Chemistry Project

Name: Caspher Vance Bernard Lo IC Number: 950611-12-5363 Class: 5 Bestari Teacher: Cheong S.L Year:2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have helped & supported me throughout my project. I am grateful to my teacher for her continuous support for the project, from initial advice & contacts in the early stages of conceptual inception & through ongoing advice & encouragement to this day.

I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the things possible...

Objectives
To know the uses, manufactured and problems that related to sulphuric acid To learn the uses, properties and manufactured of ammonia To know the definition, aim of making, composition, properties and comparison that related to alloy To learn the definition and synthetic polymer To know the types and properties of glass To learn the properties and uses of ceramic To know the similarities and differences of glass and ceramics To learn the definition and example of composite materials

Chapter 9 Manufactured substances in industry

Sulphuric acid uses of sulphuric acid It is used in industries to make:

Manufacture of sulpuric acid Sulphuric acid can be prepared by using the contact process using vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst. There are three main stages in the manufacture of sulphuric acid namely: a) Combustion of sulphur b) Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide c) Formation of sulphuric acid The process at each stage: Stage 1 Combustion of sulphur Sulphur is burnt in the furnaceto produce Stage 2 Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide The sulphur dioxide produced together with Stage 3 Formation of sulphur acid Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated

sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide must be purified to remove foreign compounds which may poison the catalyst

Sl+O2g-->SO2(g)

air are passed over vanadium oxide (V2O5) catalyst at a temperature of 450-500C to produce sulphur trioxide SO2(g) + O2(g)->2SO3(g)

sulphuric acid to form oleum (H2S2O7) SO3(g) + H2S2O7(l) -->H2S2O7(l) Oleum is diluted with water to produce sulphuric acid H2S2O7 + H2O(l) ---> 2H2SO4(l)

Problems Sulphur dioxide can diffuse into our respiratory system and cause diseases such as bronchitis, asthma and lung infections. Cause acid rain, which can result: a) It speedens the corrosion of metallic constructions. b) It results in highly acidic soil which is not condusive for agricultural activities. c) It causes the destruction of concrete buildings. d) It lowers the pH value of the water in rivers and seas. e) It destroys the nutrients in the soil.

Ammonia
Uses of ammonium in industry Industries Fertilizers Production of: Chemicals Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4 Ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4 Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 Urea, CO(NH2)2 Uses

Synthesis of: Nitric acid, HNO3 which is used in making explosives such as TNT(trinitrotoluene) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate), NaHCO3 Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

Explosives Fibres& plastics

Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 Nylon, -[(CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2-(CH2)6-NHCO] and other polyamides

Refrigeration

Used for making ice, large scale refrigeration plants, air-conditioning units in buildings and plants

Pharmaceutical

Used in the manufacture of drugs such as antimalaria drugs and vitamins such as vitamin B

Pulp & paper

Ammonium hydrogen sulphite, NH4HSO3

Properties of ammonia Physical properties: a) b) c) d) e) Colourless gas Pungent smell Very soluble in water An alkaline gas Less dense than air

Chemical properties: a) Reacting as a base Dissolves into water to give an alkaline solution: NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Undergoes neutralization with acids to form ammonium salts Ammonium + acid ammonium salt a) Reacts with aqueous ions Metals ions combine with the hydroxide ions combine with the hydroxide ions from aqueous ammonia to produce insoluble metal hydroxides. Manufacture of ammonia Manufactured in industry by the Haber process. Ammonia is produced by the direct combination of one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules under established conditions. N2g+3H2g 2NH3(g) The two gases were mixed at established conditions and were fed into a reaction chamber containing iron catalyst in order to speed up the reaction. Established Conditions Temperature Pressure Catalyst Medium temperature ( = 500C ) Very high pressure (250 atmosphere) Iron catalyst

Alloy Definition An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals mixed in a certain percentage.

Aim of making alloy To increase the hardness of metals To prevent the corrosion of metals Improve the beauty and lusture of metals

Composition, properties and uses of some alloys Alloy Alnico Composition Iron (75-49%) Aluminium (6-12%) Nickel (14-13%) Cobalt (5-35%) Constantan Copper (60%) Nickel (40%) Brass Copper (70%) Zinc (30%) Bronze Copper (90%) Tin (10%) Duralumin Aluminium (95%) Copper (3%) Manganese (1%) Magnesium (1%) Pewter Tin (91%) Antimony (7%) Copper (2%) Steel Iron (73%) Carbon (1%) Very hard Concrete. Machinery, Vehicles Very hard, shiny surface Souvenirs Very hard, resistance to corrosion High tensile strength but light Resistance to corrosion Musical instruments, door knobs, ship boilers Medals High resistance Thermocouple Properties Magnetic nature Magnet Uses

Aircraft

Stainless steel

Iron (73%) Nickel (8%) Chromium (18%) Carbon (1%)

Resistant to corrosion

Knives, scissors and cutlery

Comparison between pure metal and alloy Characteristic Chemical Composition Malleability and Ductility Pure metal Single element Soft Bend and Stretch easily Alloy Two or more elements Tough Better Durability and Rigidity Resistance to corrosion Less reactive Prevent rust

Reactivity

React strongly with oxidizing and corroding until they become unusable Heavy then alloy Even, orderly and close in fixed positions

Mass Arrangement of atom

Lighter then pure metal Odd, not orderly, mix up atom

Polymer Definition Polymer is a term used to describe large molecules consisting of repeating structural units called monomers, connected by covalent bonds. Polymers can be prepared through a process called polymerization

Synthetic Polymers Synthetic Polymers is a polymer that is manufacture in industry from chemical substances through the polymerization process. Examples of synthetic Polymers and there are as follows: Structure of monomer H H Structure of polymer Properties Light; cannot tear easily Uses Plastic bags Containers Cups

Name Polythene

C = C H C

Ethene Polyvinyl chloride or PVC H H Can becoloured; heat resistant Raincoat Pipes To insulate electric wires

C = C Cl H

Vinyl chloride or chloroethene Teflon F F Hard Withstand high temperatures Withstand corrosives chemicals To make nonstick pots and pans

C = C

Tetrefluoroethene

Polypropene

Strong Light

C = C

C - C

Plastics Bottles Plastic tables Chairs

CH3 H Propene Polystyrene

CH3 H n Light Strong Packaging materials Children toys Ball-point pens As heat Electric insulators

Perspex

HCH3

H CH3 C - C H COOCH3 n

C = C

Light Strong Translucent Stable towards sunlight

Aeroplane window panes Lenses Car lamp covers

HCOOCH3

Glass and ceramics Glass Type of glass and their properties Glass Soda lime glass Composition SiO2- 70% Na2O-15% CaO 10% Others 4% Lead glass (crystal) SiO2- 70% Na2O-15% PbO 10% Properties Low melting point (700C) Mouldable into shapes Cheap Breakable Can withstand high heat High density and refractive index Glittering surface Soft Low melting point (600C) Uses Glass containers Glass panes Mirrors Lamps and bulbs Plates and bowls Bottles Containers for drinks and fruit Decorative glass and lamps Crystal glassware Lenses for spectacles Glass apparatus in laboratories Cooking utensils

Borosilicate glass (pyrex)

SiO2 - 80% Na2O-4%

Resistant to high heat and chemical reaction Does not break easily Allows infra-red rays but

B2O3-13% Al2O3-2% Fused silicate glass SiO2 - 99% B2O3-1%

not ultra-violet rays

High melting point (1700%) Expensive Allows ultraviolet light to pass through Difficult to melt or mould into shape

Scientific apparatus like lenses on spectrometer Optical lenses Laboratory apparatus

Ceramics Uses Structural including bricks, pipes, floor and roof tiles

Refractory

such as kiln linings, gas fire radiants, steel and steel and glass making crucibles including tableware, wall tiles, decorative art objects and sanitary ware including artificial limbs, bones and teeth including microchips which are used in many electrical goods such as computers, radios, television and more.

Whitewares

Medical field Semiconductors

Properties Hard Strong but brittle Chemically inactive Poor conductor of heat and electricity High melting point heat resistant Cannot be compressed easily

Similarities of glass and ceramics Hard and brittle Do not conduct heat electricity Inactive towards chemical reactions Weak when pressure is applied Can be cleaned easily

Differences of glass and ceramics Glass Transparent and porous Ceramics High melting high resistant

Composite materials Definition Composite materials are substances which contain 2 or more materials that combine to produce new substances with different physical properties from the original substances. Example composite materials : Composition materials Original component Properties of component Properties of composite Uses of composite

Reinforced concrete

Ordinary concrete

Concrete Strong but heavy Steel pillars expensive, strong but can rust

Contain steel rods in the concrete pillars: stronger able to support larger loads cannot rust Combinatio n of yttrium oxide, barium carbonate and copper oxide Can conduct electricity at temperatures above 30K Combinatio n of silica dioxide, sodium carbonate and calcium oxide Combinatio n of polyster resin and

Used in the construction industry

Superconductor Copper Can only conduct electricity temperature at -270C

Used in Superconductors industry to make magnets and electronic chips

Fibre optics

Fine transparent glass tube

Cannot conduct electricity

Used in the telecommunication industry

Fibre glass

Plastic and glass

Plastic light, hard but brittle

Use to make : - racquets - construction panels

Glass harder than plastic but breaks easily Photochromic glass Glass Transparent and not sensitive towards light

molten glass

- electrical appliances - pipes - water tanks Use to make spectacles

Combinatio n of glass and silver chloride

Conclusion In conclusion, I learnt that sulphuric acid is used to manufacture chemical fertilizers, detergents, medicines and insecticides, but because of the used of the sulphuric acid, its waste material, can pollute the air and causes respiratory diseases. Next, ammonia is used to produce fertilizers and nitric acid. For alloy, it is a mixture of a metal and other elements which is stronger than the pure metal. Moreover, polymers are made up of many simple molecules combining to make a large molecule joined together by a long chain of covalent bonding. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable and therefore cause environmental pollution. There are many different types of glass such as soda lime glass, fused silicate glass, lead glass and borosilicate glass. For ceramics, the different types are ceramic oxides, non-oxides of ceramics, cement material and minerals. Lastly, composite materials are substances which contain 2 or more materials that combine to produce new substances with different physical properties from the original substances. By doing this, it make the original substance have a better properties.

Reference 1. Reference book: V. LekshmiViswanathan, New Vision Chemistry Form 4