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a) [ 10 ]
i) P = i(t)*v(t) = 5*4e
-2t
A - - - - 1
P = 20e
-2t
W - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 (marks subtracted for incorrect units)
ii) w = int(P) = int(20e
-2t
)dt - - - 1
w = [-10e
-2t
] 0 tot - - - - - 2
w = - (-10) = +10 J - - - - - - - 1 (marks subtracted for incorrect units)
iii) Passive convention of figure shown (or energy +) Energy is absorbed - - - - - 2
iv) Energy is absorbed, and current and voltage are not derivatives of each other - - 2
b) [ 10 ]
i)
Two series resistors add 10+10 = 20 ohm - - - - - - - - - -1
Four parallel resistors add 20 || 20 || 20 || 20 = 5 ohm - - 1
Two series resistors add 5+15 = 20 ohm - - - - - - - - - - 1
Two parallel resistors add 20 || 20 = 10 ohm - - - - - - - - 1
Two series resistors add R
eq
= 5 + 10 = 15 ohm - - - - - -1
(Marks subtracted for any of these steps left out)
ii)
Voltage division V = V
s
*R/R
t
- - - 1
V = 10*30 / (10 + 5) - - - - - - - - 1
V = 20 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
iii)
I = V/R = 30 / 15 = 2 A - - - - - 2
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Vraag 4: Kapasitors & Induktors [20] Question 4: Capacitors & Inductors [20]
Vanaf die onderstaande sketse, From the sketches shown below,
i
s
(t)
+
v
L
(t)
200 mH
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
i
s
(t)
[ms]
[A]
i
s
(t)
+
v
C
(t)
1000 F
(a) bereken die stuksgewys kontinue
funksie vir die spanning oor die
induktor, v
L
(t), en stip die funksie
m.b.v. n netjiese vryhand skets vir die
tydsverloop vanaf 0 tot 50 ms.
[6] (a) calculate the piece-wise linear func-
tion for the voltage across the inductor,
v
L
(t), and plot the function using a neat
freehand drawing for the time interval
from 0 to 50 ms.
[6]
The question is almost similar to Hambley Example 3.6.
The rst step is to write i
s
(t) as a piece-wise linear function.
i
s
(t) =
250t 0 t 20 ms
5 20 t 40 ms
500t +25 20 t 50 ms
The next step is to solve v
L
(t) (piece-wise) for each time interval.
For 0 t 20 ms:
v
L
(t) = L
di
L
(t)
dt
(given)
= 0,2
d
dt
(250t)
= 50V
For 20 t 40 ms:
v
L
(t) = L
di
L
(t)
dt
(given)
= 0,2
d
dt
(5)
= 0V
For 40 t 50 ms:
v
L
(t) = L
di
L
(t)
dt
(given)
= 0,2
d
dt
(500t +25)
=100V
bladsy 1 van 5 page 1 of 5
Thus for 0 t 50 ms:
v
L
(t) =
50 0 t 20 ms
0 20 t 40 ms
100 20 t 50 ms
Finally we plot v
L
(t) for all three time intervals.
See also Hambley Figure 3.17 (b).
10 20 30
40 50
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
t
v
L
(t)
[ms]
[V]
250t 0 t 20 ms
5 20 t 40 ms
500t +25 20 t 50 ms
The second step is to nd the general expressing for w
L
(t) as a function of i
L
(t).
w
L
(t) =
p
L
(t)dt
=
i
L
(t)v
L
(t)dt
=
i
L
(t) L
di
L
(t)
dt
dt
= L
i
L
(t)
i
L
()=0
i
L
(t)di
L
=
1
2
Li
L
2
(t) (similar to
1
2
mv
2
or
1
2
J
2
)
bladsy 2 van 5 page 2 of 5
The next step is to solve w
L
(t) (piece-wise) for each time interval.
For 0 t 20 ms:
w
L
(t) =
1
2
Li
L
2
(t)
=
1
2
0,2 (250t)
2
= 6250t
2
For 20 t 40 ms:
w
L
(t) =
1
2
Li
L
2
(t)
=
1
2
0,2 (5)
2
= 2,5 J
For 40 t 50 ms:
w
L
(t) =
1
2
Li
L
2
(t)
=
1
2
0,2 (500t +25)
2
= 25000t
2
2500t +62,5
Thus for 0 t 50 ms:
v
L
(t) =
6250t
2
0 t 20 ms
2,5 20 t 40 ms
25000t
2
2500t +62,5 20 t 50 ms
Finally we plot w
L
(t) for all three time intervals.
See also Hambley Figure 3.17 (d).
0 10 20 30 40
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
t
w
L
(t)
[ms]
[J]
250t 0 t 20 ms
5 20 t 40 ms
500t +25 20 t 50 ms
The second step is to nd the general expressing for v
C
(t) as a function of i
C
(t).
i
C
(t) =C
dv
C
(t)
dt
(given)
t
t
0
dv
C
(t) =
1
C
t
t
0
i
C
(t)dt
v
C
(t) =
1
C
t
t
0
i
C
(t)dt +v
C
(t
0
)
The next step is to solve v
C
(t) (piece-wise) for each time interval.
To minimise the writing, we set:
t
0
= 0ms
t
1
= 20ms
t
2
= 40ms
t
3
= 50ms
For t
0
t t
1
:
v
C
(t) =
1
C
t
t
0
i
C
(t)dt +v
C
(t
0
)
=
1
100010
6
t
0
(250t)dt +50
= 125000t
2
+50
Calculate v
C
(t
1
), the initial value for the next time interval:
v
C
(t
1
) = 100, V
For t
1
t t
2
:
v
C
(t) =
1
C
t
t
1
i
C
(t)dt +v
C
(t
1
)
=
1
100010
6
t
2010
3
(5)dt +100
= [5000t]
t
2010
3
+100
= 5000t
Calculate v
C
(t
2
), the initial value for the next time interval::
v
C
(t
2
) = 200, V
bladsy 4 van 5 page 4 of 5
For t
2
t t
3
:
v
C
(t) =
1
C
t
t
2
i
C
(t)dt +v
C
(t
2
)
=
1
100010
6
t
4010
3
(500t +25)dt +200
=
250000t
2
+25000t
t
4010
3
+200
=250000t
2
+25000t 400
Calculate v
C
(t
3
), the nal value of the voltage (see plot):
v
C
(t
3
) = 225, V
Thus for t
0
t t
3
:
v
L
(t) =
125000t
2
+50 t
0
t t
1
500t t
1
t t
2
250000t
2
+25000t 400 t
2
t t
3
Finally we plot v
C
(t) for all three time intervals.
0 10 20 30 40
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
t
v
C
(t)
[ms]
[V]
i(t)
i. bepaal die drywing geassosieer
met die stroombaan element.
[2] i. determine the power associated
with the circuit element.
[2]
ii. bepaal die energie oorgedra vanaf
t = 0 tot t =.
[4] ii. determine the energy transferred
from t = 0 to t =.
[4]
iii. word die energie geabsorbeer of
gelewer deur die element?
[2] iii. is the energy absorbed or delivered
by the element?
[2]
iv. kom die element as n induktor,
kapasitor of weerstand voor, en
hoekom?
[2] iv. does this element resemble an in-
ductor, capacitor of resistor, and
why?
[2]
(b) Vir die stroombaan hieronder getoon, (b) For the circuit shown below,
+
30V
5
i
+
v
20
15
20
10
10
20 20
a
b
i. bepaal die ekwivalente weerstand,
R
ab
, soos deur die bron gesien.
[5] i. determine the equivalent resis-
tance, R
ab
, as seen by the source.
[5]
ii. bepaal v. [3] ii. determine v. [3]
iii. bepaal i. [2] iii. determine i. [2]
Vraag 2: Th evenin & Norton [20] Question 2: Th evenin & Norton [20]
Vir die onderstaande stroombaan, For the circuit shown below,
+
72V 6 2A
R
L a b
+
V
R
L
bladsy 2 van 4 page 2 of 4
(a) bepaal die Th evenin ekwivalente weer-
stand R
t
soos gesien vanuit klemme a
en b.
[3] (a) determine the Th evenin equivalent re-
sistance R
t
as seen from terminals a
and b
[3]
(b) bepaal die Th evenin ekwivalente span-
ning v
t
soos gesien vanuit klemme a en
b.
[5] (b) determine the Th evenin equivalent
voltage v
t
as seen from terminals a and
b.
[5]
(c) bepaal die kortsluitstroom i
sc
wat vloei
vanaf klem a na klem b wanneer die
klemme gekortsluit word.
[4] (c) determine the short circuit current i
sc
owing from terminal a to b when the
terminals are short-circuited.
[4]
(d) gebruik superposisie om die spanning
V
R
L
te bereken. Aanvaar die weerstand
R
L
= 6 .
[8] (d) use superposition to determine the volt-
age V
R
L
. Assume the resistor R
L
= 6 .
[8]
Vraag 3: Knooppunt en Maasanalise [20] Question 3: Nodal and Mesh
analysis
[20]
Vir die onderstaande stroombaan, For the circuit shown below,
+
10V
5
10
2
2A
4
v
1
v
2
v
3
i
1
i
2
i
3
(a) gebruik die knooppunt span-
ningsanalise metode om spannings v
2
en v
3
te bereken.
[12] (a) use the nodal voltage analysis method
to calculate the voltages v
2
and v
3
.
[12]
(b) maak gebruik van die maas-
stroomanalise metode en skryf die
twee relevante vergelykings neer
om die onbekende maas-strome te
bereken.
[8] (b) use the mesh-current analysis method
to write down two relevant equations to
solve the unknown mesh currents.
[8]
N.B. Moenie die vergelykings vir (b)
oplos nie.
N.B. Do not solve the equations for
(b).
bladsy 3 van 4 page 3 of 4
Vraag 4: Kapasitors & Induktors [20] Question 4: Capacitors & Inductors [20]
Vanaf die onderstaande sketse, From the sketches shown below,
i
s
(t)
+
v
L
(t)
200 mH
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
i
s
(t)
[ms]
[A]
i
s
(t)
+
v
C
(t)
1000 F
(a) bereken die stuksgewys kontinue
funksie vir die spanning oor die
induktor, v
L
(t), en stip die funksie
m.b.v. n netjiese vryhand skets vir die
tydsverloop vanaf 0 tot 50 ms.
[6] (a) calculate the piece-wise linear func-
tion for the voltage across the inductor,
v
L
(t), and plot the function using a neat
freehand drawing for the time interval
from 0 to 50 ms.
[6]
(b) bereken die stuksgewys kontinue
funksie van die energie gestoor in die
induktor, w
L
(t), en stip die funksie
m.b.v. n netjiese vryhand skets vir die
tydsverloop vanaf 0 tot 50 ms.
[6] (b) calculate the piece-wise linear function
of the energy stored in the inductor,
w
L
(t), and plot the function using a
neat freehand drawing for the time in-
terval from 0 to 50 ms
[6]
(c) bereken die stuksgewys kontinue
funksie vir die spanning oor die
kapasitor, v
C
(t), en stip die funksie
m.b.v. n netjiese vryhand skets vir
die tydsverloop vanaf 0 tot 50 ms, met
v
C
(0) = 50 V.
[8] (c) calculate the piece-wise linear function
for the voltage across the capacitor,
v
C
(t), and plot the function using a neat
freehand drawing for the time interval
from 0 to 50 ms, with v
C
(0) = 50 V.
[8]
Formules Formulas
e
kt
dt =
e
kt
k
cos(kt)dt =
1
k
sin(kt)dt
R =
l
A
q =Cv
C =
A
d
0
= 8, 85418710
12
F/m
=
0
r
i
C
(t) =C
dv
C
(t)
dt
v
L
(t) = L
di
L
(t)
dt
bladsy 4 van 4 page 4 of 4