quickly through the problem speed range, physically damping the system, or using a micro-stepping driver. Motors with a greater number of phases also exhibit smoother operation than those with fewer phases. A typical stepper motor can stop at 200 positions per rotation. This feature makes it ideal for control applications like robotics, plotters, cnc machining ect.

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TORQUE MOTORS:
A torque motor, also known as a limited torque motor, is capable of operating indefinitely while stalled, that is, with the rotor blocked from turning, without incurring damage. In this mode of operation, the motor will apply a steady torque to the load. Torque motors are frameless motors meaning that they don t have housings, bearings or feedback devices. The motor is a kit and part of the machine structure. It can come with a reusable assembly aid called a bridge, which is set at the factory to ensure that the rotor and stator are aligned for assembly. The bridge also keeps the magnetic field within the motor, eliminating the need for special nonferrous assembly areas, and preventing damage to the rotor from metal scraps and loose screws. It is designed as direct drivers, eliminating the need for gearboxes, worm-gear drives and other mechanical-transmission elements and directly coupling the payload to the drive. The most obvious feature of the torque motor is that they can have a large diameter-to-length ratios and short axial dimensions. Large outer and inner diameters results in a motor that is nothing more than a thin ring, therefore, mass can be quite low. The large diameter gives the motor a large lever arm to generate high levels of torque. It also provides ample room along the circumference for powerful rare-earth magnets. Torque motors have a relatively large number of magnetic pole-pairs therefore, having many permanent magnets on the rotor meaning that this motor can be built as thin rings. It also means that they can have smooth velocity regulation with low ripple. An application of a torque motor would be the supply- and take-up reel motors in a tape drive. Another common application is the control of the throttle of an internal combustion engine in conjunction with an electronic governor.

FIGURE 7: Torque motors are frameless kit motors consisting of a permanent-magnet rotor and laminated stator.

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EMJ Assignment 1 2011

SYNCHRO S
A SYNCHRO is constructed a lot like a wound-rotor polyphase AC motor or generator. The rotor is free to revolve a full 360o. On the rotor is a single winding connected to a source of AC voltage. The stator windings are usually in the form of a three-phase Y, although synchros with more than three phases have been built:

It is a position-sensing device much like an RVDT, except that its output signal is much more definite. With the rotor energized by AC, the stator winding voltages will be proportional in magnitude to the angular position of the rotor, phase either 0 o or 180o shifted, like a regular LVDT or RVDT. You can think of it as transformer with one primary winding and three secondary windings, each secondary winding oriented at a unique angle. As the rotor is slowly turned, each winding in turn will line up directly with the rotor, producing full voltage, while the other windings will produce less than full voltage. Synchros are often used in pairs. With their rotors connected in parallel and energized by the same AC voltage source, their shafts will match position to a high degree of accuracy.

Such "transmitter/receiver" pairs have been used on ships to relay rudder position, or to relay navigational gyro position over fairly long distances. This can be thought of almost as a sort of bridge circuit that achieves balance only if the receiver shaft is brought to one of two (matching) positions with the transmitter shaft. One rather ingenious application of the synchro is in the creation of a phase-shifting device, provided that the stator is energized by three-phase AC. As the synchro's rotor is turned, the rotor coil will progressively align with each stator coil, their respective magnetic fields being 120o phase-shifted from one another. In between those positions, these phase-shifted fields will mix to produce a rotor voltage somewhere between 0o, 120o, or 240o shift. The practical result is a device capable of providing an infinitely variable-phase AC voltage with the twist of a knob, which is attached to the rotor shaft.

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SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS:
A Switched Reluctance (SR) motor is a rotating electric machine where both stator and rotor have salient poles. The stator winding is comprised of a set of coils, each being wound on one pole. It differs in the number of phases wound on the stator. Each of them has a certain number of suitable combinations of stator and rotor poles. The motor is excited by a sequence of current pulses applied at each phase. The individual phases are consequently excited, forcing the motor to rotate. The current pulses need to be applied to the respective phase at the exact rotor position relative to the excited phase. The inductance profile of SR motors is triangular shaped, with maximum inductance when it is in an aligned position and minimum inductance when unaligned. When the voltage is applied to the stator phase, the motor creates torque in the direction of increasing inductance. When the phase is energized in its minimum inductance position, the rotor moves to the forthcoming position of maximal inductance. The profile of the phase current together with the magnetization characteristics define the generated torque and thus the speed of the motor. The SR motor requires control electronic for its operation. Several power stage topologies are being implemented, according to the number of motor phases and the desired control algorithm. A power stage with two independent power switches per motor phase is the most used topology. This particular topology of SR power stage is fault tolerant -- in contrast to power stages of AC induction motors -- because it eliminates the possibility of a rail-to-rail short circuit. The SR motor requires position feedback for motor phase commutation. In many cases, this requirement is addressed by using position sensors, like encoders, Hall sensors, etc. The result is that the implementation of mechanical sensors increases costs and decreases system reliability. Traditionally, developers of motion control products have attempted to lower system costs by reducing the number of sensors. A variety of algorithms for sensor less control have been developed, most of which involve evaluation of the variation of magnetic circuit parameters that are dependent on the rotor position.

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1) Thefreedictionary.com. McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopaedia of Engineering. 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hysteresis+motor Date accessed: 08 March 2011

2) Michigan Tech Engineering Mechanics. 2004. http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/marc/primers/machtool/gif/mt8.gif Date accessed: 08 March 2011

3) Copper.org. 2011. Copper Applications in Electrical Applications. http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2000/06/electric-motorscuprate-supercondutors.html Date accessed: 08 March 2011

4) Wikipedea.org. 2010. Linear Motors. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_motor_Utube.svg Date accessed: 31 March 2011

5) Freescale.com. 2004. Free Scale Semiconductor http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/overview.jsp?code=DRMTRSWTRLCTMTR Date accessed: 08 March 2011

6) Solarbotics.net. 2005. Industrial Circuits Application Note - Stepper Motor Basics http://www.solarbotics.net/library/pdflib/pdf/motorbas.pdf Date accessed: 30 March 2011

7) Jatiti.org. 2008. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. Performance Analysis of Switched Reluctance Motor; Design, Modeling and Simulation of 8/6 Switched Reluctance Motor. http://www.jatit.org/volumes/researchpapers/Vol4No11/13Vol4No11.pdf Date accessed: 04 April 2011

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8) Machinedesign.com. 2003. Torque Motors Do The Trick, Author: Stephen J. Mraz, http://machinedesign.com/article/torque-motors-do-the-trick-0403 Date accessed: 04 April 2011

9) Wiolland, K. 2001. Syncros Simple and Accurate. http://techaidproducts.com/PDFs/Tech-AidSynchroArticle.pdf Date accessed: 04 April 2011

10) Allaboutcircuits.com. 2009. Synchronous reluctance motor.

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/4.html Date accessed: 04 April 2011

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